ORPO performs preference alignment during supervised fine-tuning via a monolithic odds ratio penalty, allowing 7B models to outperform larger state-of-the-art models on alignment benchmarks.
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Enhancing Chat Language Models by Scaling High-quality Instructional Conversations
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abstract
Fine-tuning on instruction data has been widely validated as an effective practice for implementing chat language models like ChatGPT. Scaling the diversity and quality of such data, although straightforward, stands a great chance of leading to improved performance. This paper aims to improve the upper bound of open-source models further. We first provide a systematically designed, diverse, informative, large-scale dataset of instructional conversations, UltraChat, which does not involve human queries. Our objective is to capture the breadth of interactions that a human might have with an AI assistant and employs a comprehensive framework to generate multi-turn conversation iteratively. UltraChat contains 1.5 million high-quality multi-turn dialogues and covers a wide range of topics and instructions. Our statistical analysis of UltraChat reveals its superiority in various key metrics, including scale, average length, diversity, coherence, etc., solidifying its position as a leading open-source dataset. Building upon UltraChat, we fine-tune a LLaMA model to create a powerful conversational model, UltraLLaMA. Our evaluations indicate that UltraLLaMA consistently outperforms other open-source models, including Vicuna, the previously recognized state-of-the-art open-source model. The dataset and the model will be publicly released\footnote{\url{https://github.com/thunlp/UltraChat}}.
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representative citing papers
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IRIS unifies self-play fine-tuning under an interpolative Rényi objective with adaptive alpha scheduling and reports better benchmark scores than baselines while surpassing full supervised fine-tuning with only 13% of the annotated data.
Continuous adversarial training in the embedding space produces a robust generalization bound for linear transformers that decreases with perturbation radius, tied to singular values of the embedding matrix, and motivates a new regularizer that improves real LLM jailbreak robustness-utility tradeoff
LongMemEval benchmarks long-term memory in chat assistants, revealing 30% accuracy drops across sustained interactions and proposing indexing-retrieval-reading optimizations that boost performance.
Magpie synthesizes 300K high-quality alignment instructions from Llama-3-Instruct via auto-regressive prompting on partial templates, enabling fine-tuned models to match official instruct performance on AlpacaEval, ArenaHard, and WildBench.
Iterative self-rewarding via LLM-as-Judge in DPO training on Llama 2 70B improves instruction following and self-evaluation, outperforming GPT-4 on AlpacaEval 2.0.
COALA applies convex optimization reformulations of neural networks to direct preference optimization, claiming single-GPU training with ~18% of DPO's TFLOPs and competitive performance on multiple datasets and models up to 8B parameters.
Deep Pre-Alignment uses a small VLM perceiver instead of ViT to pre-align visual features with LLM text space, yielding 1.9-3.0 point gains on multimodal benchmarks and 32.9% less language forgetting.
DECO is a sparse MoE architecture with ReLU-based routing, learnable expert scaling, and NormSiLU activation that matches dense Transformer performance at 20% expert activation and delivers 2.93x speedup on Jetson AGX Orin.
TwinGate deploys a stateful dual-encoder system with asymmetric contrastive learning to detect decompositional jailbreaks in untraceable LLM traffic at high recall and low false-positive rate with negligible latency.
NVLLM offloads FFN computations to integrated 3D NAND flash with page-level access and keeps attention in DRAM, delivering 16.7x-37.9x speedups over GPU out-of-core baselines for models up to 30B parameters.
Off-policy training data for LLM behavior probes causes significant generalization failures especially for intent-based behaviors like deception, and performance on coerced incentivised data correlates with real on-policy success.
InternVL 2.5 is the first open-source MLLM to surpass 70% on the MMMU benchmark via model, data, and test-time scaling, with a 3.7-point gain from chain-of-thought reasoning.
Attention sinks emerge in language models from softmax-induced token dependence on attention scores and do not appear when using sigmoid attention without normalization in models up to 1B parameters.
SnapKV selects clustered important KV positions per attention head from an observation window at the prompt end, yielding 3.6x faster generation and 8.2x better memory efficiency on 16K-token inputs with comparable performance across 16 datasets.
