The first informative astrophysical calibration of gravitational-wave detectors is reported using GW240925 and GW250207.
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Binary Black Hole Mergers in the first Advanced LIGO Observing Run
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abstract
The first observational run of the Advanced LIGO detectors, from September 12, 2015 to January 19, 2016, saw the first detections of gravitational waves from binary black hole mergers. In this paper we present full results from a search for binary black hole merger signals with total masses up to $100 M_\odot$ and detailed implications from our observations of these systems. Our search, based on general-relativistic models of gravitational wave signals from binary black hole systems, unambiguously identified two signals, GW150914 and GW151226, with a significance of greater than $5\sigma$ over the observing period. It also identified a third possible signal, LVT151012, with substantially lower significance, and with an 87% probability of being of astrophysical origin. We provide detailed estimates of the parameters of the observed systems. Both GW150914 and GW151226 provide an unprecedented opportunity to study the two-body motion of a compact-object binary in the large velocity, highly nonlinear regime. We do not observe any deviations from general relativity, and place improved empirical bounds on several high-order post-Newtonian coefficients. From our observations we infer stellar-mass binary black hole merger rates lying in the range $9-240 \mathrm{Gpc}^{-3} \mathrm{yr}^{-1}$. These observations are beginning to inform astrophysical predictions of binary black hole formation rates, and indicate that future observing runs of the Advanced detector network will yield many more gravitational wave detections.
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representative citing papers
Numerical simulations of plane gravitational waves through Gaussian, NFW and Burkert potentials show non-geodesic propagation for Gaussian profiles and wave convexity reversal for Burkert in strong gravity, with order-one deviations from scalar-wave predictions inside the lens.
An external dynamical environment forms a resonant cavity with a black hole in dCS gravity that triggers Mathieu instability in the scalar sector, producing cascading amplification of gravitational waves via a delayed secondary burst.
LIGO and Virgo detected 39 compact binary coalescence events in O3a, including 13 new ones, with black hole binaries up to 150 solar masses and the first significantly asymmetric mass ratios.
A factorization-based method is outlined to derive energy-loss constraints on dark sector particles (spin 0 to 2) from ISR-modified lepton distributions in DIS, illustrated for MeV-GeV spin-0 cases at the EIC.
Multiple Hamiltonian definitions of the conservative second-order self-force are identified in a nonlinear scalar toy model, restricted to unbound scattering trajectories.
A HeunC framework computes gravitational-wave fluxes from generic Kerr orbits with 10^{-11} relative errors and speedups of 3-60x over prior packages by eliminating auxiliary parameters via analytic continuation and adaptive quadrature.
New surrogate models NRSur7dq4 and RemnantModel accurately predict waveforms and remnant properties for precessing unequal-mass binary black holes up to q=4, outperforming existing models by an order of magnitude.
Ringdown analysis of GW150914 with overtones measures remnant mass and spin consistent with a Kerr black hole, supporting the no-hair theorem at the 10% level.
Binary black hole signals in GWTC-1 are consistent with general relativity predictions, with an improved graviton mass bound of mg ≤ 4.7 × 10^{-23} eV/c² at 90% credible level.
An analytic continuation of Darwin variables yields a real parametrization of bound, scattering, and plunging geodesics in Schwarzschild spacetime.
The chirp-mass distribution of GW-detected binary black holes shows a ladder of peaks doubling in mass, with a new intermediate peak at 19 solar masses confirming a prior prediction from the hierarchical merger model.
Presents a curvature-based perturbative method for photon spheres, massive particle surfaces, and black hole shadows that handles mass variations and claims new results for the time-like case.
A time-frequency semi-coherent search pipeline detects stellar-mass BBH inspirals in LISA data down to coherent SNR of approximately 11-14 on the Yorsh data challenge for aligned-spin, low-eccentricity systems.
Neural post-Einsteinian analysis of GWTC-3 finds no GR violation and sets constraints covering both post-Newtonian and beyond-post-Newtonian deviations in a single theory-agnostic setup.
Bayesian parameter estimation with targeted eccentric numerical-relativity waveforms yields eccentricity estimates of e20 ≈ 0.2 for GW200208_22 and e10 ≈ 0.19 for GW190620, reinforcing the eccentric hypothesis.
Parameterized inspiral tests on GW230529 find consistency with GR, with |δφ̂_{-2}| ≲ 8×10^{-5} and ℓ_GB ≲ 0.51 M_⊙ in ESGB theories.
No evidence for deviations from general relativity is found in LIGO-Virgo binary black hole events, with improved constraints on waveform parameters, graviton mass, and ringdown properties.
Hybrid string-bounded domain wall networks from sequential U(1)_F and Z2 symmetry breaking generate a GW spectrum with a unique low-frequency slope that future detectors can observe and an MLP surrogate can characterize for fast SNR inference.
Partial-wave calculations of scattering cross sections, absorption, and greybody factors for spin-0 particles on charged black holes in bumblebee and Kalb-Ramond Lorentz-violating models.
GWTC-2.1 adds eight new high-significance compact binary coalescence events to the prior catalog, extending the observed black hole mass range and including candidates inside the pair-instability mass gap.
Updated LISA detection prospects for gravitational waves from phase transitions are derived from state-of-the-art sound-wave simulations, with a new web tool PTPlot provided for parameter scans.
Forecasts show SKA-Mid cross-correlations with ET/CE gravitational wave events can constrain GW source bias and time-delay distributions.
