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Ultra-Light Dark Matter
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abstract
Ultra-light dark matter (ULDM) is a class of dark matter models (DM) where DM is composed by bosons with masses ranging from $10^{-24}\, \mathrm{eV} < m < \mathrm{eV}$. These models have been receiving a lot of attention in the past few years given their interesting property of forming a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) or a superfluid on galactic scales. BEC and superfluidity are one of the most striking quantum mechanical phenomena manifest on macroscopic scales, and upon condensation, the particles behave as a single coherent state, described by the wavefunction of the condensate. The idea is that condensation takes place inside galaxies while outside DM behaves like a normal cold particle DM. This wave nature of DM on galactic scales that arise upon condensation can address some of the curiosities of the behaviour of DM on small scales while maintaining the successes of LCDM on large scales. There are many models in the literature that describe a DM component that condenses in galaxies. In this review, we are going to describe those models and classify them according to the different ways they achieve condensation. For that, we review the phenomena of BEC and superfluidity, and apply this knowledge to the DM in order to explain their construction and phenomenology. We describe the small scale challenges these models aim to solve and how ULDM alleviates them. These models present a rich phenomenology that is manifest in different astrophysical consequences. We review here the astrophysical and cosmological tests used to constrain those models, together with new and future observations that promise to test these models in different regimes. We finalize by showing some predictions that are a consequence of the wave nature of this component, like vortices and interference, that could represent a smoking gun in the search of these rich and interesting alternative class of DM. (Abridged)
Forward citations
Cited by 43 Pith papers
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Quantum Field Theory Of Cosmological Perturbations Induced By Ultralight Dark Matter
Classical ULDM condensate decouples from GW propagation; squeezing-induced parametric resonance of primordial tensor modes is ≲10^{-12} for non-relativistic ULDM at equality.
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Abelian-Higgs vortices in the oscillating axion background
Axion oscillations can resonantly amplify electric fields inside Abelian-Higgs vortex cores and induce attractive or repulsive forces between vortices, even in the BPS limit.
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Generating Moving Field Initial Conditions with Spatially Varying Boost
A 'spatially varying boost' algorithm assigns arbitrary, position-dependent bulk velocities to field initial data by composing local Lorentz boosts, demonstrated on solitons, Proca fields, and spin-1 wave dark matter.
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Distinguishing Monochromatic Signals in LISA and Taiji: Ultralight Dark Matter versus Gravitational Waves
Null-response interferometric channels can separate monochromatic ultralight dark matter signals from gravitational waves in LISA and Taiji, most effectively at high frequencies.
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Axion dark matter detection via shift current
A proposed axion haloscope using shift-current difference frequency generation in the Weyl semimetal TaAs could probe QCD axions at 10-100 meV, assuming a 10^8 V/m, 100 ps THz drive field is achievable.
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Prospects for gravitational wave and ultra-light dark matter detection with binary resonances beyond the secular approximation
A non-secular perturbative treatment of binary orbits shows that resonant gravitational waves and ultra-light dark matter drive quadratic growth of the true anomaly perturbation, substantially boosting projected detec...
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Discovering $\mu$Hz gravitational waves and ultra-light dark matter with binary resonances
A time-resolved treatment of binary orbital perturbations yields projected microhertz gravitational-wave and ultra-light dark-matter sensitivities orders of magnitude better than secular-averaged calculations.
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Environmental effects in extreme mass ratio inspirals: perturbations to the environment in Kerr
A perturbative calculation shows that a secondary body in Kerr spacetime creates a wake in a superradiant scalar cloud, with energy fluxes that differ from Schwarzschild predictions by tens of percent.
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Probing the fate of large primordial perturbations with exoplanets
Observed ultra-wide exoplanets already constrain the amplitude and scale of primordial power-spectrum peaks that produce ultra-compact minihalos, with misalignment signatures as a future probe.
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Spin-1 Ultralight Dark Matter under Cosmological Scrutiny: Mass Constraints from CMB and Distance Probes
Cosmological data place a lower bound near 10⁻²⁴ eV on spin-1 ultralight dark matter and predict a CMB anisotropy signature that may be detectable when the vector field is a minor dark-matter component.
