The Calculus of Many Instantons

Michael P. Mattis; Nick Dorey; Timothy J. Hollowood; Valentin V. Khoze

REVIEW

The Calculus of Many Instantons

Nick Dorey, Timothy J. Hollowood, Valentin V. Khoze, Michael P. Mattis

High Energy Physics - Theory · Submitted 7 Jun 2002 · 202 references

Pith's verdict: The standard reference for multi-instanton calculus; the one soft spot is the quasi-instanton step, which the authors flag and the Seiberg-Witten/AdS-CFT checks largely cover.

T0 · AI review

How this review was made: An AI referee (selfhosted/deepseek-v4.1-flash) read the paper on October 29, 2026 and answered a fixed list of questions about it. T0 is the starting level every paper gets. The levels describe how deeply Pith has checked the paper, never the authors.

T0 AI review An AI read the paper and answered a fixed list of questions.
T1 Audit Automatic checks that the references and files the paper relies on exist and match.
T2 Compute The paper's code or calculations re-run with the same results.
T3 Formal statement The claims written out in a formal math language a computer can read.
T4 Proof Those claims proved, and the proof checked by computer.

How Pith checks papers →

· 1 major objection · 7 minor · Ask about this paper · The compiled record · Read the full review →

Challenge this review Comment (0) Read on arXiv ↗

Cite ▾

arXiv IDhep-th/0206063 (version 1)

Pith IDXEUQ2DX3, Pith's permanent record of this paper and its review

CitationMichael P. Mattis, Nick Dorey, Timothy J. Hollowood, Valentin V. Khoze. "The Calculus of Many Instantons." arXiv:hep-th/0206063 (2002). https://pith.science/paper/XEUQ2DX3

Cite this reviewBibTeX for Pith's review of this paper

Claim paper

Why Pith says this

Highlight any text to comment on it.

Editor's note

read the letter

This is the paper you hand a student who needs to compute in the k-instanton sector, and it has held that role for good reason. The core contribution is organizational and geometric: ADHM as a hyper-Kähler quotient, the collective-coordinate measure written as (3.17) and its supersymmetric version (5.55), and the observation that the instanton effective action is the symplectic curvature plus Killing-vector norms on the moduli space (5.42). That last identity is the piece people actually use, and it is derived rather than asserted. The D-brane/sigma-model reading of the partition function (abstract:s5) is the conceptual payoff, and it is presented as a dictionary, not oversold as a theorem. I also give credit for the gluino-condensate chapter: the authors take a real position against the strong-coupling multi-instanton method on clustering grounds rather than sitting on the fence, and they show the violation explicitly. That is the kind of thing a review should do and usually doesn't. The stress-test note is right that the quasi-instanton and constrained-instanton steps (§IV.3–IV.4, §V.1) are approximate by construction: the anti-chiral equation cannot be solved because the source has a component in ker /D outside im /D, and the configuration misses an exact solution by O(g²). The residual question — whether exp(−S̃) reproduces the lifted-mode Jacobian exactly at O(g⁰) — is argued by g-counting and structure, not term-by-term. But the authors say so plainly, and the independent Seiberg-Witten (Ch. VIII) and AdS/CFT (Ch. IX) comparisons are exactly the kind of external check that would expose a leading-order error. I would not call this a flaw; it is a known limitation of the method, disclosed and cross-checked. The localization chapter (XI.2) and the non-commutative chapter are brief, as the abstract admits (abstract:s7); they are pointers, not treatments. This is for anyone doing multi-instanton work, students entering the area, and string theorists who want the ADHM/D-brane dictionary in one place. It deserves referees, but they should check the synthesis and the citations, not demand new results from a review.

Referee report

Significance

The review is comprehensive and largely self-contained: the appendices on spinors, hyper-Kähler geometry and ADHM algebra supply the machinery that the main text uses, and the normalizations are pinned down rather than left schematic. Two features deserve explicit credit. First, the overall constants C_k in the volume form (3.20) and (5.56) are fixed and then independently checked against the clustering factorization (3.22)–(3.25); this is a genuine parameter-free consistency condition, not a fit. Second, the formalism is cross-checked against independent results — the Seiberg-Witten prepotential in Chapter VIII and the gluino condensate in Chapter VII — so the synthesis is falsifiable rather than merely organizational. The treatment of the N=4 quasi-instanton and of constrained instantons is honest about its approximate character, and the geometric rewriting of the effective action (5.42) is a useful unifying statement. If the later chapters hold up as the visible ones do, this is a standard reference for the field.

Major objections (1)

[§V.1, Eqs. (5.10)–(5.13); §V.2, Eq. (5.26)] The derivation of the leading-order measure treats the 8kN−16 lifted Grassmann modes as exact zero modes of the quadratic fluctuation operator and then accounts for their lifting by inserting e^{−S̃} obtained from the shifted scalar background. The shift itself is justified by the toy integral of §IV.3, Eqs. (4.6)–(4.9), and the g-counting in (4.47)–(4.52) is explicit, but the text never states in so many words that the Gaussian integral over the would-be zero directions is saturated by the interaction term at O(g⁰), so that no residual Jacobian from the near-zero directions survives in (5.13). Since this is precisely the step that makes (5.14) the correct leading-order measure in the N=4 theory and on the Coulomb branch, one or two sentences making it explicit would close the only place where the passage from 'approximate solution' to 'exact leading measure' rests on structural analogy rather than a displayed argument. I do not doubt the conclusion; I am asking that the load-bearing step be stated rather than left to the reader.

Minor objections (7)

[§II.1, Eqs. (2.1) and (2.6); §V.1, Eq. (5.14)] The sign of the θ-term is internally inconsistent. Eq. (2.1) has +iθk and Eq. (2.6) repeats S = 8π²|k|/g² + ikθ, but with τ = 4πi/g² + θ/2π as defined in (2.7) one finds −2πikτ = 8π²k/g² − ikθ, so the two sides of (2.6) differ by the sign of the θ-term. The same convention propagates to the exponent e^{2πikτ} in (5.14), which then corresponds to e^{−S} only if the topological term in (2.1) carries the opposite sign. This is presumably a convention slip rather than a substantive error, but it should be fixed so that (2.1), (2.6) and (5.14) agree.
[§II.1 and §IV.1] The review adopts the mathematical convention of anti-Hermitian gauge fields and covariant derivative D = ∂ + gA, which is stated clearly in §II.1, but the supersymmetry literature from which the actions (4.13) and (4.19) are drawn normally uses Hermitian fields. A short conventions table, or an explicit forward pointer at the start of §IV.1 listing where the anti-Hermitian choice changes a sign relative to Wess-Bagger, would save the reader some reconstruction.
[§III.3, Eqs. (3.33)–(3.41)] The determinant results are presented in their full implicit form, involving spacetime integrals of f and the auxiliary interpolating matrix f̃, and the constants p_k and q_k are fixed by clustering. Since the review itself notes that these expressions are unsatisfactory and that in the supersymmetric case only the ratio (3.30) is needed, a sentence at the end of §III.3 saying explicitly what the reader should carry forward — namely that only the k-independent ratio enters (5.11) — would prevent the impression that the spacetime integrals are needed later.
[§VII.3–VII.4] The clustering argument against the strong-coupling evaluation of the gluino condensate is presented as decisive, and the conclusion that the resulting formulae 'cannot yield the exact answer' is a strong statement about published work by other groups. The argument in §VII.4 is clear, but the text should label the conclusion explicitly as the authors' assessment and cite the counter-literature, so that a reader can weigh both sides rather than encountering only one.
[§V.3, Eq. (5.55)] For N=1 the factor |det L|^{1−N} in (5.55) becomes unity, which is the expected statement that the U(k)-unfixed measure for the N=1 theory carries no L-dependence. A one-line check of this limit, and of the N=0 reduction to (3.17), would help the reader confirm the normalization conventions C_k^{(N)} of (5.56).
[§II.6, Eq. (2.128) and footnote 15] The notation Sym^r R⁴ and the Z₂ quotient arising from the centre of SU(2) inside U(k) are introduced in a single sentence and a footnote. A one-line definition of Sym^r R⁴ at first use, and a reminder of why the inversion acts on the centred moduli space, would make §II.6 easier to follow.
[Throughout] A proofreading pass is needed: 'brielfy' in the abstract, 'the the size of the conﬁguration' in §II.2, the heading 'a symptotics' in §II.4.3, and 'instanto n partition function' in the §VI.5 heading. In §I the sentence 'In the ﬁnal Chapter we shall brieﬂy explain approaches to instanton calculations. These will be re-examined in Chapter IV' reads as a dangling or duplicated clause and should be repaired.

How Pith checks papers → · Full audit of this paper →

The paper

The paper claims

The paper argues that the semiclassical path integral in any instanton-charge sector reduces to a finite-dimensional integral over the ADHM instanton moduli space, whose measure and integrand are hyper-Kähler quotient geometry.

The reading

This review sets out to make instanton calculations with arbitrary topological charge into a practical, uniform procedure rather than a collection of one-instanton tricks. Its central claim is that the contribution of the $k$-instanton sector to a gauge theory path integral can be rewritten as an integral over the finite-dimensional ADHM moduli space of charge-$k$ solutions. The measure is the natural volume form induced by viewing the ADHM construction as a hyper-Kähler quotient, and the integrand is an instanton effective action generated by scalar vacuum expectation values or by the failure of the $N=4$ quasi-instanton to solve the equations exactly. The paper further claims that this matrix partition function is the dimensional reduction of a higher-dimensional gauged linear sigma model, which is what connects the instanton calculus to D-branes and string theory.

