TOI-2195 A b is an inflated hot Neptune that likely originated as a Jovian planet losing ~90% mass through Roche lobe overflow during EKL-driven high-eccentricity migration triggered by a wide binary companion.
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Kepler planets: a tale of evaporation
25 Pith papers cite this work, alongside 766 external citations. Polarity classification is still indexing.
25
Pith papers citing it
766
external citations · Pith
abstract
(Abridged) Inspired by the Kepler planet discoveries, we consider the thermal contraction of planets close to their parent star, under the influence of evaporation. The mass-loss rates are based on hydrodynamic models of evaporation that include both X-ray and EUV irradiation. We find that only low-mass planets with hydrogen envelopes are significantly affected by evaporation, with evaporation being able to remove massive hydrogen envelopes inward of 0.1 AU for Neptune-mass objects. We construct a theoretical population of planets with varying core masses, envelope masses, orbital separations, and stellar spectral types, and compare these against the sizes and densities measured for low-mass planets, both in the Kepler mission and from radial velocity surveys. This exercise leads us to conclude that evaporation is the driving force of evolution for close-in Kepler planets. In fact, some 50% of the Kepler planet candidates may have been significantly eroded. Evaporation explains two striking correlations observed in these objects: a lack of large radius/low density planets close to the stars, and a bimodal distribution in planet sizes with a deficit of planets around 2R_E. Planets that have experienced high X-ray exposures are generally smaller than this size, and those with lower X-ray exposures are typically larger. A bimodal distribution is naturally explained by the evaporation model, where, depending on their X-ray exposure, close-in planets can either hold on to hydrogen envelopes 1% in mass, or be stripped entirely. To quantitatively reproduce the observed features, we argue that not only do low-mass Kepler planets need to be made of rocky cores overlaid with hydrogen envelopes, but few of them should have initial masses above 20 M_E, and the majority of them should have core masses of a few Earth masses.
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Introduces MGIC_rv, an information criterion that combines conditional RV likelihood with an effective parameter count for selecting multi-GP models focused on radial velocities.
JWST NIRISS/SOSS data yield a transmission spectrum of the 23 Myr V1298 Tau c showing H2O absorption and an atmospheric metallicity of 14.8^{+56}_{-12} times solar, lower than mature planets of similar mass.
Young sub-Neptunes transition from core-powered bolometric escape to photoevaporative escape at smaller radii for lower-mass and more irradiated planets, with self-consistent simulations yielding combined mass-loss rates and analytic transition scalings.
The atmosphere of TOI-1130b shows high metallicity, low C/O, and elevated mean molecular weight consistent with ex-situ formation beyond the water ice line.
Coupled thermal-chemical models indicate that sub-Neptunes formed outside the water-ice line exhibit high atmospheric CH4, H2O, and C/O ratios while those formed inside show suppressed CH4 and low C/O.
Water- and metal-rich atmospheres on compact hot mini-Neptunes lose mass more slowly than H/He cases at high enrichment levels due to enhanced cooling and higher mean molecular weight.
JWST/NIRCam observations of 2024 YR4 extend the orbital arc by eight months, reduce 2032 lunar encounter uncertainty by >30x, and rule out impact with a 22,900 ± 800 km miss distance.
The transmission spectrum of AU Mic b is dominated by the transit light source effect from stellar spots, yielding only weak atmospheric constraints with a preferred scale height below 185 km.
Two extremely low-density Jupiter-sized planets on long-period orbits around TOI-791 were confirmed via ground-based photometry and TTV-derived masses.
Generates and publicly releases 81,498 detrended Kepler light curves plus a catalog of 87 periodic variables (26 new) in the 2.5 Gyr cluster NGC 6819 using Gaia DR3 for membership.
TOI-2147 b and TOI-6019 b are confirmed eccentric warm Jupiters with masses of 116 and 149 Earth masses and eccentricities of 0.29 and 0.48.
A simulated 2.5-year multi-band photometric survey is projected to detect ~100 young transiting planets, sufficient to measure their occurrence rate to 5% precision and differentiate gas-dwarf versus water-world formation scenarios.
J0404+1112 is a 2.93 hr period totally eclipsing WD+BD system with a hot DA white dwarf (T_eff ~28,000 K) and ~40 M_Jup brown dwarf, enabling isolation of nightside emission and serving as a JWST atmospheric benchmark.
TOI-201 has three planets whose co-transiting configuration will end in 200 years due to Kozai-Lidov oscillations driven by mutual inclinations.
Sub-Neptunes around metal-rich stars have a 42.6% conditional probability of cold Jupiters versus 14.5% for super-Earths, showing a metallicity-dependent correlation absent in the latter.
