Future microhertz detections combined with nanohertz pulsar terms can serve as gravity echoes to measure supermassive black hole binary inspiral rates from hundreds to thousands of years in the past.
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Superradiance -- the 2020 Edition
Canonical reference. 95% of citing Pith papers cite this work as background.
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abstract
Superradiance is a radiation enhancement process that involves dissipative systems. With a 60 year-old history, superradiance has played a prominent role in optics, quantum mechanics and especially in relativity and astrophysics. In General Relativity, black-hole superradiance is permitted by the ergoregion, that allows for energy, charge and angular momentum extraction from the vacuum, even at the classical level. Stability of the spacetime is enforced by the event horizon, where negative energy-states are dumped. Black-hole superradiance is intimately connected to the black-hole area theorem, Penrose process, tidal forces, and even Hawking radiation, which can be interpreted as a quantum version of black-hole superradiance. Various mechanisms (as diverse as massive fields, magnetic fields, anti-de Sitter boundaries, nonlinear interactions, etc...) can confine the amplified radiation and give rise to strong instabilities. These "black-hole bombs" have applications in searches of dark matter and of physics beyond the Standard Model, are associated to the threshold of formation of new black hole solutions that evade the no-hair theorems, can be studied in the laboratory by devising analog models of gravity, and might even provide a holographic description of spontaneous symmetry breaking and superfluidity through the gauge-gravity duality. This work is meant to provide a unified picture of this multifaceted subject. We focus on the recent developments in the field, and work out a number of novel examples and applications, ranging from fundamental physics to astrophysics.
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Using LIGO O3 continuous-wave search data, the authors place the first constraints on ellipticities of self-interacting fermionic dark matter admixed neutron stars and exclude regions of the DM parameter space for masses in [0.1,10] GeV.
Exact transparent radiation boundary conditions and near-to-far field teleportation kernels are derived for the Bardeen-Press equation, approximated via exponential sums with error bounds, and shown to eliminate late-time artifacts in time-domain solvers.
GreyRing model based on greybody factors reproduces numerical relativity ringdown signals with mismatches of order 10^{-6} and enables a new post-merger consistency test of general relativity applied to GW250114.
ABG-dS black holes show charged superradiant instability exclusively for the spherically symmetric ℓ=0 mode, with growth rates that peak at intermediate Λ and q and rise with Q, differing from RN-dS due to nonlinear electrodynamics.
Acceleration radiation for massive vector fields near black hole horizons has a universal thermal detailed-balance factor from the Rindler transformation, with mass thresholds and polarization-dependent spectra, yielding an entropy flux relation identical in form to the scalar HBAR case.
Black hole superradiance constrains the coupling strength in interacting dark energy-dark matter models through modifications to the effective mass of ultralight bosons in two scenarios.
Tailored temporal modulation of incoming signals enables complete absorption by black holes via excitation of complex-plane resonances, storing energy for later release through virtual absorption modes.
Near-extremal BTZ and warped BTZ in TMG receive log-T corrections from Schwarzian and rotational zero modes whose full-geometry eigenvalues match the throat after non-normalizable eigenfunction corrections and BC specification.
Matrix matching yields improved quasi-bound spectra (fine structure + decay widths) for a massive Dirac field on RN, and branch-cut analysis plus simulations reveal an intermediate oscillatory power law followed by a QBS-driven t^{-5/6} exp(-η t^{1/3}) far-late-time regime.
Gravitational-wave radiation from tidally driven Bohr crossings of black-hole axion clouds is controlled by outgoing two-level coherence, finite only for intermediate Landau-Zener sweep rates.
Constructs charged distorted black hole metric via Harrison transformation and analyzes thermodynamics, geodesics, shadow, and quasinormal modes.
Extends relativistic EMRI calculations in scalar clouds from circular-equatorial to eccentric and inclined orbits around Schwarzschild black holes, revealing apsidal-precession resonances and inclination-dependent net energy transfer.
O(100–10^5) light string axions enhance PBH spin-up during Hawking evaporation, boosting superradiant dark-matter cloud efficiency and expanding the micro-boson-star parameter space while contributing negligibly to ΔN_eff.
Superradiant axion clouds around black holes can undergo gravitational superfluorescence via a seeded coherent quadrupolar transition, leading to a detectable delayed gravitational-wave pulse.
The equilibrium radius of self-gravitating dark fermion stars is determined by the fermion mass once the total mass is given, with the Bohm potential supplying outward pressure for heavier species and inward tension for lighter ones.
Neutron stars in quasi-topological gravity can be more compact than black holes and radially stable across several equations of state.
Superradiant axion-like-particle clouds around rotating black holes can generate multimode squeezed graviton states with 10^6-10^7 correlated quanta showing polarization correlations and quantum-noise signatures potentially detectable by future interferometers.
Eccentric EMRIs exhibit relativistic resonances in scalar fluxes that enhance interactions with scalar clouds and amplify waveform dephasing relative to circular orbits.
Time-dependent evolution of a non-rigid Nambu-Goto string around a Kerr black hole produces short-lived energy extraction followed by a propagating wave and approach to a known static configuration, with total extracted energy bounded by μM.
Relativistic metric backreaction from scalar dark matter clouds in EMRIs produces dominant polar gravitational wave corrections for Mμ ≲ 0.12, exceeding axial and scalar radiation channels at small separations.
Superradiant amplification of charged scalar fields around rotating charged de Sitter black holes is suppressed in conformal Weyl gravity relative to general relativity, with strong exponential suppression for massive fields in the cosmological region.
Quasinormal modes correspond well to grey-body factors for vector and tensor perturbations of Schwarzschild-Tangherlini black holes in all dimensions, but fail for scalar l=2 modes in D≥7 because of multiple potential barriers.
Collective nucleon scattering in neutron-star matter suppresses the effective absorption of ultralight bosons at the long wavelengths relevant for superradiance, weakening the link between stellar cooling bounds and superradiant instability rates.
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Radiation outer boundary conditions and near-to-far field signal transformations for the Bardeen-Press equation
Exact transparent radiation boundary conditions and near-to-far field teleportation kernels are derived for the Bardeen-Press equation, approximated via exponential sums with error bounds, and shown to eliminate late-time artifacts in time-domain solvers.