What carries the argument

The load-bearing object is the ADHM construction viewed as a hyper-Kähler quotient. One starts with the flat space of matrix data $a=(w^{��},a'^n)$; imposes the three ADHM moment-map constraints $��_{��}(��a^{��}a^{��})=0$; and divides by the auxiliary $U(k)$ symmetry. The quotient metric induces the volume form on $M_k$, and the operator $L��=��{��w^{��}w_{��},��}+[a'^n,[a'^n,��]]$ controls the gauge-orbit volume and appears throughout the measure and effective action. Grassmann partners $M=(��,��,M'^��)$ satisfy fermionic ADHM constraints and are symplectic tangent vectors; the measure is written with delta functions for both bosonic and fermionic constraints and a power of $��det L$. This is the machinery that turns a field-theoretic saddle-point problem into finite-dimensional geometry.

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The central claim is that, in each topological sector, the semiclassical functional integral is not an intractable sum over gauge fields but an integral over the ADHM moduli space $M_k$: $Z_k^{(N)}=��_{M_k}��^{(N)}e^{-��S}$. Here $��^{(N)}$ is a supersymmetric volume form built from the hyper-Kähler quotient metric and the fermionic collective coordinates, while $��S$ is the instanton effective action. For $N=1$ and for $N=2$ with vanishing vacuum expectation values the super-instanton can be exact; for $N=4$, and on the Coulomb branch with scalar vacuum expectation values, it is only a quasi-instanton, and $��S$ becomes a non-trivial potential on moduli space. The paper's conclusion is that this partition function is the dimensional reduction of a higher-dimensional gauged linear $\sigma$ model, so the instanton calculus has a D-brane interpretation. Applications are then used as checks: the gluino condensate, the Seiberg-Witten prepotential, and large-$N$ AdS/CFT.

Load-bearing premise

The load-bearing premise is that the leading semiclassical saddle-point expansion around ADHM quasi-instantons, together with the one-loop determinant ratios and the constrained-instanton or quasi-instanton treatment, still captures the leading non-perturbative contribution in the regimes considered, including $N=4$ and Coulomb-branch $N=2$ theories where the configuration is not an exact solution.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

Multi-instanton corrections in $N=2$ theories become finite-dimensional integrals that can be compared with Seiberg-Witten, with the paper reporting agreement for the two-instanton $SU(2)$ prepotential and the one-instanton $SU(N)$ prepotential.
The $N=1$ gluino condensate can be computed from constrained instantons in a weakly coupled Higgs phase, while the strong-coupling multi-instanton approach is argued to violate clustering and therefore cannot be the exact answer.
At large $N$, the same integrals can be evaluated for arbitrary instanton charge and used to probe the ten-dimensional geometry of the AdS/CFT dual.
Noncommutative instantons fit into the same quotient picture by turning on the moment-map parameters, giving a natural deformation of the moduli space.
Localization on the moduli space reduces the collective-coordinate integral to critical points of the effective potential, offering a finite-$N$, all-charge calculational method.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

If the dimensional-reduction identification is correct, matrix-model techniques developed for D-brane worldvolume theories should give a practical algorithm for multi-instanton integrals beyond the cases where the ADHM constraints can be solved explicitly.
The clustering failure found in the strong-coupling $N=1$ approach suggests a general diagnostic: any purported exact semiclassical formula in a confining phase should be tested against clustering before being trusted.
The quotient description makes ordinary and noncommutative instanton calculus look like two points in one family, so noncommutative corrections might be usable as a regulator for small-instanton singularities.
Localization could turn Seiberg-Witten comparisons into a systematic all-charge test rather than a case-by-case check, if the critical-point sum can be evaluated at finite $N$.

Original abstract

We describe the modern formalism, ideas and applications of the instanton calculus for gauge theories with, and without, supersymmetry. Particular emphasis is put on developing a formalism that can deal with any number of instantons. This necessitates a thorough review of the ADHM construction of instantons with arbitrary charge and an in-depth analysis of the resulting moduli space of solutions. We review the construction of the ADHM moduli space as a hyper-Kahler quotient. We show how the functional integral in the semi-classical approximation reduces to an integral over the instanton moduli space in each instanton sector and how the resulting matrix partition function involves various geometrical quantities on the instanton moduli space: volume form, connection, curvature, isometries, etc. One important conclusion is that this partition function is the dimensional reduction of a higher-dimensional gauged linear sigma model which naturally leads us to describe the relation of the instanton calculus to D-branes in string theory. Along the way we describe powerful applications of the calculus of many instantons to supersymmetric gauge theories including (i) the gluino condensate puzzle in N=1 theories (ii) Seiberg-Witten theory in N=2 theories; and (iii) the AdS/CFT correspondence in N=2 and N=4 theories. Finally, we briefly review the modifications of the instanton calculus for a gauge theory defined on a non-commutative spacetime and we also describe a new method for calculating instanton processes using a form of localization on the instanton moduli space.

The compiled record

The paper's own sentences, arranged, kept beside the review and separate from it. Each label is drawn from a closed vocabulary; the number beside it is the probability the classifier gave that label. Numbers in the tables are the authors', checked by code. No sentence in this record was written by a model.

Compiled by classifier-1.13-20260917 via OpenRouter, question bank abstract-p1-20260923, 2026-09-23: 1 request, 6,537 input tokens, $0.0003 reported.

What the abstract itself states, as probabilities: claims first 0.03 · states limitation 0.12 · human participants 0.01 · controlled comparison 0.01 · randomized assignment 0.01 · states quantitative result 0.03 · compares with prior results 0.10 · mentions code or data availability 0.01.

The abstract, sentence by sentence

arXiv listing abstract v1. Results and the main claim are underlined; show every role.

We describe the modern formalism, ideas and applications of the instanton calculus for gauge theories with, and without, supersymmetry. Particular emphasis is put on developing a formalism that can deal with any number of instantons. This necessitates a thorough review of the ADHM construction of instantons with arbitrary charge and an in-depth analysis of the resulting moduli space of solutions. We review the construction of the ADHM moduli space as a hyper-Kahler quotient. We show how the functional integral in the semi-classical approximation reduces to an integral over the instanton moduli space in each instanton sector and how the resulting matrix partition function involves various geometrical quantities on the instanton moduli space: volume form, connection, curvature, isometries, etc. One important conclusion is that this partition function is the dimensional reduction of a higher-dimensional gauged linear sigma model which naturally leads us to describe the relation of the instanton calculus to D-branes in string theory. Along the way we describe powerful applications of the calculus of many instantons to supersymmetric gauge theories including (i) the gluino condensate puzzle in N=1 theories (ii) Seiberg-Witten theory in N=2 theories; and (iii) the AdS/CFT correspondence in N=2 and N=4 theories. Finally, we briefly review the modifications of the instanton calculus for a gauge theory defined on a non-commutative spacetime and we also describe a new method for calculating instanton processes using a form of localization on the instanton moduli space.

background contribution method result interpretation main claim

What the classifier reports for each sentence. The number is the probability it gave the label.
#	sentence	role	the authors' own work	states the main conclusion	strength
s0	We describe the modern formalism, ideas and applications of the instanton calculus for gauge theories with, and without, supersymmetry.	contribution 0.94	0.63	0.06	asserted 0.95
s1	Particular emphasis is put on developing a formalism that can deal with any number of instantons.	contribution 0.97	0.49	0.06	asserted 0.93
s2	This necessitates a thorough review of the ADHM construction of instantons with arbitrary charge and an in-depth analysis of the resulting moduli space of solutions.	method 0.66	0.33	0.05	asserted 0.98
s3	We review the construction of the ADHM moduli space as a hyper-Kahler quotient.	method 0.47	0.37	0.04	asserted 0.97
s4	We show how the functional integral in the semi-classical approximation reduces to an integral over the instanton moduli space in each instanton sector and how the resulting matrix partition function involves various geometrical quantities on the instanton moduli space: volume form, connection, curvature, isometries, etc.	method 0.63	0.79	0.11	asserted 1.00
s5	One important conclusion is that this partition function is the dimensional reduction of a higher-dimensional gauged linear sigma model which naturally leads us to describe the relation of the instanton calculus to D-branes in string theory.	interpretation 0.75	0.85	0.53	asserted 1.00
s6	Along the way we describe powerful applications of the calculus of many instantons to supersymmetric gauge theories including (i) the gluino condensate puzzle in N=1 theories (ii) Seiberg-Witten theory in N=2 theories; and (iii) the AdS/CFT correspondence in N=2 and N=4 theories.	contribution 0.89	0.44	0.11	asserted 0.98
s7	Finally, we briefly review the modifications of the instanton calculus for a gauge theory defined on a non-commutative spacetime and we also describe a new method for calculating instanton processes using a form of localization on the instanton moduli space.	contribution 0.98	0.63	0.04	asserted 0.98

What kind of paper the classifier reports this is: review 0.99 · evidence from proof or derivation 0.73.