Primordial black holes in specific mass ranges could account for some or all dark matter while resolving structure-formation and seed problems in standard cosmology.
citing papers explorer
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GW240925 and GW250207: Astrophysical Calibration of Gravitational-wave Detectors
The first informative astrophysical calibration of gravitational-wave detectors is reported using GW240925 and GW250207.
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Wave Optics Effects from Gravitational Wave Propagation Through Dark Matter Halos
Numerical simulations of plane gravitational waves through Gaussian, NFW and Burkert potentials show non-geodesic propagation for Gaussian profiles and wave convexity reversal for Burkert in strong gravity, with order-one deviations from scalar-wave predictions inside the lens.
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Cascading amplification of gravitational waves triggered by environment in dynamical Chern-Simons gravity
An external dynamical environment forms a resonant cavity with a black hole in dCS gravity that triggers Mathieu instability in the scalar sector, producing cascading amplification of gravitational waves via a delayed secondary burst.
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GWTC-2: Compact Binary Coalescences Observed by LIGO and Virgo During the First Half of the Third Observing Run
LIGO and Virgo detected 39 compact binary coalescence events in O3a, including 13 new ones, with black hole binaries up to 150 solar masses and the first significantly asymmetric mass ratios.
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Conservative and dissipative sectors in a nonlinear scalar model for the gravitational self-force problem
Multiple Hamiltonian definitions of the conservative second-order self-force are identified in a nonlinear scalar toy model, restricted to unbound scattering trajectories.
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Efficient and Stable Computation of Gravitational-Wave Fluxes from Generic Kerr Orbits via a Unified HeunC Framework
A HeunC framework computes gravitational-wave fluxes from generic Kerr orbits with 10^{-11} relative errors and speedups of 3-60x over prior packages by eliminating auxiliary parameters via analytic continuation and adaptive quadrature.
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Surrogate models for precessing binary black hole simulations with unequal masses
New surrogate models NRSur7dq4 and RemnantModel accurately predict waveforms and remnant properties for precessing unequal-mass binary black holes up to q=4, outperforming existing models by an order of magnitude.
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Testing the no-hair theorem with GW150914
Ringdown analysis of GW150914 with overtones measures remnant mass and spin consistent with a Kerr black hole, supporting the no-hair theorem at the 10% level.
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Tests of General Relativity with the Binary Black Hole Signals from the LIGO-Virgo Catalog GWTC-1
Binary black hole signals in GWTC-1 are consistent with general relativity predictions, with an improved graviton mass bound of mg ≤ 4.7 × 10^{-23} eV/c² at 90% credible level.
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Beyond the Separatrix: Analytic Continuation of Darwin Variables for Plunging Geodesics in Schwarzschild Spacetime
An analytic continuation of Darwin variables yields a real parametrization of bound, scattering, and plunging geodesics in Schwarzschild spacetime.
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A perturbative geometric approach for photon spheres, massive particle surfaces and black hole shadows with mass variations
Presents a curvature-based perturbative method for photon spheres, massive particle surfaces, and black hole shadows that handles mass variations and claims new results for the time-like case.
-
Global time-frequency search for stellar-mass binary black holes in LISA
A time-frequency semi-coherent search pipeline detects stellar-mass BBH inspirals in LISA data down to coherent SNR of approximately 11-14 on the Yorsh data challenge for aligned-spin, low-eccentricity systems.
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Neural Post-Einsteinian Test of General Relativity with the Third Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog
Neural post-Einsteinian analysis of GWTC-3 finds no GR violation and sets constraints covering both post-Newtonian and beyond-post-Newtonian deviations in a single theory-agnostic setup.
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Parameter Estimation with Targeted Eccentric Numerical-Relativity Simulations for GW200208_22 and GW190620
Bayesian parameter estimation with targeted eccentric numerical-relativity waveforms yields eccentricity estimates of e20 ≈ 0.2 for GW200208_22 and e10 ≈ 0.19 for GW190620, reinforcing the eccentric hypothesis.
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Tests of General Relativity with GW230529: a neutron star merging with a lower mass-gap compact object
Parameterized inspiral tests on GW230529 find consistency with GR, with |δφ̂_{-2}| ≲ 8×10^{-5} and ℓ_GB ≲ 0.51 M_⊙ in ESGB theories.
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Tests of General Relativity with Binary Black Holes from the second LIGO-Virgo Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog
No evidence for deviations from general relativity is found in LIGO-Virgo binary black hole events, with improved constraints on waveform parameters, graviton mass, and ringdown properties.
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Scattering, absorption and greybody factor of scalar particles by Lorentz-violating charged black holes
Partial-wave calculations of scattering cross sections, absorption, and greybody factors for spin-0 particles on charged black holes in bumblebee and Kalb-Ramond Lorentz-violating models.
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GWTC-2.1: Deep Extended Catalog of Compact Binary Coalescences Observed by LIGO and Virgo During the First Half of the Third Observing Run
GWTC-2.1 adds eight new high-significance compact binary coalescence events to the prior catalog, extending the observed black hole mass range and including candidates inside the pair-instability mass gap.
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Noncanonical Approaches To Inflation
A review thesis covering Mukhanov parametrization, general scalar-tensor theories, and new slow-roll techniques for canonical and noncanonical inflation observables.
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Tests of General Relativity with GWTC-3
No evidence for physics beyond general relativity is found in the analysis of 15 GW events from GWTC-3, with consistency in residuals, PN parameters, and remnant properties.