Zephyr-7B achieves state-of-the-art chat benchmark results among 7B models by distilling alignment via dDPO on AI feedback preferences, surpassing the 70B Llama-2-Chat model on MT-Bench with no human data required.
KARMA adapts reward models from Reddit karma data to align LLMs with conversational pragmatics, finding that context-only rewards outperform karma-predictive ones downstream while reducing factuality across conditions.
Persona axes derived from contrastive prompts and PCA yield linear probes that generalize better than raw-activation probes across 10 datasets for deception and sycophancy.
ADAPT is an online reweighting framework for LLM training that outperforms offline data selection and mixing methods in cross-benchmark generalization under equal compute.
Empirical measurements across four NLP domains show task type is a stronger predictor of speculative decoding acceptance than tree depth, with chat uniquely achieving expected accepted length over 1 token per step.
Lack of exploration from conditioning on prior answers is the primary reason parallel sampling outperforms sequential sampling in large reasoning models.
Gradient analysis and ablations show DPO and PPO have different target directions and component roles in preference optimization for LLMs.
PROVSYN synthesizes high-fidelity security provenance graphs via graph generation and LLMs to augment imbalanced datasets, improving downstream APT detection accuracy by up to 38% on benchmarks.
citing papers explorer
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ORPO: Monolithic Preference Optimization without Reference Model
ORPO performs preference alignment during supervised fine-tuning via a monolithic odds ratio penalty, allowing 7B models to outperform larger state-of-the-art models on alignment benchmarks.
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Beyond Parameter Aggregation: Semantic Consensus for Federated Fine-Tuning of LLMs
Semantic consensus on model outputs for public prompts enables federated LLM fine-tuning that matches parameter-aggregation baselines with orders-of-magnitude lower communication.
-
IRIS: Interpolative R\'enyi Iterative Self-play for Large Language Model Fine-Tuning
IRIS unifies self-play fine-tuning under an interpolative Rényi objective with adaptive alpha scheduling and reports better benchmark scores than baselines while surpassing full supervised fine-tuning with only 13% of the annotated data.
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Understanding and Improving Continuous Adversarial Training for LLMs via In-context Learning Theory
Continuous adversarial training in the embedding space produces a robust generalization bound for linear transformers that decreases with perturbation radius, tied to singular values of the embedding matrix, and motivates a new regularizer that improves real LLM jailbreak robustness-utility tradeoff
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LongMemEval: Benchmarking Chat Assistants on Long-Term Interactive Memory
LongMemEval benchmarks long-term memory in chat assistants, revealing 30% accuracy drops across sustained interactions and proposing indexing-retrieval-reading optimizations that boost performance.
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Magpie: Alignment Data Synthesis from Scratch by Prompting Aligned LLMs with Nothing
Magpie synthesizes 300K high-quality alignment instructions from Llama-3-Instruct via auto-regressive prompting on partial templates, enabling fine-tuned models to match official instruct performance on AlpacaEval, ArenaHard, and WildBench.
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Self-Rewarding Language Models
Iterative self-rewarding via LLM-as-Judge in DPO training on Llama 2 70B improves instruction following and self-evaluation, outperforming GPT-4 on AlpacaEval 2.0.
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Convex Optimization for Alignment and Preference Learning on a Single GPU
COALA applies convex optimization reformulations of neural networks to direct preference optimization, claiming single-GPU training with ~18% of DPO's TFLOPs and competitive performance on multiple datasets and models up to 8B parameters.
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Deep Pre-Alignment for VLMs
Deep Pre-Alignment uses a small VLM perceiver instead of ViT to pre-align visual features with LLM text space, yielding 1.9-3.0 point gains on multimodal benchmarks and 32.9% less language forgetting.
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DECO: Sparse Mixture-of-Experts with Dense-Comparable Performance on End-Side Devices
DECO is a sparse MoE architecture with ReLU-based routing, learnable expert scaling, and NormSiLU activation that matches dense Transformer performance at 20% expert activation and delivers 2.93x speedup on Jetson AGX Orin.
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TwinGate: Stateful Defense against Decompositional Jailbreaks in Untraceable Traffic via Asymmetric Contrastive Learning
TwinGate deploys a stateful dual-encoder system with asymmetric contrastive learning to detect decompositional jailbreaks in untraceable LLM traffic at high recall and low false-positive rate with negligible latency.