What was examined, and what was not

sources read

arXiv listing abstract v1

not examined

full text
figures and tables
references and citing sentences
relations to other papers

levels run

P abstract

not run

S sections
T body sentences
C citations
R cross-paper relations

Every quoted sentence on this record is the authors'. Every label is from Pith's closed vocabulary, with the probability shown beside it. Every number in the measurements table is the authors', checked by code. Record as JSON

References

Works cited (202)

[1]

A. Belavin, A. Polyakov, A.Schwartz and Y. Tyupkin, Phys . Lett. B59 (1975) 85

View on Pith 1975
[2]

G. ’t Hooft, Phys. Rev. D14 (1976) 3432; ibid. (E) D18 (1978) 2199

View on Pith 1976
[3]

C. G. Callan, R. F. Dashen and D. J. Gross, Phys. Rev. D17 (1978) 2717

View on Pith 1978
[4]

A.I. Vainshtein, V.I. Zakharov V.A. Novikov and M.A. Shi fman, Sov. Phys. Usp. 25 (1982) 195 and in “ABC of Instantons,” Instantons in Gauge Theories , ed. M. Shifman, World Scientiﬁc (1994)

View on Pith 1982
[5]

E. Shuryak and T. Schafer, Nucl. Phys. Proc. Suppl. 53 (1997) 472. 222

View on Pith 1997
[6]

S.K. Donaldson and P.B Kronheimer, “The Geometry of Four Manifolds,” Oxford University Press (1990)

View on Pith 1990
[7]

M. Atiyah, V. Drinfeld, N. Hitchin and Yu. Manin, Phys. Le tt. A65 (1978) 185

View on Pith 1978
[8]

H. Osborn, Ann. of Phys. 135 (1981) 373

View on Pith 1981
[9]

S. Coleman, “Uses of Instantons,” in Aspects of Symmetry , Cambridge University Press (1985) 265

View on Pith 1985
[10]

D. Amati, K. Konishi, Y. Meurice, G.C. Rossi and G. Venez iano, Phys. Rept. 162 (1988) 169

View on Pith 1988
[11]

M. A. Shifman, “Instantons in gauge theories,” World Scientiﬁc (1994)

View on Pith 1994
[12]

M. A. Shifman and A. I. Vainshtein, arXiv:hep-th/9902018

View on Pith Pith review arXiv
[13]

A. V. Belitsky, S. Vandoren and P. van Nieuwenhuizen, Cl ass. Quant. Grav. 17 (2000) 3521 [arXiv:hep-th/0004186]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2000
[14]

M. F. Atiyah and I. M. Singer, Annals Math. 87 (1968) 484; Annals Math. 87 (1968) 531; Annals Math. 87 (1968) 546; Annals Math. 93 (1971) 119; Annals Math. 93 (1971) 139

View on Pith 1968
[15]

C. Bernard, N.H. Christ, A. Guth and E.J. Weiberg, Phys. Rev. D16 (1977) 2967

View on Pith 1977
[16]

A. Maciocia, Commun. Math. Phys. 135 (1991) 467

View on Pith 1991
[17]

E. F. Corrigan and P. Goddard, “Some Aspects Of Instanto ns,” in C79-09-3.2.3 DAMTP-79-18, Lectures given at Canadian Mathematical Society Meeting, Montreal, Canada, Sep 3-8 (1979)

View on Pith 1979
[18]

E. Corrigan, D. Fairlie, P. Goddard and S. Templeton, Nu cl. Phys. B140 (1978) 31. E. Corrigan, P. Goddard and S. Templeton, Nucl. Phys. B151 (1979) 93

View on Pith 1978
[20]

V. V. Khoze, M. P. Mattis and M. J. Slater, Nucl. Phys. B536 (1998) 69 [arXiv:hep-th/9804009]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998
[21]

N. Dorey, T.J. Hollowood, V.V. Khoze, M.P. Mattis and S. Vandoren, Nucl. Phys. B552 (1999) 88 [arXiv:hep-th/9901128]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999
[22]

N. J. Hitchin, A. Karlhede, U. Lindstrom and M. Rocek, Co mmun. Math. Phys. 108 (1987) 535

View on Pith 1987
[23]

C. Bernard, Phys. Rev. D19 (1979) 3013

View on Pith 1979
[24]

E. Corrigan, unpublished

View on Pith
[25]

N. Dorey, V. V. Khoze and M. P. Mattis, Phys. Rev. D54 (1996) 2921 [arXiv:hep-th/9603136]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1996
[26]

G. W. Gibbons and P. Rychenkova, Phys. Lett. B443 (1998) 138 [arXiv:hep-th/9809158]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998
[27]

C. P. Boyer and K. Galicki, arXiv:hep-th/9810250

View on Pith Pith review arXiv
[28]

S. Vandoren, arXiv:hep-th/0009150

View on Pith Pith review arXiv
[29]

K. K. Uhlenbeck, Commun. Math. Phys. 83 (1982) 11

View on Pith 1982
[30]

N. Dorey, V. V. Khoze and M. P. Mattis, Nucl. Phys. B513 (1998) 681 [arXiv:hep-th/9708036]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998
[31]

N. Dorey, T. J. Hollowood, V. V. Khoze and M. P. Mattis, Nu cl. Phys. B519 (1998) 470 [arXiv:hep-th/9709072]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998
[32]

U. Bruzzo, F. Fucito, A. Tanzini and G. Travaglini, Nucl . Phys. B611 (2001) 205 [arXiv:hep-th/0008225]. 223

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2001
[33]

M.L. Mehta, “Random Matrices,” Academic Press (1991)

View on Pith 1991
[34]

A. D’Adda and P. Di Vecchia, Phys. Lett. B73 (1978) 162

View on Pith 1978
[35]

B. Berg and M. Luscher, Nucl. Phys. B160 (1979) 281

View on Pith 1979
[36]

E. Corrigan, P. Goddard, H. Osborn and S. Templeton, Nuc l. Phys. B159 (1979) 469

View on Pith 1979
[37]

I. Jack, Nucl. Phys. B174 (1980) 526

View on Pith 1980
[38]

V.A. Novikov, M.A. Shifman, A.I. Vainshtein and V.I. Za kharov, Nucl. Phys. B229 (1983) 394; Nucl. Phys. B229 (1983) 407; Nucl. Phys. B260 (1985) 157

View on Pith 1983
[39]

A. V. Belitsky, S. Vandoren and P. van Nieuwenhuizen, Ph ys. Lett. B477 (2000) 335 [arXiv:hep-th/0001010]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2000
[40]

B. Zumino, Phys. Lett. B69 (1977) 369

View on Pith 1977
[41]

H. Nicolai, Nucl. Phys. B140 (1978) 294

View on Pith 1978
[42]

P. van Nieuwenhuizen and A. Waldron, Phys. Lett. B389 (1996) 29 [arXiv:hep-th/9608174]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1996
[43]

M. Blau and G. Thompson, Phys. Lett. B415 (1997) 242 [arXiv:hep-th/9706225]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1997
[44]

B. S. Acharya, J. M. Figueroa-O’Farrill, B. Spence and M . O’Loughlin, Nucl. Phys. B514 (1998) 583 [arXiv:hep-th/9707118]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998
[45]

D. Tong, Phys. Lett. B460 (1999) 295 [arXiv:hep-th/9902005]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999
[46]

N. D. Lambert and D. Tong, Phys. Lett. B462 (1999) 89 [arXiv:hep-th/9907014]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999
[47]

J. Wess and J. Bagger, “Supersymmetry and Supergravity ,” Princeton University Press (1992)

View on Pith 1992
[48]

N. Dorey, V. V. Khoze and M. P. Mattis, Phys. Rev. D54 (1996) 7832 [arXiv:hep-th/9607202]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1996
[49]

I. Aﬄeck, Nucl. Phys. B191 (1981) 429

View on Pith 1981
[50]

I. Aﬄeck, M. Dine and N. Seiberg, Phys. Rev. Lett. 51 (1983) 1026; Nucl. Phys. B241 (1984) 493

View on Pith 1983
[51]

G.H. Derrick, J. Math. Phys. 5 (1964) 1252 R. Hobart, Proc. Royal. Soc. London 82 (1963) 201

View on Pith 1964
[52]

B. de Wit, B. Kleijn and S. Vandoren, Nucl. Phys. B568 (2000) 475 [arXiv:hep-th/9909228]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2000
[53]

S. Weinberg, Phys. Lett. B91 (1980) 51 L. Hall, Nucl. Phys. B178 (1981) 75

View on Pith 1980
[54]

D. Finnell and P. Pouliot, Nucl. Phys. B453 (1995) 225 [arXiv:hep-th/9503115]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1995
[55]

R. Gilmore, “Lie groups, Lie algebras and some of their a pplications,” Wiley-Interscience (1974)

View on Pith 1974
[56]

E.F. Corrigan, D.B. Fairlie, S. Templeton and P. Goddar d, Nucl. Phys. B140 (1978) 31

View on Pith 1978
[57]

N.H. Christ, E.J. Weinberg and N.K. Stanton, Phys. Rev. D18 (1978) 2013

View on Pith 1978
[58]

N. Dorey, V. V. Khoze and M. P. Mattis, Phys. Lett. B396 (1997) 141 [arXiv:hep-th/9612231]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1997
[59]

K. Intriligator and N. Seiberg, arXiv:hep-th/9509066

View on Pith Pith review arXiv
[60]

M. Shifman, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 39 (1997) 1 [arXiv:hep-th/9704114]. 224

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1997
[61]

H. Aoyama, T. Harano, M. Sato and S. Wada, Phys. Lett. B388 (1996) 331 [arXiv:hep-th/9607076]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1996
[62]