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Cosmo-SPINN: Fuzzy Dark Matter Simulations with Physics-Informed Generative Networks
Physics-informed generative U-Nets evolve and super-resolve fuzzy dark matter fields under Schrödinger–Poisson constraints with far less supervised data than pure data-driven baselines.
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Extreme mass-ratio inspirals into Newtonian Proca stars
For Newtonian Proca stars, a perturbing object on a circular orbit loses nearly the same energy in the vector ground state as in the scalar boson-star ground state (within ~20%), while the spherical excited Proca stat...
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Vortex-reconnection energy bounds in Bose-Einstein-condensed and superfluid dark matter halos
Vortex reconnections in BEC/superfluid dark matter halos produce dark-sector heating at a rate that is secular but sub-virial for relaxed non-interacting soliton cores, with the dominant uncertainty being the true vor...
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Periodic Gravitational Lensing with Oscillating Boson Stars
Oscillating boson stars should produce periodic gravitational lensing: phase-locked photometric spikes and astrometric wobbles as a radial caustic pulses.
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Ultralight Dark Matter from the Edge of Field Space
A scalar with hard field-space boundaries — a 'wallion' — is a viable ultralight dark-matter candidate whose exponentially small, radiatively stable mass and saturated relic density at large misalignment also suppress...
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Damping of dynamical friction force in self-interacting ultralight dark matter and Fornax timing problem
Including a damping term in the ultralight-dark-matter Gross-Pitaevskii equations reduces dynamical friction enough to allow the Fornax globular cluster GC3 to survive to 12 Gyr for certain boson masses and initial orbits.
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Constraining Dark Photon Dark Matter with Radio Silence from Soliton Mergers around Supermassive Black Holes
Non-observation of radio bursts from soliton mergers around supermassive black holes constrains dark photon solitons to make up less than about 1% of dark matter, with future surveys reaching 0.2%.
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Stochastic inflation as a superfluid
Inflationary superhorizon fluctuations obey superfluid-type continuity and Euler equations, with quantum pressure becoming relevant in ultra-slow-roll phases.
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Non-minimally coupled scalar field dark sector of the universe: in-depth (Einstein frame) case study
A complete dynamical-systems stability map for five non-minimally coupled scalar-field dark-energy models, including the negative-potential regime that generically drives the universe to H=0.
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Extreme mass ratio inspirals in rotating dark matter spikes
Spin of the central black hole raises the dark matter spike density and the gravitational-wave dephasing it produces, so LISA can detect the dark matter effect more easily.
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Supermassive Binaries in Ultralight Dark Matter Solitons
High-resolution simulations show that a symmetric SMBH binary decays faster in a ULDM soliton than semi-analytic estimates predict, due to soliton pinching, with implications for the final parsec problem and PTA gravi...
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Black Holes as Condensation Points of Fuzzy Dark Matter Cores
Numerical simulations show that black holes act as condensation points for fuzzy dark matter cores, with larger black hole masses producing lower central core densities.
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Massive graviton dark matter searches with long-baseline atom interferometers
Long-baseline atom interferometers could detect ultra-light spin-2 dark matter through three coupling channels, reaching mass and coupling ranges that LIGO and LISA cannot cover.
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Nonrelativistic Proca stars: Spherical stationary and multi-frequency states
Nonrelativistic Proca stars have a ground state with constant polarization (linear or circular depending on the sign of the spin-spin coupling), and a symmetry-enhanced sector with λs=0 contains a continuum of multi-f...
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Formation of solitons and their transitions in scalar-field dark matter models with a non-polynomial self-interaction potential
A saturating scalar self-interaction lets dark matter halos form Thomas-Fermi solitons, fuzzy solitons, or transitions between them, with even subdominant interactions seeding fuzzy solitons.
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Searches for signatures of ultra-light axion dark matter in polarimetry data of the European Pulsar Timing Array
Analysis of EPTA pulsar polarimetry finds no evidence for ultra-light axion dark matter, sets upper limits on the axion-photon coupling, and attributes a common 2-year-period signal to ionospheric Faraday rotation.