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NVLLM: A 3D NAND-Centric Architecture Enabling Edge on-Device LLM Inference
NVLLM offloads FFN computations to integrated 3D NAND flash with page-level access and keeps attention in DRAM, delivering 16.7x-37.9x speedups over GPU out-of-core baselines for models up to 30B parameters.
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The Impact of Off-Policy Training Data on Probe Generalisation
Off-policy training data for LLM behavior probes causes significant generalization failures especially for intent-based behaviors like deception, and performance on coerced incentivised data correlates with real on-policy success.
-
Expanding Performance Boundaries of Open-Source Multimodal Models with Model, Data, and Test-Time Scaling
InternVL 2.5 is the first open-source MLLM to surpass 70% on the MMMU benchmark via model, data, and test-time scaling, with a 3.7-point gain from chain-of-thought reasoning.
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When Attention Sink Emerges in Language Models: An Empirical View
Attention sinks emerge in language models from softmax-induced token dependence on attention scores and do not appear when using sigmoid attention without normalization in models up to 1B parameters.
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SnapKV: LLM Knows What You are Looking for Before Generation
SnapKV selects clustered important KV positions per attention head from an observation window at the prompt end, yielding 3.6x faster generation and 8.2x better memory efficiency on 16K-token inputs with comparable performance across 16 datasets.
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Zephyr: Direct Distillation of LM Alignment
Zephyr-7B achieves state-of-the-art chat benchmark results among 7B models by distilling alignment via dDPO on AI feedback preferences, surpassing the 70B Llama-2-Chat model on MT-Bench with no human data required.
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KARMA: Karma-Aligned Reward Model Adaptation
KARMA adapts reward models from Reddit karma data to align LLMs with conversational pragmatics, finding that context-only rewards outperform karma-predictive ones downstream while reducing factuality across conditions.
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Do Linear Probes Generalize Better in Persona Coordinates?
Persona axes derived from contrastive prompts and PCA yield linear probes that generalize better than raw-activation probes across 10 datasets for deception and sycophancy.
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Rethinking Data Curation in LLM Training: Online Reweighting Offers Better Generalization than Offline Methods
ADAPT is an online reweighting framework for LLM training that outperforms offline data selection and mixing methods in cross-benchmark generalization under equal compute.
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Acceptance Dynamics Across Cognitive Domains in Speculative Decoding
Empirical measurements across four NLP domains show task type is a stronger predictor of speculative decoding acceptance than tree depth, with chat uniquely achieving expected accepted length over 1 token per step.
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Understanding Performance Gap Between Parallel and Sequential Sampling in Large Reasoning Models
Lack of exploration from conditioning on prior answers is the primary reason parallel sampling outperforms sequential sampling in large reasoning models.
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What Is Preference Optimization Doing, and Why?
Gradient analysis and ablations show DPO and PPO have different target directions and component roles in preference optimization for LLMs.
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No Data? No Problem: Synthesizing Security Graphs for Better Intrusion Detection
PROVSYN synthesizes high-fidelity security provenance graphs via graph generation and LLMs to augment imbalanced datasets, improving downstream APT detection accuracy by up to 38% on benchmarks.
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SmolLM2: When Smol Goes Big -- Data-Centric Training of a Small Language Model
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MiniCPM-V: A GPT-4V Level MLLM on Your Phone
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World Model on Million-Length Video And Language With Blockwise RingAttention
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Reducing Redundancy in Retrieval-Augmented Generation through Chunk Filtering
Entity-based chunk filtering reduces RAG vector index size by 25-36% with retrieval quality near baseline levels.
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Yi: Open Foundation Models by 01.AI
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Towards Large Reasoning Models: A Survey of Reinforced Reasoning with Large Language Models
The paper surveys reinforced reasoning techniques for LLMs, covering automated data construction, learning-to-reason methods, and test-time scaling as steps toward Large Reasoning Models.
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LLMs-as-Judges: A Comprehensive Survey on LLM-based Evaluation Methods
A survey that organizes LLMs-as-judges research into functionality, methodology, applications, meta-evaluation, and limitations.
- Benchmarking and Improving Monitors for Out-Of-Distribution Alignment Failure in LLMs