G.C. Rossi and G. Veneziano, Phys. Lett. B138 (1984) 195

View on Pith 1984
[63]

D. Amati, G.C. Rossi and G. Veneziano, Nucl. Phys. B249 (1985) 1

View on Pith 1985
[64]

J. Fuchs and M.G. Schmidt, Z. Phys. C30 (1986) 161

View on Pith 1986
[65]

V.A. Novikov, M.A. Shifman, A.I. Vainshtein and V.I. Za kharov, Nucl. Phys. B260 (1985) 157

View on Pith 1985
[66]

M.A. Shifman and A.I. Vainshtein, Nucl. Phys. B296 (1988) 445

View on Pith 1988
[67]

T. J. Hollowood, V. V. Khoze, W. Lee and M. P. Mattis, Nucl . Phys. B570 (2000) 241 [arXiv:hep-th/9904116]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2000
[68]

N. Seiberg and E. Witten, Nucl. Phys. B426 (1994) 19, (E) B430 (1994) 485 [arXiv:hep-th/9407087]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1994
[69]

N. M. Davies, T. J. Hollowood, V. V. Khoze and M. P. Mattis , Nucl. Phys. B 559 (1999) 123 [arXiv:hep-th/9905015]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999
[70]

N. M. Davies, T. J. Hollowood and V. V. Khoze, arXiv:hep-th/0006011

View on Pith Pith review arXiv
[71]

J. Fuchs, Nucl. Phys. B282 (1987) 437

View on Pith 1987
[72]

V.A. Novikov, M.A. Shifman, A.I. Vainshtein and V.I. Za kharov, Nucl. Phys. B229 (1983) 381

View on Pith 1983
[73]

M.E. Peskin, arXiv:hep-th/9702094

View on Pith Pith review arXiv
[74]

S.F. Cordes, Nucl. Phys. B273 (1986) 629

View on Pith 1986
[75]

S. Weinberg, Phys. Lett. B91 (1980) 51

View on Pith 1980
[76]

A. Ritz and A. I. Vainshtein, Nucl. Phys. B566 (2000) 311 [arXiv:hep-th/9909073]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2000
[77]

N. Seiberg and E. Witten, Nucl. Phys. B431 (1994) 484 [arXiv:hep-th/9408099]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1994
[78]

N. Dorey, V. V. Khoze and M. P. Mattis, Phys. Lett. B388 (1996) 324 [arXiv:hep-th/9607066]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1996
[79]

T. J. Hollowood, Adv. Theor. Math. Phys. 2 (1998) 335 [arXiv:hep-th/9710073]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998
[80]

M. Matone, Phys. Lett. B357 (1995) 342 [arXiv:hep-th/9506102]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1995
[81]

F. Fucito and G. Travaglini, Phys. Rev. D55 (1997) 1099 [arXiv:hep-th/9605215]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1997
[82]

N. Dorey, V. V. Khoze and M. P. Mattis, Phys. Lett. B390 (1997) 205 [arXiv:hep-th/9606199]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1997
[83]

K. Ito and N. Sasakura, Phys. Lett. B382 (1996) 95 [arXiv:hep-th/9602073]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1996
[84]

K. Ito and N. Sasakura, Mod. Phys. Lett. A12 (1997) 205 [arXiv:hep-th/9609104]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1997
[85]

A. Klemm, W. Lerche, S. Yankielowicz and S. Theisen, Phy s. Lett. B344 (1995) 169 [arXiv:hep-th/9411048]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1995
[86]

P. C. Argyres and A. E. Faraggi, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74 (1995) 3931 [arXiv:hep-th/9411057]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1995
[87]

P. C. Argyres, M. R. Plesser and A. D. Shapere, Phys. Rev. Lett. 75 (1995) 1699 [arXiv:hep-th/9505100]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1995
[88]

A. Hanany and Y. Oz, Nucl. Phys. B452 (1995) 283 [arXiv:hep-th/9505075]. 225

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1995
[89]

J. A. Minahan and D. Nemeschansky, Nucl. Phys. B464 (1996) 3 [arXiv:hep-th/9507032]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1996
[90]

E. D’Hoker, I. M. Krichever and D. H. Phong, Nucl. Phys. B489 (1997) 179 [arXiv:hep-th/9609041]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1997
[91]

N. Dorey, V. V. Khoze and M. P. Mattis, Nucl. Phys. B492 (1997) 607 [arXiv:hep-th/9611016]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1997
[92]

P. C. Argyres and S. Pelland, JHEP 0003 (2000) 014 [arXiv:hep-th/9911255]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2000
[93]

M. J. Slater, Phys. Lett. B403 (1997) 57 [arXiv:hep-th/9701170]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1997
[94]

N. B. Pomeroy, Phys. Lett. B510 (2001) 305 [arXiv:hep-th/0103181]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2001
[95]

T. J. Hollowood, arXiv:hep-th/0201075

View on Pith Pith review arXiv
[96]

T. J. Hollowood, arXiv:hep-th/0202197

View on Pith Pith review arXiv
[97]

J. D. Edelstein, M. Marino and J. Mas, Nucl. Phys. B541 (1999) 671 [arXiv:hep-th/9805172]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999
[98]

J. D. Edelstein, M. Gomez-Reino and J. Mas, Nucl. Phys. B561 (1999) 273 [arXiv:hep-th/9904087]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999
[99]

J. D. Edelstein, M. Gomez-Reino, M. Marino and J. Mas, Nu cl. Phys. B574 (2000) 587 [arXiv:hep-th/9911115]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2000
[100]

G. Chan and E. D’Hoker, Nucl. Phys. B564 (2000) 503 [arXiv:hep-th/9906193]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2000
[101]

T. Eguchi and S. K. Yang, Mod. Phys. Lett. A11 (1996) 131 [arXiv:hep-th/9510183]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1996
[102]

E. D’Hoker, I. M. Krichever and D. H. Phong, Nucl. Phys. B494 (1997) 89 [arXiv:hep-th/9610156]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1997
[103]

J. Sonnenschein, S. Theisen and S. Yankielowicz, Phys . Lett. B367 (1996) 145 [arXiv:hep-th/9510129]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1996
[104]

P. Goddard, P. Mansﬁeld and H. Osborn, Phys. Lett. B98 (1981) 59

View on Pith 1981
[105]

P. Mansﬁeld, Nucl. Phys. B186 (1981) 287

View on Pith 1981
[106]

N. Dorey, T. J. Hollowood, V. V. Khoze, M. P. Mattis and S . Vandoren, JHEP 9906 (1999) 023 [arXiv:hep-th/9810243]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999
[107]

T. J. Hollowood, V. V. Khoze and M. P. Mattis, JHEP 9910 (1999) 019 [arXiv:hep-th/9905209]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999
[108]

T. J. Hollowood, V. V. Khoze and M. P. Mattis, Adv. Theor . Math. Phys. 4 (2000) 545 [arXiv:hep-th/9910118]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2000
[109]

E. Gava, K. S. Narain and M. H. Sarmadi, Nucl. Phys. B569 (2000) 183 [arXiv:hep-th/9908125]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2000
[110]

T. J. Hollowood, JHEP 9911 (1999) 012 [arXiv:hep-th/9908201]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999
[111]

T. J. Hollowood and V. V. Khoze, Nucl. Phys. B575 (2000) 78 [arXiv:hep-th/9908035]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2000
[112]

J. Maldacena, Adv. Theor. Math. Phys. 2 (1998) 231 [arXiv:hep-th/9711200]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998
[113]

O. Aharony, S. S. Gubser, J. Maldacena, H. Ooguri and Y. Oz, Phys. Rept. 323 (2000) 183 [arXiv:hep-th/9905111]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2000
[114]

D. J. Gross and A. Neveu, Phys. Rev. D10 (1974) 3235. K. Wilson, Phys. Rev. D7 (1973) 2911

View on Pith 1974
[115]

G. Moore, N. Nekrasov and S. Shatashvili, arXiv:hep-th/9803265. 226

View on Pith Pith review arXiv
[116]

W. Krauth, H. Nicolai and M. Staudacher, Phys. Lett. B431 (1998) 31 [arXiv:hep-th/9803117]. W. Krauth and M. Staudacher, Phys. Lett. B435 (1998) 350 [arXiv:hep-th/9804199]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998
[117]

M. Bianchi, M.B. Green, S. Kovacs and G. Rossi, JHEP 9808:013 (1998) [arXiv:hep-th/9807033]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998
[118]

T. Banks and M.B. Green, JHEP 05:002 (1998) [arXiv:hep-th/9804170]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998
[119]

E. Witten, Adv. Theor. Math. Phys. 2:253 (1998) [arXiv:hep-th/9802150]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998
[120]

S. Gubser, I. Klebanov and A. Polyakov, Phys. Lett. B428 (1998) 105 [arXiv:hep-th/9802109]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998
[121]

S. Howe and P.C. West, arXiv:hep-th/9509140; Phys. Lett. B400 (1997) 307 [arXiv:hep-th/9611075]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1997
[122]

D. Anselmi, D. Freedman, M. Grisaru and A. Johansen, Ph ys. Lett. B394 (1997) 329 [arXiv:hep-th/9708042]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1997
[123]

D. Z. Freedman, S. D. Mathur, A. Matusis and L. Rastelli , Nucl. Phys. B546 (1999) 96 [arXiv:hep-th/9804058]; Phys. Lett. B452 (1999) 61 [arXiv:hep-th/9808006]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999
[124]