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Soliton self-gravity and core-halo relation in fuzzy dark matter halos
A two-parameter model including soliton self-gravity shows that simulated fuzzy dark matter cores sit between the self-gravity and host-halo regimes, and that core-halo scatter depends on both halo concentration and c...
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Vortex State of Ultralight Dark Matter and the Fornax Timing Problem
A vortex state of ultralight dark matter suppresses dynamical friction for co-rotating globular clusters, potentially resolving the Fornax timing problem.
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Observational Limits on Einasto Dark Matter Parameters from Event Horizon Telescope Images of Sgr A$^{*}$ and M87$^{*}$
EHT dimensionless shadow diameters plus stellar-dynamical mass priors constrain Einasto central density to ρ₀ ≲ 10^{-11} M⊙/pc³ (1σ) for Sgr A*, with weaker bounds for M87*.
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Searching for Ultralight Dark Matter with M{\"o}ssbauer Resonance
A stationary Mössbauer setup with 109Ag could probe ultralight scalar dark matter couplings down to roughly 10^-18 GeV^-1 (photon), 10^-21 (gluon), and 10^-22 (quark).
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Ultralight dark matter search in a large liquid scintillator detector
A JUNO-like detector could constrain the neutrino–ultralight-dark-matter oscillation-modulation parameters to ηΔ21 < 2.5×10^-2 and ηΔ31 < 5×10^-3 at 90% CL.
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Direct detection of solar chameleons with electron recoil data from XENONnT
XENONnT electron-recoil data bound solar chameleons to log10 β_eff < −6.9, independent of the potential index n for inverse power-law chameleons at the dark-energy scale.
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A Non-Inflationary Axion and ALP Misalignment Mechanism
A thermally mediated, Planck-suppressed symmetry breaking potential can supply the initial axion misalignment that inflationary cosmology normally provides, allowing late-time coherent oscillations without inflation.
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Anisotropic quantum polytropes
In pressureless quantum polytropes, positive pressure anisotropy compresses the structure and stronger gravity weakens binding, opposite to classical polytrope behavior.
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Bracketing the soliton-halo relation of ultralight dark matter
Numerical simulations and analytic equivalences show that the soliton-halo relation for ultralight dark matter is bracketed by the 1/2 relation as a lower bound and the 1/3 relation as an upper bound.
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Dynamical friction in ultralight dark matter: Plummer sphere perspective
For circular orbits in ultralight dark matter, the dynamical friction on a Plummer sphere is the point-probe result multiplied by the cluster's momentum-space form factor, with deviations growing at large size-to-orbi...
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Learning from galactic rotation curves: a neural network approach
Neural networks trained on simulated rotation curves can infer ultra-light dark matter and baryonic parameters from SPARC dwarf galaxies, with uncertainties comparable to MCMC.
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Analytical modeling of the one-dimensional power spectrum of 21-cm forest based on a halo model method
A halo-model formula for the 1D power spectrum of the 21-cm forest is presented and shown to match small-scale simulations built from the same gas and temperature assumptions.
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A multi-axion model of inflation and dark matter
A 300-mode Kaluza-Klein axion tower is proposed as a unified inflaton and dark-matter sector, but the lightest state's quoted lifetime contradicts the paper's own decay-rate formula.
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Engineering a Digital Twin for the Monitoring and Control of Beer Fermentation Sampling
An experience report claims a Type 2 digital twin for beer fermentation reduces manual sampling time by 91% and enables control at seven bar.
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Dark Matter and CP Violation in Some Symmetry-Constrained 3HDMs
S3-symmetric three-Higgs-doublet models allow dark matter in a 29-42 GeV window, exclude heavy candidates above 500 GeV, and admit MeV-scale light scalars, while continuous-symmetry variants produce mass-degenerate da...
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Cosmic Structure Formation in the Non-linear Regime: Beyond Gaussian Statistics and Standard Cosmologies
The matter density PDF can be predicted in extended cosmologies with large deviations theory, and wave-based forward models capture phase-space dynamics beyond the fluid approximation.
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Cosmic Polarisation Rotation from CMB Data: a Review for GR110
A review of CMB constraints on cosmic birefringence, reporting a possible 3 sigma hint for isotropic rotation and null anisotropic results.
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