Re-masking committed refusal tokens plus compliance prefixes bypasses safety in diffusion language models at 74-98% success across tested models.
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Mercury: Ultra-Fast Language Models Based on Diffusion
51 Pith papers cite this work, alongside 1 external citations. Polarity classification is still indexing.
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abstract
We present Mercury, a new generation of commercial-scale large language models (LLMs) based on diffusion. These models are parameterized via the Transformer architecture and trained to predict multiple tokens in parallel. In this report, we detail Mercury Coder, our first set of diffusion LLMs designed for coding applications. Currently, Mercury Coder comes in two sizes: Mini and Small. These models set a new state-of-the-art on the speed-quality frontier. Based on independent evaluations conducted by Artificial Analysis, Mercury Coder Mini and Mercury Coder Small achieve state-of-the-art throughputs of 1109 tokens/sec and 737 tokens/sec, respectively, on NVIDIA H100 GPUs and outperform speed-optimized frontier models by up to 10x on average while maintaining comparable quality. We discuss additional results on a variety of code benchmarks spanning multiple languages and use-cases as well as real-world validation by developers on Copilot Arena, where the model currently ranks second on quality and is the fastest model overall. We also release a public API at https://platform.inceptionlabs.ai/ and free playground at https://chat.inceptionlabs.ai
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LLaDA is a scalable diffusion-based language model that matches autoregressive LLMs like LLaMA3 8B on tasks and surpasses GPT-4o on reversal poem completion.
An exact inference algorithm over finite automata enables guaranteed constraint satisfaction in diffusion language models with logarithmic-depth parallel sampling.
ART-RL learns adaptive diffusion sampling timesteps via continuous-time control and Gaussian actor–critic RL, improving and transferring over hand-designed grids at matched budgets.
MaskForge reaches 79.3% average attack success rate on five dLLMs by adaptively searching and accumulating structural attack patterns with a UCB bandit, improving 17.6% over baselines and transferring to 88.2% on AdvBench.
TUBE is a new upper bound on evidence for discrete diffusion models that shows block MDMs and AO-ARMs have strictly lower likelihood than exact ARMs.
Infilling extraction on diffusion language models extracts up to three times more verbatim sequences than prefix methods and achieves higher recall on redacted emails than autoregressive models.
Uniform diffusion models rely on a leave-one-out denoiser rather than the usual denoising posterior, with exact conversions derived; an absorbing-state reformulation is introduced that matches or exceeds masked diffusion on language modeling while preserving the original joint distribution.
DCDM replaces positional blocks with learnable semantic chunks via differentiable Chunking Attention, yielding consistent gains over block and unstructured diffusion baselines up to 1.5B parameters.
TABOM is a trajectory-aligned Boltzmann modeling framework that turns self-distilled inference paths into a pairwise ranking loss to close the training-inference gap in diffusion language models and expand their effective capabilities.
Introduces Block-R1 benchmark, Block-R1-41K dataset, and a conflict score to handle domain-specific optimal block sizes in RL post-training of diffusion LLMs.
Infinite Mask Diffusion Models use stochastic infinite-state masks to overcome the factorization error lower bound in standard masked diffusion, achieving superior few-step performance on language tasks via distillation.
SCMDM is a post-training self-conditioning adaptation for masked diffusion models that reduces generative perplexity by nearly 50% on OWT and improves performance on images, molecules, and genomics.
ChipCraftBrain achieves 97.2% pass rate on VerilogEval and 94.7% on CVDP benchmarks for generating functional RTL code using adaptive multi-agent orchestration and hybrid reasoning.
NI Sampling accelerates discrete diffusion language models up to 14.3 times by training a neural indicator to select which tokens to sample at each step using a trajectory-preserving objective.
DepCap accelerates diffusion LM inference up to 5.63x by using last-block influence for adaptive block boundaries and conflict-free token selection for parallel decoding, with negligible quality loss.
Diffusion language models and a CTC-USDM joint decoder improve ASR accuracy over standard approaches.
CoDiLA adds a compact auxiliary AR model on diffusion latents to enforce local sequential validity during parallel token sampling in discrete diffusion language models.
Joint AR–diffusion training yields one tri-mode LM that switches AR, diffusion, and self-speculation, beating open AR/diffusion models on accuracy and tokens-per-forward.
CFT + on-policy distillation + RL converts an AR reasoning re-ranker into a block-diffusion model that recovers near-AR accuracy at 2.4–3.5× decode throughput on Amazon Beauty.