E. D’Hoker, D. Z. Freedman and W. Skiba, Phys. Rev. D59 (1999) 045008 [arXiv:hep-th/9807098]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999
[125]

S. M. Lee, S. Minwalla, M. Rangamani and N. Seiberg, Adv . Theor. Math. Phys. 2 (1998) 697 [arXiv:hep-th/9806074]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998
[126]

G. Chalmers, H. Nastase, K. Schalm and R. Siebelink, Nu cl. Phys. B540 (1999) 247 [arXiv:hep-th/9805105]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999
[127]

H. Liu and A. A. Tseytlin, Phys. Rev. D59 (1999) 086002 [arXiv:hep-th/9807097]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999
[128]

W. Muck and K. S. Viswanathan, Phys. Rev. D58 (1998) 041901 [arXiv:hep-th/9804035]; Phys. Rev. D58 (1998) 106006 [arXiv:hep-th/9805145]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998
[129]

J. H. Brodie and M. Gutperle, Phys. Lett. B445 (1999) 296 [arXiv:hep-th/9809067]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999
[130]

G. E. Arutyunov and S. A. Frolov, Nucl. Phys. B544 (1999) 576 [arXiv:hep-th/9806216]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999
[131]

S.N. Solodukhin, Nucl. Phys. B539 (1999) 403 [arXiv:hep-th/9806004]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999
[132]

A.M. Ghezelbash, Phys. Lett. B435 (1998) 291 [arXiv:hep-th/9805162]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998
[133]

M.B. Green and M. Gutperle, Nucl. Phys. B498 (1997) 195 [arXiv:hep-th/9701093]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1997
[134]

M.B. Green, M. Gutperle and H. Kwon, Phys. Lett. B421 (1998) 149 [arXiv:hep-th/9710151]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998
[135]

A. Kehagias and H. Partouche, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A13 (1998) 5075 [arXiv:hep-th/9712164]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998
[136]

A. Kehagias and H. Partouche, Phys. Lett. B422 (1998) 109 [arXiv:hep-th/9710023]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998
[137]

M. B. Green and S. Sethi, Phys. Rev. D59 (1999) 046006 [arXiv:hep-th/9808061]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999
[138]

M. B. Green and M. Gutperle, JHEP 9801 (1998) 005 [arXiv:hep-th/9711107]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998
[139]

M. Henningson and K. Sfetsos, Phys. Lett. B431 (1998) 63 arXiv:hep-th/9803251

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998
[140]

N. Dorey, V. V. Khoze, M. P. Mattis and S. Vandoren, Phys . Lett. B442 (1998) 145 [arXiv:hep-th/9808157]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998
[141]

R. Gopakumar and M. B. Green, JHEP 9912 (1999) 015 [arXiv:hep-th/9908020]. 227

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999
[142]

J. P. Gauntlett, Nucl. Phys. B411 (1994) 443 [arXiv:hep-th/9305068]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1994
[143]

D. Bak, K. Lee and P. Yi, Phys. Rev. D62 (2000) 025009 [arXiv:hep-th/9912083]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2000
[144]

J. P. Gauntlett, C. Kim, K. Lee and P. Yi, Phys. Rev. D63 (2001) 065020 [arXiv:hep-th/0008031]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2001
[145]

N. S. Manton, Phys. Lett. B110 (1982) 54

View on Pith 1982
[146]

R. S. Ward, Phys. Lett. B158 (1985) 424

View on Pith 1985
[147]

L. Alvarez-Gaume and D. Z. Freedman, Commun. Math. Phy s. 80 (1981) 443

View on Pith 1981
[148]

P. S. Howe and G. Papadopoulos, Nucl. Phys. B289 (1987) 264

View on Pith 1987
[149]

P. S. Howe and G. Papadopoulos, Class. Quant. Grav. 5 (1988) 1647

View on Pith 1988
[150]

L. Alvarez-Gaume and D. Z. Freedman, Commun. Math. Phy s. 91 (1983) 87

View on Pith 1983
[151]

J. P. Gauntlett, D. Tong and P. K. Townsend, Phys. Rev. D63 (2001) 085001 [arXiv:hep-th/0007124]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2001
[152]

J. Scherk and J. H. Schwarz, Nucl. Phys. B 153 (1979) 61

View on Pith 1979
[153]

P. S. Howe, G. Sierra and P. K. Townsend, Nucl. Phys. B221 (1983) 331

View on Pith 1983
[154]

G. Sierra and P. K. Townsend, LPTENS-83-26 Lectures given at the 19th Karpacz Winter School on Theoretical Physics, Karpacz, Poland, Feb 14-28 (1983)

View on Pith 1983
[155]

E, Witten, Nucl. Phys. B460 (1996) 541 [arXiv:hep-th/9511030]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1996
[156]

M. R. Douglas, J. Geom. Phys. 28 (1998) 255 [arXiv:hep-th/9604198]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998
[157]

M. Douglas, arXiv:hep-th/9512077

View on Pith Pith review arXiv
[158]

E. Witten, J. Geom. Phys. 15 (1995) 215 [arXiv:hep-th/9410052]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1995
[159]

J. L. Barbon and A. Pasquinucci, Nucl. Phys. B517 (1998) 125 [arXiv:hep-th/9708041]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998
[160]

J. L. Barbon and A. Pasquinucci, Fortsch. Phys. 47 (1999) 255 [arXiv:hep-th/9712135]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999
[161]

J. Polchinski, arXiv:hep-th/9602052

View on Pith Pith review arXiv
[162]

C. V. Johnson, arXiv:hep-th/0007170

View on Pith Pith review arXiv
[163]

E, Witten, Nucl. Phys. B460 (1996) 335 [arXiv:hep-th/9510135]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1996
[164]

M. B. Green and M. Gutperle, Phys. Rev. D58 (1998) 046007 [arXiv:hep-th/9804123]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998
[165]

M.B. Green and M. Gutperle, Phys. Lett. B398 (1997) 69 [arXiv:hep-th/9612127]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1997
[166]

C. Callan, J. Harvey and A. Strominger, Nucl. Phys. B367 (1991) 60

View on Pith 1991
[167]

P. Fre, Nucl. Phys. Proc. Suppl. 45BC (1996) 59 [arXiv:hep-th/9512043]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1996
[168]

I. Antoniadis and B. Pioline, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A12 (1997) 4907 [arXiv:hep-th/9607058]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1997
[169]

O. Aharony, M. Berkooz, S. Kachru, N. Seiberg and E. Sil verstein, Adv. Theor. Math. Phys. 1 (1998) 148 [arXiv:hep-th/9707079]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998
[170]

E. Witten, J. High Energy Phys. 07 (1997) 003 [arXiv:hep-th/9707093]. 228

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1997
[171]

M. R. Douglas and G. W. Moore, arXiv:hep-th/9603167

View on Pith Pith review arXiv
[172]

M. R. Douglas, JHEP 9707 (1997) 004 [arXiv:hep-th/9612126]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1997
[173]

D. Diaconescu, M. R. Douglas and J. Gomis, JHEP 9802 (1998) 013 [arXiv:hep-th/9712230]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998
[174]

R. C. Myers, JHEP 9912 (1999) 022 [arXiv:hep-th/9910053]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999
[175]

K. Millar, W. Taylor and M. V. Raamsdonk, arXiv:hep-th/0007157

View on Pith Pith review arXiv
[176]

N. Dorey, T. J. Hollowood and V. V. Khoze, JHEP 0103 (2001) 040 [arXiv:hep-th/0011247]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2001
[177]

M. R. Douglas and C. Hull, JHEP 9802 (1998) 008 [arXiv:hep-th/9711165]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998
[178]

C. Chu and P. Ho, Nucl. Phys. B550 (1999) 151 [arXiv:hep-th/9812219]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999
[179]

V. Schomerus, JHEP 9906 (1999) 030 [arXiv:hep-th/9903205]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999
[180]

N. Seiberg and E. Witten, JHEP 9909 (1999) 032 [arXiv:hep-th/9908142]. DHull,Chu:1999qz,Schomerus:1999ug,SWnc

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999
[181]

M. R. Douglas and N. A. Nekrasov, arXiv:hep-th/0106048

View on Pith Pith review arXiv
[182]

H. Nakajima, “Resolution of moduli spaces of ideal ins tantons on R4,” Sanda , Topology, geometry and ﬁeld theory (1993) 129

View on Pith 1993
[183]

H. Nakajima, Nucl. Phys. Proc. Suppl. 46 (1996) 154 [arXiv:alg-geom/9510003]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1996
[184]

N. Nekrasov and A. Schwarz, Commun. Math. Phys. 198 (1998) 689 [arXiv:hep-th/9802068]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998
[185]

K. Furuuchi, Prog. Theor. Phys. 103 (2000) 1043 [arXiv:hep-th/9912047]; [arXiv:hep-th/0010006]; JHEP 0103 (2001) 033 [arXiv:hep-th/0010119]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2000
[186]

K. Lee, D. Tong and S. Yi, Phys. Rev. D63 (2001) 065017 [arXiv:hep-th/0008092]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2001
[187]

K. Kim, B. Lee and H. S. Yang, arXiv:hep-th/0003093; arXiv:hep-th/0109121

View on Pith Pith review arXiv
[188]