Probabilistic host-star assignments via asterodensity profiling suggest the exoplanet radius gap is less empty in binary systems once possible circumsecondary planets are included.
CHEOPS photometry improves radii for V1298 Tau b, c, and d, producing revised densities of 0.06-0.23 g cm^{-3} that indicate differential atmospheric evolution and no requirement for past dynamical excitation.
Observational study of 290 exoplanet-host stars finds higher C, O, S, Fe, Ni abundances in giant-planet hosts than small-planet hosts, with C/O ratios, hot/warm differences, and mass correlations that vary by subpopulation.
Hydrogen-silicate miscibility stores hydrogen in sub-Neptune interiors, resupplies escaping envelopes, delays contraction, matches young-planet observations, and enables a population test requiring 70-100 targets under 100 Myr.
Varying the adiabatic index from 1.2 to 1.4 in exoplanet evolution models shows that higher gamma produces puffier initial envelopes that contract faster with accelerated mass loss, so using gamma=1.4 overestimates mass-loss effects on young planets.
Mass of 13.7 Earth masses and density 0.4 g cm^{-3} measured for TOI-1883 b, a super-Neptune in the ridge regime around an early-M dwarf, with implications for disk migration and photoevaporation.
Models coupling hydrogen-silicate-iron miscibility with atmospheric escape reproduce the observed mass-radius occurrence density of sub-Neptunes and super-Earths.
Reanalysis of TOI-1272 and TOI-1694 retracts TOI-1272 c as planetary, attributes the signal to stellar activity via Gaussian process modeling, and refines orbital parameters for the systems.
citing papers explorer
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Discovery of an Inflated Hot Neptune and Its Formation from Jovian Mass Loss
TOI-2195 A b is an inflated hot Neptune that likely originated as a Jovian planet losing ~90% mass through Roche lobe overflow during EKL-driven high-eccentricity migration triggered by a wide binary companion.
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A Model Selection Criterion for Multidimensional Gaussian Processes: Application to Radial Velocities
Introduces MGIC_rv, an information criterion that combines conditional RV likelihood with an effective parameter count for selecting multi-GP models focused on radial velocities.
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KRONOS I: The $1{-}2.8\mu$m JWST Transmission Spectrum of the 23 Myr V1298 Tau c
JWST NIRISS/SOSS data yield a transmission spectrum of the 23 Myr V1298 Tau c showing H2O absorption and an atmospheric metallicity of 14.8^{+56}_{-12} times solar, lower than mature planets of similar mass.
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Characterizing the bolometric-photoevaporative transition in young sub-Neptunes with radiation-hydrodynamic simulations
Young sub-Neptunes transition from core-powered bolometric escape to photoevaporative escape at smaller radii for lower-mass and more irradiated planets, with self-consistent simulations yielding combined mass-loss rates and analytic transition scalings.
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JWST unveils a high mean molecular weight atmosphere for mini-Neptune TOI-1130b: Evidence for formation beyond the water ice line
The atmosphere of TOI-1130b shows high metallicity, low C/O, and elevated mean molecular weight consistent with ex-situ formation beyond the water ice line.
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Coupled Thermal-Chemical Evolution Models of Sub-Neptunes Reveal Atmospheric Signatures of Their Formation Location
Coupled thermal-chemical models indicate that sub-Neptunes formed outside the water-ice line exhibit high atmospheric CH4, H2O, and C/O ratios while those formed inside show suppressed CH4 and low C/O.
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Escape of Water- and Metal-enriched Atmospheres from compact Hot mini-Neptunes with CHAIN
Water- and metal-rich atmospheres on compact hot mini-Neptunes lose mass more slowly than H/He cases at high enrichment levels due to enhanced cooling and higher mean molecular weight.
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JWST Observations of Asteroid 2024 YR4 Rule Out a 2032 Lunar Impact and Demonstrate a New Regime for Planetary Defense Follow-up
JWST/NIRCam observations of 2024 YR4 extend the orbital arc by eight months, reduce 2032 lunar encounter uncertainty by >30x, and rule out impact with a 22,900 ± 800 km miss distance.
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The HST/WFC3 Transmission Spectrum of AU Mic b Part I: An Atmosphere Obscured by Contamination and Systematics
The transmission spectrum of AU Mic b is dominated by the transit light source effect from stellar spots, yielding only weak atmospheric constraints with a preferred scale height below 185 km.
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ASTEP confirmation of a pair of long-period Jupiter-sized planets with extremely low densities transiting TOI-791
Two extremely low-density Jupiter-sized planets on long-period orbits around TOI-791 were confirmed via ground-based photometry and TTV-derived masses.