DiLaServe improves SLO attainment for diffusion language models by up to 56.6 percentage points and reduces latency by up to 46% with less than 1% accuracy drop via deadline-aware scheduling and dynamic reconfiguration.
FMLM+ with Posterior Refinement bridges masked diffusion and flow map models to match discrete baseline quality in language generation using 32x fewer neural function evaluations via posterior scoring and refinement.
Self-generated T2T training on LLaDA2.1-mini improves benchmark accuracy and lowers edit intensity by supervising recovery from model-generated corruptions instead of random ones.
AGDO improves dLLM reasoning performance by determining denoising order and emphasizing tokens based on attention-derived dependencies rather than random masking.
citing papers explorer
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Re-Mask and Redirect: Exploiting Denoising Irreversibility in Diffusion Language Models
Re-masking committed refusal tokens plus compliance prefixes bypasses safety in diffusion language models at 74-98% success across tested models.
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Large Language Diffusion Models
LLaDA is a scalable diffusion-based language model that matches autoregressive LLMs like LLaMA3 8B on tasks and surpasses GPT-4o on reversal poem completion.
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Constrained Decoding for Diffusion Language Models via Efficient Inference over Finite Automata
An exact inference algorithm over finite automata enables guaranteed constraint satisfaction in diffusion language models with logarithmic-depth parallel sampling.
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ART for Diffusion Sampling: Continuous-Time Control and Actor-Critic Learning
ART-RL learns adaptive diffusion sampling timesteps via continuous-time control and Gaussian actor–critic RL, improving and transferring over hand-designed grids at matched budgets.
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MaskForge: Structure-Aware Adaptive Attacks for Jailbreaking Diffusion Large Language Models
MaskForge reaches 79.3% average attack success rate on five dLLMs by adaptively searching and accumulating structural attack patterns with a UCB bandit, improving 17.6% over baselines and transferring to 88.2% on AdvBench.
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TUBE: Tangent Upper Bound on Evidence for Discrete Diffusion Language Models
TUBE is a new upper bound on evidence for discrete diffusion models that shows block MDMs and AO-ARMs have strictly lower likelihood than exact ARMs.
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Extracting Training Data from Diffusion Language Models via Infilling
Infilling extraction on diffusion language models extracts up to three times more verbatim sequences than prefix methods and achieves higher recall on redacted emails than autoregressive models.
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Uniform Diffusion Models Revisited: Leave-One-Out Denoiser and Absorbing State Reformulation
Uniform diffusion models rely on a leave-one-out denoiser rather than the usual denoising posterior, with exact conversions derived; an absorbing-state reformulation is introduced that matches or exceeds masked diffusion on language modeling while preserving the original joint distribution.
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Dynamic Chunking for Diffusion Language Models
DCDM replaces positional blocks with learnable semantic chunks via differentiable Chunking Attention, yielding consistent gains over block and unstructured diffusion baselines up to 1.5B parameters.
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Self-Distilled Trajectory-Aware Boltzmann Modeling: Bridging the Training-Inference Discrepancy in Diffusion Language Models
TABOM is a trajectory-aligned Boltzmann modeling framework that turns self-distilled inference paths into a pairwise ranking loss to close the training-inference gap in diffusion language models and expand their effective capabilities.
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Block-R1: Rethinking the Role of Block Size in Multi-domain Reinforcement Learning for Diffusion Large Language Models
Introduces Block-R1 benchmark, Block-R1-41K dataset, and a conflict score to handle domain-specific optimal block sizes in RL post-training of diffusion LLMs.
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Infinite Mask Diffusion for Few-Step Distillation
Infinite Mask Diffusion Models use stochastic infinite-state masks to overcome the factorization error lower bound in standard masked diffusion, achieving superior few-step performance on language tasks via distillation.
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Simple Self-Conditioning Adaptation for Masked Diffusion Models
SCMDM is a post-training self-conditioning adaptation for masked diffusion models that reduces generative perplexity by nearly 50% on OWT and improves performance on images, molecules, and genomics.
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ChipCraftBrain: Validation-First RTL Generation via Multi-Agent Orchestration
ChipCraftBrain achieves 97.2% pass rate on VerilogEval and 94.7% on CVDP benchmarks for generating functional RTL code using adaptive multi-agent orchestration and hybrid reasoning.
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NI Sampling: Accelerating Discrete Diffusion Sampling by Token Order Optimization
NI Sampling accelerates discrete diffusion language models up to 14.3 times by training a neural indicator to select which tokens to sample at each step using a trajectory-preserving objective.