N. A. Nekrasov, [arXiv:hep-th/0010017]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv
[189]

A. Schwarz, Commun. Math. Phys. 221 (2001) 433 [arXiv:hep-th/0102182]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2001
[190]

C. S. Chu, V. V. Khoze and G. Travaglini, arXiv:hep-th/0108007

View on Pith Pith review arXiv
[191]

M. Hamanaka, arXiv:hep-th/0109070

View on Pith Pith review arXiv
[192]

T. J. Hollowood, V. V. Khoze and G. Travaglini, JHEP 0105 (2001) 051 [arXiv:hep-th/0102045]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2001
[193]

A. Armoni, R. Minasian and S. Theisen, arXiv:hep-th/0102007

View on Pith Pith review arXiv
[194]

M. Blau, J. Geom. Phys. 11 (1993) 95 [arXiv:hep-th/9203026]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1993
[195]

A. J. Niemi and K. Palo, arXiv:hep-th/9406068

View on Pith Pith review arXiv
[196]

M. Blau and G. Thompson, theories,” J. Math. Phys. 36 (1995) 2192 [arXiv:hep-th/9501075]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1995
[197]

A. Schwarz and O. Zaboronsky, Commun. Math. Phys. 183 (1997) 463 [arXiv:hep-th/9511112]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1997
[198]

N. Berline, E. Getzler and M. Vergne, “Heat Kernals and Dirac Operators,” Springer Verlag (1991)

View on Pith 1991
[199]

F. Fucito, J. F. Morales and A. Tanzini, JHEP 0107 (2001) 012 [arXiv:hep-th/0106061]. 229

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2001
[200]

D. Bellisai, F. Fucito, A. Tanzini and G. Travaglini, P hys. Lett. B480 (2000) 365 [arXiv:hep-th/0002110]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2000
[201]

D. Bellisai, F. Fucito, A. Tanzini and G. Travaglini, J HEP 0007 (2000) 017 [arXiv:hep-th/0003272]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2000
[202]

R. Flume, R. Poghossian and H. Storch, arXiv:hep-th/0110240; arXiv:hep-th/0112211

View on Pith Pith review arXiv
[203]

T. Eguchi, P. B. Gilkey and A. J. Hanson, Phys. Rept. 66 (1980) 213. 230

View on Pith 1980

Forward citations

Cited by 45 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

Fractional $\theta$-dependence from the sum over all instanton sectors
hep-th 2026-11 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

The full sum over integer-charge instanton sectors produces the N-branched fractional theta-dependence in self-dual CP(N-1) and N=1 SYM, exactly in 2D and conditionally in 4D.
Gaugino condensates in $\mathcal{N}=1$ super-Yang-Mills Theory on Eguchi-Hanson space
hep-th 2026-09 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

On Eguchi-Hanson space, a charge-1/2 instanton with central holonomy reproduces the flat-space SU(2) gaugino condensate 16π²Λ³, while a charge-1 two-block SU(4) saddle yields a one-sixth factor in the four-bilinear amplitude.
Quantum corrections to DGKT and the Weak Gravity Conjecture
hep-th 2024-11 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

Quantum corrections from gaugino condensation and D2 instantons lift the DGKT D4-brane moduli space, making the branes self-attractive and putting the vacuum in tension with the membrane WGC.
The Nahm transform of multi-fractional instantons
hep-th 2024-11 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

A fractional SU(N) instanton of charge r/N, embedded with U(1) fluxes, has a Nahm dual that is an SU(Nhat) fractional instanton of charge r/Nhat, with Nhat = N q1 q3 - r q3 + q1.
Modular Invariance in Superstring Theory From ${\cal N} = 4$ Super-Yang-Mills
hep-th 2019-12 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

The large-N expansion of a four-point correlator in N=4 super-Yang-Mills reproduces the SL(2,Z)-invariant Eisenstein series coefficients of the R^4 and D^4R^4 interactions in type IIB string theory, including D-instan...

Show 40 more citing papers

6d strings from new chiral gauge theories
hep-th 2016-08 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

A new anomaly-free two-dimensional gauge theory reproduces the elliptic genus of the SU(3) self-dual strings, matching topological-string data and Nekrasov instanton partition functions.
Toward Picard-Lefschetz Theory of Path Integrals, Complex Saddles and Resurgence
hep-th 2015-10 accept novelty 7.0 of 10

Exact complex saddle solutions to the holomorphic Newton equations are necessary for the correct semiclassical expansion of quantum-mechanical path integrals, and their contributions resolve apparent conflicts with su...
M-Strings
hep-th 2013-05 accept novelty 7.0 of 10

The elliptic genus of N M-strings equals that of a (4,0) sigma model on the Hilbert scheme of N points on C^2 with right-moving fermions coupled to E ⊕ E*, not the (4,4) symmetric product.
Stringy Instantons at Orbifold Singularities
hep-th 2007-04 accept novelty 7.0 of 10

Orientifold projections remove extra neutral fermion zero-modes from D-brane instantons at orbifold singularities, turning otherwise vanishing exotic contributions into new superpotential and prepotential terms.
Membrane and fivebrane instantons and quaternonic geometry
hep-th 2006-03 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

The paper derives fivebrane and membrane instanton corrections to the universal hypermultiplet moduli space metric in type IIA string theory, using instanton calculus and Toda equation solutions.
Matrix Models, Geometric Engineering and Elliptic Genera
hep-th 2003-10 accept novelty 7.0 of 10

For N=2* theory compactified from six to four dimensions on a torus, matrix models, geometric engineering via the topological vertex, and elliptic-genus instanton calculus all yield the same prepotential, encoded in a...
Classical solitons in anti-self-dual Yang-Mills theory
hep-th 2026-10 accept novelty 6.0 of 10

A tau-function is identified for soliton solutions in split-signature anti-self-dual Yang-Mills theory, yielding compact expressions for the Yang-Mills Lagrangian and Wess-Zumino-Witten densities.
Refined Vafa-Witten invariants for toric surfaces from supersymmetric localization in 5D gauge theory
hep-th 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

5D N=1* supersymmetric localization on toric surfaces equals refined Vafa–Witten invariants for odd first Chern class; the even-c1 case fails without a hand-added constant.
The Chiral Random-Matrix Ensemble of the Type-IIB Axion--Dilaton Wormhole Partition Function
hep-th 2026-07 unverdicted novelty 6.0 of 10

The charge-sector coefficient of the Type-IIB axion-dilaton wormhole partition function is shown to be a chiral Wishart hard-edge limit of the D(-1)/D3 super-ADHM collective-coordinate integral.
D-branes and fractional instantons on a twisted four torus: the moduli space as an N=2 supersymmetric Higgs branch
hep-th 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 6.0 of 10

The local moduli space of self-dual fractional instantons (Q = r/N) on a twisted four-torus is the Higgs branch of an N=2 supersymmetric theory, obtained via wrapped intersecting D-brane configurations.
Loop Corrected Supercharges from Holomorphic Anomalies
hep-th 2025-12 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

The complete one-loop supercharge for 4d Lagrangian SUSY gauge theories is derived in the holomorphic twist, packaged for N=4 SYM as a compact superfield formula.
Self-dual monopole loops, instantons and confinement
hep-th 2025-09 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

Interactions among self-dual monopole-like constituents of instantons remove the infrared divergence and, the authors conjecture, drive confinement in 4d Yang-Mills.
A note on rank $\frac{3}{2}$ Liouville irregular block
hep-th 2025-02 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

The paper derives the rank 3/2 irregular conformal block for H1 Argyres-Douglas theory via holomorphic anomaly recursion and a deformed Seiberg-Witten curve, exact in the coupling.
On Exceptional Instanton Strings
hep-th 2016-09 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

The 2d worldsheet theories of BPS instanton strings in 6d (1,0) SCFTs with simply-laced gauge groups are beta-twisted compactifications of 4d N=2 H_G theories, and their one-instanton elliptic genera are fixed by modularity.
Resurgence and the Nekrasov-Shatashvili Limit: Connecting Weak and Strong Coupling in the Mathieu and Lam'e Systems
hep-th 2015-01 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

Exact WKB analysis unifies the three spectral regimes of the Mathieu and Lamé equations and proves that non-perturbative effects are encoded in perturbation theory through the Picard-Fuchs equation for the quantized e...
Instanton operators and symmetry enhancement in 5d supersymmetric gauge theories
hep-th 2015-01 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

Quantizing the fermionic zero modes of a one-instanton operator on S^4 reproduces, and predicts, the ultraviolet flavor-symmetry enhancement of 5d gauge theories, including the six-dimensional cases.
The ABCDEFG of Instantons and W-algebras
hep-th 2011-11 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

At one instanton, the Nekrasov partition function of pure N=2 gauge theory matches the norm of a Gaiotto-Whittaker coherent state in the corresponding W-algebra for all simple gauge groups checked, with non-simply-lac...
On instantons as Kaluza-Klein modes of M5-branes
hep-th 2011-10 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

A supersymmetric index for 5d instantons reproduces the Kaluza-Klein spectrum of M5-branes on a circle and reveals new momentum-carrying worldsheet degrees on SU(N) self-dual strings.
Super Liouville conformal blocks from N=2 SU(2) quiver gauge theories
hep-th 2011-05 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

Restricting the SU(2) instanton moduli space to its Z2-symmetric part is conjectured to yield the N=1 super Liouville conformal block, written as a sum over Young diagrams with two cell colors.
D-brane Instantons on the T^6/Z_3 orientifold
hep-th 2007-04 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

