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Predicting Many Properties of a Quantum System from Very Few Measurements

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arxiv 2002.08953 v2 pith:GURO25BQ submitted 2020-02-18 quant-ph cs.ITcs.LGmath.IT

Predicting Many Properties of a Quantum System from Very Few Measurements

classification quant-ph cs.ITcs.LGmath.IT
keywords measurementsquantumclassicalpredictpropertiesstatedescriptiondifferent
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 reserved
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Predicting properties of complex, large-scale quantum systems is essential for developing quantum technologies. We present an efficient method for constructing an approximate classical description of a quantum state using very few measurements of the state. This description, called a classical shadow, can be used to predict many different properties: order $\log M$ measurements suffice to accurately predict $M$ different functions of the state with high success probability. The number of measurements is independent of the system size, and saturates information-theoretic lower bounds. Moreover, target properties to predict can be selected after the measurements are completed. We support our theoretical findings with extensive numerical experiments. We apply classical shadows to predict quantum fidelities, entanglement entropies, two-point correlation functions, expectation values of local observables, and the energy variance of many-body local Hamiltonians. The numerical results highlight the advantages of classical shadows relative to previously known methods.

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