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DepCap: Adaptive Block-Wise Parallel Decoding for Efficient Diffusion LM Inference
DepCap accelerates diffusion LM inference up to 5.63x by using last-block influence for adaptive block boundaries and conflict-free token selection for parallel decoding, with negligible quality loss.
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Diffusion Language Models for Speech Recognition
Diffusion language models and a CTC-USDM joint decoder improve ASR accuracy over standard approaches.
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Locally Coherent Parallel Decoding in Diffusion Language Models
CoDiLA adds a compact auxiliary AR model on diffusion latents to enforce local sequential validity during parallel token sampling in discrete diffusion language models.
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Nemotron-Labs-Diffusion: A Tri-Mode Language Model Unifying Autoregressive, Diffusion, and Self-Speculation Decoding
Joint AR–diffusion training yields one tri-mode LM that switches AR, diffusion, and self-speculation, beating open AR/diffusion models on accuracy and tokens-per-forward.
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Diffusion-GR2: Diffusion Generative Reasoning Re-ranker
CFT + on-policy distillation + RL converts an AR reasoning re-ranker into a block-diffusion model that recovers near-AR accuracy at 2.4–3.5× decode throughput on Amazon Beauty.
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DiLaServe: High SLO Attainment Serving for Diffusion Language Models
DiLaServe improves SLO attainment for diffusion language models by up to 56.6 percentage points and reduces latency by up to 46% with less than 1% accuracy drop via deadline-aware scheduling and dynamic reconfiguration.
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Posterior Refinement: Fast Language Generation via Any-Order Flow Maps
FMLM+ with Posterior Refinement bridges masked diffusion and flow map models to match discrete baseline quality in language generation using 32x fewer neural function evaluations via posterior scoring and refinement.
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Self-Generated Error Training for Token Editing in Diffusion Language Models
Self-generated T2T training on LLaDA2.1-mini improves benchmark accuracy and lowers edit intensity by supervising recovery from model-generated corruptions instead of random ones.
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Beyond Fully Random Masking: Attention-Guided Denoising and Optimization for Diffusion Language Models
AGDO improves dLLM reasoning performance by determining denoising order and emphasizing tokens based on attention-derived dependencies rather than random masking.
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NAVIRA: Decoupled Stochastic Remasking for Masked Diffusion Language Models
NAVIRA decouples quality scoring from regeneration via stochastic remasking in masked diffusion LMs, improving fluency and LLM-judge scores on a 170M model.
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SHIELDS: Automating OS Hardening with Iterative Multi-Agent Remediation
SHIELDS deploys multi-agent LLMs for iterative, feedback-driven OS hardening and reports up to 73% remediation of scan findings, with success tied more to tool use than model size.
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BlockGen: Flexible Blockwise Sequence Modeling with Hybrid Samplers
BlockGen enables flexible blockwise diffusion modeling with mixed block sizes and ARPC sampling, finding uniform diffusion outperforms masked under ancestral sampling in few-step regimes while the gap reverses with ARPC at high NFE.
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DSL-LLaDA: Scaling Continuous Denoising to 8B Masked Diffusion LMs
Adapting LLaDA-8B-Instruct via Discrete Stochastic Localization with continuous per-token Gaussian noise yields continuous denoising that achieves top ROUGE-1 on zero-shot summarization at low step budgets and adds selective noisy-state robustness.
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dMoE: dLLMs with Learnable Block Experts
dMoE aggregates token expert distributions to block level in dLLMs, cutting unique experts from 69.5 to 14.6, memory by 76-80%, and latency by 1.14-1.66x while retaining 99.11% performance.
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Efficient Diffusion LLMs via Temporal-Spatial Parallel Decoding and Confidence Extrapolation
Introduces TSPD with a trajectory-feature controller and training-free CE to reduce denoising steps in dLLMs while aiming to preserve quality.
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GDSD: Reinforcement Learning as Guided Denoiser Self-Distillation for Diffusion Language Models
GDSD reduces RL for dLLMs to likelihood-free self-distillation via a normalization-free logit-matching objective, outperforming ELBO methods with more stable training on LLaDA-8B and Dream-7B.
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$D^2$-Monitor: Dynamic Safety Monitoring for Diffusion LLMs via Hesitation-Aware Routing
D²-Monitor routes between lightweight and heavy safety probes using the count of hesitation steps in diffusion LLM denoising trajectories, achieving SOTA trade-off on three datasets with under 0.85M parameters.