A detailed string-amplitude computation shows that only the U(4) and Sp(6)xU(2) gauge theories at the Z_3 orientifold singularity get ADS superpotentials from gauge instantons, while ED3 stringy instantons generate Ma...
Rank Two Quiver Gauge Theory, Graded Connections and Noncommutative Vortices
hep-th 2006-03 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

SU(2)xSU(2)-equivariant Yang-Mills on M x CP^1 x CP^1 reduces to a rank-two quiver gauge theory whose BPS and non-BPS solutions on noncommutative R^{2n} represent D-brane vortex configurations.
String theory dual of the beta-deformed gauge theory
hep-th 2006-03 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

The authors construct a doubly periodic, SL(2,Z) covariant string dual by replacing the deformation parameter in the Lunin-Maldacena background with an elliptic function.
Solitons in the Higgs phase -- the moduli matrix approach --
hep-th 2006-02 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

The moduli matrix organizes BPS solitons in the Higgs phase and yields their moduli spaces, including Grassmannian wall moduli and half-ADHM vortex moduli.
ABCD of instantons
hep-th 2004-04 accept novelty 6.0 of 10

The paper derives the low-energy prepotential and Seiberg-Witten curves for N=2 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory with SU(N), SO(N), and Sp(N) gauge groups by instanton counting in an Omega-background, without resolvin...
Lectures on Instanton Counting
math.AG 2003-11 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

The paper computes higher Casimir insertions and the genus-one coefficients of Nekrasov's instanton partition function, matching the latter to the A and B measure factors of the u-plane integral for rank two.
Classical gauge instantons from open strings
hep-th 2002-11 accept novelty 6.0 of 10

Mixed-boundary open-string disks in the D3/D(-1) system are the sources of the classical gauge instanton, and their tadpoles reproduce the BPST/ADHM profile in the singular gauge.
Multi-Instanton Calculus and Equivariant Cohomology
hep-th 2002-11 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

A supersymmetric localization formula on the ADHM moduli space yields closed sum-over-Young-tableaux expressions for multi-instanton partition functions of N=2, N=2* and N=4 gauge theories.
Metamorphosis of fractional instantons on a twisted $T^4$ with a double-trace deformation: a numerical study
hep-th 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 5.0 of 10

Numerical lattice study shows fractional instantons on twisted T^4 morph into monopole-instantons and center vortices as geometry interpolates between R^{4-k} x T^k, with some transitions discontinuous under deformation.
Noncommutative Instantons on CP^n
hep-th 2006-03 accept novelty 5.0 of 10

An explicit u(n)-valued solution of the Hermitian Yang-Mills equations on the noncommutative space C^n_theta is constructed, reducing to the canonical CP^n instanton as the noncommutativity parameter goes to zero.
Matrix Model Conjecture for Exact BS Periods and Nekrasov Functions
hep-th 2009-11 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

The exact Seiberg-Witten differential for the doubly deformed prepotential is conjectured to be the one-point resolvent of a quiver beta-ensemble in its Dijkgraaf-Vafa phase, matching Nekrasov functions to Virasoro co...
Aspects of Twistor Geometry and Supersymmetric Field Theories within Superstring Theory
hep-th 2006-03 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

A doctoral thesis compiling and extending results on non-anticommutative field theory and twistor geometry, establishing Penrose-Ward correspondences and matrix-model equivalences with ADHM and Nahm equations.
CP conservation in the strong interactions
hep-ph 2024-04 unverdicted novelty 3.0 of 10

CP conservation in QCD follows from taking the infinite volume limit prior to summing over topological sectors, shown consistent with steepest-descent contours and chiral EFT.
Two-component spinor techniques and Feynman rules for quantum field theory and supersymmetry
hep-ph 2008-12 accept novelty 3.0 of 10

The paper compiles and explains a unified two-component spinor formalism with a complete set of fermion Feynman rules for the Standard Model, supersymmetry, and general quantum field theory.
Lectures on instantons
hep-th 2008-02 accept novelty 3.0 of 10

The paper is a self-contained pedagogical review of instantons in Yang-Mills theory and quantum mechanics, with detailed derivations of solutions, zero modes, measures, and standard applications.
TASI Lectures on Solitons
hep-th 2005-09 accept novelty 3.0 of 10

The lectures give a unified, moduli-space-centered account of instantons, monopoles, vortices and domain walls, showing how each arises from another by dimensional reduction, a scalar vev, or a mass deformation.
Liouville Field Theory -- A decade after the revolution
hep-th 2004-02 conditional novelty 3.0 of 10

The paper reviews Liouville field theory and its matrix-model dual through early 2004, adding limited original derivations for N=2 dual actions and unoriented crosscap comparisons.
Two Recursions for the Seiberg-Witten Prepotential: Zamolodchikov's Recursion, the AGT Correspondence and Topological Recursion on the Seiberg-Witten Curve
hep-th 2026-09 reject novelty 2.0 of 10

A review that claims to bridge Zamolodchikov's recursive relation and Nekrasov's partition function via AGT, but does not produce new evidence.
D-brane Instantons in Type II String Theory
hep-th 2009-02 accept novelty 2.0 of 10

D-brane instantons provide a calculable, zero-mode-driven source of non-perturbative superpotential and other holomorphic couplings in N=1 Type II orientifold compactifications.
Les Houches Lectures on Constructing String Vacua
hep-th 2008-03 unverdicted novelty 2.0 of 10

The paper is a pedagogical review of how F-theory and type IIB flux compactifications are used to construct string vacua with stabilized moduli.
Spectral Networks: Bridging higher-rank Teichm\"uller theory and BPS states
math-ph 2024-11 unverdicted

A comprehensive introduction to spectral networks that develops higher-rank Teichmüller theory in parallel with class S gauge theory and BPS spectra.

How later papers used it

115 later papers cite it

Evidence: substantial. 112 of the citing papers share no author with it, and 17 of those carry a confident label from Pith's citation classifier.

Pith read 18 of the 226 citing sentences, choosing only those whose citation markers point at this paper alone, and wrote the paraphrases from them. The summary, the counts, the evidence level, the links and the quotes come from code; the summary counts the papers listed below. A later paper is listed under a label when Pith's citation classifier gives one of its sentences that label at probability 0.8 or more (0.95 for support), Pith's reading finds that the citing paper itself did it, and a second check confirms the paraphrase against the sentence. This section lists uses only. It does not list criticism or disagreement, so their absence here says nothing about how the paper has been received. Papers that share an author with this one are listed apart, under "By the same authors". A quote is the citing authors' own sentence, shown when their paper's licence is CC BY, CC BY-SA or CC0. JSON

3 later papers by other authors are listed below: 3 used its method or tool.

Uses its method or tool 3 of 10 papers with this label

Solved the instanton equations in deformed theory using this paper's ADHM construction up to second order in the deformation parameter.

Instanton Calculus in R-R 3-form Background and Deformed N=2 Super Yang-Mills Theory (2008) · 1.00 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting
Used a property from this paper to rewrite the quantity inside the projector.

The Geometry of Dyonic Instantons in 5-dimensional Supergravity (2007) · 0.97 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting
Started from this paper's action and integrated out the field to obtain the commutator term of its own matrix model.

A Matrix Model for Baryons and Nuclear Forces (2010) · 0.92 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting

How the literature uses it

113 arXiv papers cite this in 224 sentences

Each citing sentence is taken from the citing paper's LaTeX source and typed by Pith's classifier. A label appears at probability 0.8 or more (0.95 for support), a contest at 0.7 or more; the quoted words are the citing authors'. How each label was checked · JSON

Papers citing it · 123 sentences without a confident label

Uses its method or tool 10 papers

The solution to [ref]–[ref] with the instanton number $k$ can be obtained by the ADHM construction [ref] .

N=2 Instanton Effective Action in Omega-background and D3/D(-1)-brane System in R-R Background · Instanton calculus in $Ω$-background · 0.98
It is encouraging that there exists a formula to solve ([ref]) in the ADHM construction [ref] , [equation] where $M = diag (1,-1,0,0)$.

Band spectrum is D-brane · The shape of D-brane relates to band spectrum · 0.96
We will solve the instanton equations in deformed theory using the ADHM construction [ref] up to the second order in the deformation parameter.

Instanton Calculus in R-R 3-form Background and Deformed N=2 Super Yang-Mills Theory · Introduction · 1.00

Compares with it 4 papers

The focus of this paper is the calculation of the higher-order gaugino condensate on the twisted $^4$, leading to the result ([ref]), agreeing with the weakly coupled instanton calculations [ref] on $^4$ and the recent lattice results [ref] .

Higher-order gaugino condensates on a twisted $\mathbb T^4$: In the beginning was semi-classics · Conclusions and outlook · 0.96
This action indeed agrees with the instanton effective action for $𝒩 = 4$ super Yang-Mills theory based on the ADHM construction [ref] .

Instanton Calculus in Deformed N=4 Super Yang-Mills Theories · (S,A)-deformed $𝒩 = 4$ instanton effective action from string amplitudes · 0.81
which is precisely what the authors of Refs. [ref] obtained as the condition for $A$.

Higgs Structures of Dyonic Instantons · The ADHM Construction of Dyonic Instantons in General Basis · 0.97

Cites it as support 3 papers

Indeed, the $ϕ$ dependence disappears upon integrating over $ℳ_k$ as a consequence of the cohomology properties of the integration measure on the instanton moduli space [ref] .