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Kepler Image-Subtracted Light Curves and Variable Star Catalog of NGC 6819
Generates and publicly releases 81,498 detrended Kepler light curves plus a catalog of 87 periodic variables (26 new) in the 2.5 Gyr cluster NGC 6819 using Gaia DR3 for membership.
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TOI-2147 b and TOI-6019 b: Two eccentric warm Jupiters detected and characterized with TESS and MaHPS
TOI-2147 b and TOI-6019 b are confirmed eccentric warm Jupiters with masses of 116 and 149 Earth masses and eccentricities of 0.29 and 0.48.
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Preparing for the Early eVolution Explorer: Detecting the Primordial, Transiting Exoplanet Population
A simulated 2.5-year multi-band photometric survey is projected to detect ~100 young transiting planets, sufficient to measure their occurrence rate to 5% precision and differentiate gas-dwarf versus water-world formation scenarios.
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J0404+1112: A 3-Hour Eclipsing White Dwarf-Brown Dwarf Probing Multiple Atmospheric Regimes
J0404+1112 is a 2.93 hr period totally eclipsing WD+BD system with a hot DA white dwarf (T_eff ~28,000 K) and ~40 M_Jup brown dwarf, enabling isolation of nightside emission and serving as a JWST atmospheric benchmark.
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Uncovering the Rapidly Evolving Orbits of the Dynamic TOI-201 System
TOI-201 has three planets whose co-transiting configuration will end in 200 years due to Kozai-Lidov oscillations driven by mutual inclinations.
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Sub-Neptunes Show a Stronger Correlation with Cold Jupiters than Super-Earths Especially in Metal-rich Systems
Sub-Neptunes around metal-rich stars have a 42.6% conditional probability of cold Jupiters versus 14.5% for super-Earths, showing a metallicity-dependent correlation absent in the latter.
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Determining the Host Stars of Planets in Binary Star Systems with Asterodensity Profiling: Investigating the Canonical Radius Gap
Probabilistic host-star assignments via asterodensity profiling suggest the exoplanet radius gap is less empty in binary systems once possible circumsecondary planets are included.
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CHEOPS observations of V1298 Tau: updated planetary densities and implications on the early evolution of the young system
CHEOPS photometry improves radii for V1298 Tau b, c, and d, producing revised densities of 0.06-0.23 g cm^{-3} that indicate differential atmospheric evolution and no requirement for past dynamical excitation.
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Chemical Abundances of the Bioessential Elements C, O and S, and the Refractory Elements Fe and Ni, in Solar-type Exoplanet-hosting Stars from HARPS North and South
Observational study of 290 exoplanet-host stars finds higher C, O, S, Fe, Ni abundances in giant-planet hosts than small-planet hosts, with C/O ratios, hot/warm differences, and mass correlations that vary by subpopulation.
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Testing the prevalence of hydrogen-silicate miscibility in young sub-Neptunes
Hydrogen-silicate miscibility stores hydrogen in sub-Neptune interiors, resupplies escaping envelopes, delays contraction, matches young-planet observations, and enables a population test requiring 70-100 targets under 100 Myr.
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The Effect of Adiabatic Index on Radius Evolution and the Mass Loss
Varying the adiabatic index from 1.2 to 1.4 in exoplanet evolution models shows that higher gamma produces puffier initial envelopes that contract faster with accelerated mass loss, so using gamma=1.4 overestimates mass-loss effects on young planets.
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The mass of TOI-1883 b: A low density super-Neptune in the ridge regime transiting an early-M dwarf
Mass of 13.7 Earth masses and density 0.4 g cm^{-3} measured for TOI-1883 b, a super-Neptune in the ridge regime around an early-M dwarf, with implications for disk migration and photoevaporation.
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The Influences of Hydrogen-Silicate-Iron Miscibility on the Demographics of Sub-Neptunes and Super-Earths
Models coupling hydrogen-silicate-iron miscibility with atmospheric escape reproduce the observed mass-radius occurrence density of sub-Neptunes and super-Earths.
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The GAPS Programme at TNG LXXIV. A reanalysis of the planetary systems TOI-1272 and TOI-1694 with HARPS-N and retraction of the planetary interpretation of TOI-1272 c
Reanalysis of TOI-1272 and TOI-1694 retracts TOI-1272 c as planetary, attributes the signal to stellar activity via Gaussian process modeling, and refines orbital parameters for the systems.
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An early look at how gas giants shape small planet bulk compositions
Observational analysis of 43 systems finds no significant overall correlation between gas giant occurrence and inner small planet properties but reports hints of a trend in metal-rich systems favoring lower-density planets with similar core masses.