JWST/NIRCam imaging and Keck/MOSDEF spectroscopy identify COSMOS-74706 as an unlensed barred spiral galaxy at z_spec=3.159, with the bar confirmed via residuals, ellipse fitting, and Fourier modes.
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40 Pith papers cite this work, alongside 2,403 external citations. Polarity classification is still indexing.
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abstract
We present a two-dimensional (2-D) fitting algorithm (GALFIT) designed to extract structural components from galaxy images, with emphasis on closely modeling light profiles of spatially well-resolved, nearby galaxies observed with the Hubble Space Telescope. Our algorithm improves on previous techniques in two areas, by being able to simultaneously fit a galaxy with an arbitrary number of components, and with optimization in computation speed, suited for working on large galaxy images. We use 2-D models such as the ``Nuker'' law, the Sersic (de Vaucouleurs) profile, an exponential disk, and Gaussian or Moffat functions. The azimuthal shapes are generalized ellipses that can fit disky and boxy components. Many galaxies with complex isophotes, ellipticity changes, and position-angle twists can be modeled accurately in 2-D. When examined in detail, we find that even simple-looking galaxies generally require at least three components to be modeled accurately, rather than the one or two components more often employed. We illustrate this by way of 7 case studies, which include regular and barred spiral galaxies, highly disky lenticular galaxies, and elliptical galaxies displaying various levels of complexities. A useful extension of this algorithm is to accurately extract nuclear point sources in galaxies. We compare 2-D and 1-D extraction techniques on simulated images of galaxies having nuclear slopes with different degrees of cuspiness, and we then illustrate the application of the program to several examples of nearby galaxies with weak nuclei.
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JWST MIRI observations of 634 galaxies at 0.2<z<2 yield IR luminosity functions with faint-end slope α≈0.147, implying lower dust-obscured SFRD than previous ALMA/Herschel/Spitzer studies.
69% of star-forming galaxies in z~2.3 protoclusters exhibit positive metallicity gradients, higher than field galaxies, associated with metal deficiency and interpreted as evidence for enhanced pristine gas inflows.
A z=4.9 LAE protocluster exhibits 40% larger rest-optical sizes than field LAEs with no UV difference, indicating wavelength-dependent environmental influences on galaxy structure.
A new catalogue of bar lengths and widths from HST images of 8230 galaxies shows bars are about 13% weaker at higher redshift, with longer bars in higher-mass quiescent galaxies and trends consistent with slow quenching.
Morphology-density and morphology-mass relations are present at z~1.6 in both cluster and field galaxies.
A beta-VAE analysis of pop-cosmos models finds that five latent dimensions capture the rest-frame optical SED, corresponding to stellar mass, recent star formation, dust, and two gas ionization states.
Clumps in high-redshift spiral galaxies are smaller than commonly reported, spatially concentrated toward spiral arms, smaller but brighter inside arms than between them, with similar colors, suggesting arms stimulate clump formation but do not alter their star formation properties.
Corrected empirical limits show the most massive galaxies never exceed the theoretical baryonic maximum of 0.16 times halo virial mass, keeping observations consistent with LambdaCDM at all redshifts.
Multi-phase observations of NGC 1427A indicate tidal torquing from a dwarf fly-by has pre-conditioned its gas for ram-pressure stripping by the Fornax intracluster medium, placing the galaxy at the onset of environmental quenching with a declining star formation rate.
UV-bright companions to Little Red Dots provide Lyman-Werner fluxes of J21 ~ 10^2.5-10^5 that can suppress H2 cooling and enable direct collapse to massive black holes.
Morphological metrics in galaxy images suffer systematic biases from resolution, depth, and noise that can be quantified and corrected empirically, with new metrics proposed to reduce those effects.
A Hubble-like sequence of galaxy morphologies exists by redshift 4, with low-mass galaxies as persistent star-forming disks and massive galaxies following either stable disk or rapid compaction-quenching paths.
Galaxy size-mass relations exhibit double power-law breaks at different pivot masses for quiescent versus bulge-dominated samples, coinciding with AGN activity scales.
New Gemini/GNIRS observations of star-forming radio galaxies show warm H2 emission driven primarily by mergers rather than jets.
The size-mass relation for star-forming galaxies at 0.6 < z ≤ 4 shows a gradient in slope with rest-frame wavelength, crossing at ~10^9.5 solar masses proposed as the transition between diffuse and compact morphologies.
SBF distances from HST place the trail dwarfs at ~20 Mpc, inconsistent with the NGC 1035 foreground, while DF2 is revised to 17.7 Mpc matching JWST TRGB at 17.6 Mpc.
LAEs at z=2.4-4.5 are smaller and more starbursting than typical SFGs, with Lyα strength correlating negatively with size and positively with Sersic index and recent SFR ratio.
ATTILA tool identifies 24 new ultra-diffuse galaxies in Hydra I, doubling the known population to 48, plus 92 additional low surface brightness galaxies, while recovering over 80% of previously known ones.
A z=4.0148 galaxy shows clumpy ring morphology consistent with either a collisional ring or strong lensing by a foreground galaxy at z~1.7.
Star-forming galaxies show a transition from negative to positive sSFR radial gradients around z~2, implying a change from outside-in to inside-out growth.
Local compact AGN-hosting dwarf galaxies with V-shaped SEDs are more evolved than high-redshift Little Red Dots, indicating distinct formation pathways.
Multi-epoch spectroscopy of UNAM-KIAS 613 shows transient double-peaked broad Hα emission interpreted as a one-time bipolar outflow in an isolated low-luminosity AGN with Eddington ratio ~0.03-0.04.
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