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Continuous Diffusion Scales Competitively with Discrete Diffusion for Language
RePlaid achieves a 20x compute gap to autoregressive models, new SOTA PPL of 22.1 among continuous DLMs on OpenWebText, and competitive scaling laws by aligning architecture with modern discrete DLMs.
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Dataset-Level Metrics Attenuate Non-Determinism: A Fine-Grained Non-Determinism Evaluation in Diffusion Language Models
Dataset-level metrics in diffusion language models mask substantial sample-level non-determinism that varies with model and system factors, which a new Factor Variance Attribution metric can decompose.
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Flow Map Language Models: One-step Language Modeling via Continuous Denoising
Continuous flows on token embeddings with flow-map distillation produce one-step language models whose quality exceeds recent 8-step discrete diffusion baselines on LM1B and OpenWebText.
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TEAM: Temporal-Spatial Consistency Guided Expert Activation for MoE Diffusion Language Model Acceleration
Three expert-activation strategies (delayed caching, speculative exploration, limited activation) accelerate MoE diffusion LLMs by up to 2.2x with minimal quality change.
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ART for Diffusion Sampling: A Reinforcement Learning Approach to Timestep Schedule
ART reparameterizes diffusion sampling time and uses RL to learn optimal timestep schedules that reduce discretization error and improve generation quality across budgets and datasets.
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Efficient-DLM: From Autoregressive to Diffusion Language Models, and Beyond in Speed
Efficient-DLM converts AR models to dLMs via block-wise causal attention and position-dependent masking, yielding higher accuracy and 2.7-4.5x throughput than Dream 7B and Qwen3 4B.
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Saber: An Efficient Sampling with Adaptive Acceleration and Backtracking Enhanced Remasking for Diffusion Language Model
Saber improves both speed and accuracy of diffusion language models on code generation by dynamically adjusting unmasking steps and reverting low-confidence tokens via backtracking.
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FS-DFM: Fast and Accurate Long Text Generation with Few-Step Diffusion Language Models
FS-DFM enables 1024-token generation at perplexity parity with 1024-step baselines using only 8 steps via explicit step-budget training, reliable updates, and teacher guidance.
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Diffusion Language Models Know the Answer Before Decoding
DLMs show early answer convergence allowing Prophet to cut decoding steps by up to 3.4x on LLaDA-8B and Dream-7B while keeping output quality.
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Attention-Based Sampler for Diffusion Language Models
Sampling diffusion LMs by descending attention column sums optimally approximates NP-hard log-likelihood maximization and yields a training-free Attn-Sampler with better quality and parallelism.
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Dynamic Infilling Anchors for Format-Constrained Generation in Diffusion Large Language Models
DIA is a training-free method that dynamically adjusts anchor positions in diffusion LLMs to improve format compliance and accuracy on reasoning benchmarks like GSM8K and MATH.
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Tweedie's Formulae and Diffusion Generative Models Beyond Gaussian
Extends Tweedie's formulae to GBM, BESQ, and CIR processes to enable non-Gaussian diffusion generative models and empirical Bayes applications.
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D-PACE: Dynamic Position-Aware Cross-Entropy for Parallel Speculative Drafting
D-PACE derives per-position weights from a surrogate of expected accepted draft length to shift training focus toward currently limiting positions, yielding measured gains in wall-clock speedup and emitted length across benchmarks.
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DACA-GRPO: Denoising-Aware Credit Assignment for Reinforcement Learning in Diffusion Language Models
DACA-GRPO adds denoising-aware credit assignment and bias-reduced likelihood estimation to GRPO, delivering consistent gains up to 36.3pp on math, code, constraint, and schema benchmarks for diffusion LLMs.
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PartDiffuser: Part-wise 3D Mesh Generation via Discrete Diffusion
A part-wise semi-autoregressive discrete diffusion model for point-cloud-to-mesh generation that separates global structure from local detail, beating prior SOTA on Objaverse.
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On the Quantization Robustness of Diffusion Language Models in Coding Benchmarks
Diffusion coding model CoDA shows smaller accuracy drops than Qwen3-1.7B under 2-4 bit quantization on HumanEval and MBPP.
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A Survey of Reinforcement Learning for Large Reasoning Models
A survey compiling RL methods, challenges, data resources, and applications for enhancing reasoning in large language models and large reasoning models since DeepSeek-R1.
- SimSD: Simple Speculative Decoding in Diffusion Language Models