Instantons in N=2 magnetized D-brane worlds · Instanton induced prepotential and effective action · 0.98
This is because a fermionic zero mode (on an instanton background) is essentially given by a shift generated by SUSY transformation [ref] , $λ∼F_μνγ^μνϵ_0$ with $ϵ_0$ a constant spinor, which implies that the zero mode scales as $r^-2$ near the boundary $r∼∞$.

Supersymmetry Algebra in Super Yang-Mills Theories · $=2$ vector multiplet · 0.97
This dependence disappears upon integrating over $ℳ_k$ as a consequence of the cohomology properties of the integration measure on the instanton moduli space [ref] .

(D)-instanton effects in magnetized brane worlds · The stringy instanton calculus · 0.96

Cites it as background 59 papers

The AGT relation [ref] - [ref] , originally motivated by consideration of $5$-brane compactifications on Riemann surfaces [ref] , expresses the $2d$ conformal blocks [ref] - [ref] through Nekrasov functions [ref] - [ref] , which in the limit $ϵ_1,ϵ_2→0$ reproduce [ref] instanton contributions to the Seiberg-Witten prepotentials [ref] - [ref] , describing the low-energy phases of multidimensional $N=2$ SUSY gauge theories.

Zamolodchikov asymptotic formula and instanton expansion in N=2 SUSY N_f=2N_c QCD · Introduction · 0.99
$∙$ $Z_Nek$ is the generalized hypergeometric series [ref] , a sum over chains of Young diagrams (integer partitions), introduced by N.Nekrasov [ref] as expansion of the LNS multiple contour integrals [ref] originally obtained by the localization (Duistermaat-Heckman) technique [ref] from regularized integrals over the ADHM moduli spaces [ref] of instantons [ref] (for their original relation to SW theory and detailed references see [ref] ).

Matrix Model Conjecture for Exact BS Periods and Nekrasov Functions · Introduction · 0.90
Classically these configurations are instantons: these have a topological winding number equal to an integer $Q$, and an (Euclidean) action equal to $8 π^2 |Q| /g^2$, where $g$ is the coupling constant of QCD [ref] .

The Myriad Uses of Instantons · Introduction · 0.97

Discussion

Disagree with the review, or know something it missed? Leave a comment, highlight any passage above to comment on it, or challenge this review formally.

[1] [1]

A. Belavin, A. Polyakov, A.Schwartz and Y. Tyupkin, Phys . Lett. B59 (1975) 85

View on Pith 1975

[2] [2]

G. ’t Hooft, Phys. Rev. D14 (1976) 3432; ibid. (E) D18 (1978) 2199

View on Pith 1976

[3] [3]

C. G. Callan, R. F. Dashen and D. J. Gross, Phys. Rev. D17 (1978) 2717

View on Pith 1978

[4] [4]

A.I. Vainshtein, V.I. Zakharov V.A. Novikov and M.A. Shi fman, Sov. Phys. Usp. 25 (1982) 195 and in “ABC of Instantons,” Instantons in Gauge Theories , ed. M. Shifman, World Scientiﬁc (1994)

View on Pith 1982

[5] [5]

E. Shuryak and T. Schafer, Nucl. Phys. Proc. Suppl. 53 (1997) 472. 222

View on Pith 1997

[6] [6]

S.K. Donaldson and P.B Kronheimer, “The Geometry of Four Manifolds,” Oxford University Press (1990)

View on Pith 1990

[7] [7]

M. Atiyah, V. Drinfeld, N. Hitchin and Yu. Manin, Phys. Le tt. A65 (1978) 185

View on Pith 1978

[8] [8]

H. Osborn, Ann. of Phys. 135 (1981) 373

View on Pith 1981

[9] [9]

S. Coleman, “Uses of Instantons,” in Aspects of Symmetry , Cambridge University Press (1985) 265

View on Pith 1985

[10] [10]

D. Amati, K. Konishi, Y. Meurice, G.C. Rossi and G. Venez iano, Phys. Rept. 162 (1988) 169

View on Pith 1988

[11] [11]

M. A. Shifman, “Instantons in gauge theories,” World Scientiﬁc (1994)

View on Pith 1994

[12] [12]

M. A. Shifman and A. I. Vainshtein, arXiv:hep-th/9902018

View on Pith Pith review arXiv

[13] [13]

A. V. Belitsky, S. Vandoren and P. van Nieuwenhuizen, Cl ass. Quant. Grav. 17 (2000) 3521 [arXiv:hep-th/0004186]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2000

[14] [14]

M. F. Atiyah and I. M. Singer, Annals Math. 87 (1968) 484; Annals Math. 87 (1968) 531; Annals Math. 87 (1968) 546; Annals Math. 93 (1971) 119; Annals Math. 93 (1971) 139

View on Pith 1968

[15] [15]

C. Bernard, N.H. Christ, A. Guth and E.J. Weiberg, Phys. Rev. D16 (1977) 2967

View on Pith 1977

[16] [16]

A. Maciocia, Commun. Math. Phys. 135 (1991) 467

View on Pith 1991

[17] [17]

E. F. Corrigan and P. Goddard, “Some Aspects Of Instanto ns,” in C79-09-3.2.3 DAMTP-79-18, Lectures given at Canadian Mathematical Society Meeting, Montreal, Canada, Sep 3-8 (1979)

View on Pith 1979

[18] [18]

E. Corrigan, D. Fairlie, P. Goddard and S. Templeton, Nu cl. Phys. B140 (1978) 31. E. Corrigan, P. Goddard and S. Templeton, Nucl. Phys. B151 (1979) 93

View on Pith 1978

[19] [20]

V. V. Khoze, M. P. Mattis and M. J. Slater, Nucl. Phys. B536 (1998) 69 [arXiv:hep-th/9804009]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998

[20] [21]

N. Dorey, T.J. Hollowood, V.V. Khoze, M.P. Mattis and S. Vandoren, Nucl. Phys. B552 (1999) 88 [arXiv:hep-th/9901128]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999

[21] [22]

N. J. Hitchin, A. Karlhede, U. Lindstrom and M. Rocek, Co mmun. Math. Phys. 108 (1987) 535

View on Pith 1987

[22] [23]

C. Bernard, Phys. Rev. D19 (1979) 3013

View on Pith 1979

[23] [24]

E. Corrigan, unpublished

View on Pith

[24] [25]

N. Dorey, V. V. Khoze and M. P. Mattis, Phys. Rev. D54 (1996) 2921 [arXiv:hep-th/9603136]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1996

[25] [26]

G. W. Gibbons and P. Rychenkova, Phys. Lett. B443 (1998) 138 [arXiv:hep-th/9809158]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998

[26] [27]

C. P. Boyer and K. Galicki, arXiv:hep-th/9810250

View on Pith Pith review arXiv

[27] [28]

S. Vandoren, arXiv:hep-th/0009150

View on Pith Pith review arXiv

[28] [29]

K. K. Uhlenbeck, Commun. Math. Phys. 83 (1982) 11

View on Pith 1982

[29] [30]

N. Dorey, V. V. Khoze and M. P. Mattis, Nucl. Phys. B513 (1998) 681 [arXiv:hep-th/9708036]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998

[30] [31]

N. Dorey, T. J. Hollowood, V. V. Khoze and M. P. Mattis, Nu cl. Phys. B519 (1998) 470 [arXiv:hep-th/9709072]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998

[31] [32]

U. Bruzzo, F. Fucito, A. Tanzini and G. Travaglini, Nucl . Phys. B611 (2001) 205 [arXiv:hep-th/0008225]. 223

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2001

[32] [33]

M.L. Mehta, “Random Matrices,” Academic Press (1991)

View on Pith 1991

[33] [34]

A. D’Adda and P. Di Vecchia, Phys. Lett. B73 (1978) 162

View on Pith 1978

[34] [35]

B. Berg and M. Luscher, Nucl. Phys. B160 (1979) 281

View on Pith 1979

[35] [36]

E. Corrigan, P. Goddard, H. Osborn and S. Templeton, Nuc l. Phys. B159 (1979) 469

View on Pith 1979

[36] [37]

I. Jack, Nucl. Phys. B174 (1980) 526

View on Pith 1980

[37] [38]

V.A. Novikov, M.A. Shifman, A.I. Vainshtein and V.I. Za kharov, Nucl. Phys. B229 (1983) 394; Nucl. Phys. B229 (1983) 407; Nucl. Phys. B260 (1985) 157

View on Pith 1983

[38] [39]

A. V. Belitsky, S. Vandoren and P. van Nieuwenhuizen, Ph ys. Lett. B477 (2000) 335 [arXiv:hep-th/0001010]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2000

[39] [40]

B. Zumino, Phys. Lett. B69 (1977) 369

View on Pith 1977

[40] [41]

H. Nicolai, Nucl. Phys. B140 (1978) 294

View on Pith 1978

[41] [42]

P. van Nieuwenhuizen and A. Waldron, Phys. Lett. B389 (1996) 29 [arXiv:hep-th/9608174]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1996

[42] [43]

M. Blau and G. Thompson, Phys. Lett. B415 (1997) 242 [arXiv:hep-th/9706225]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1997

[43] [44]

B. S. Acharya, J. M. Figueroa-O’Farrill, B. Spence and M . O’Loughlin, Nucl. Phys. B514 (1998) 583 [arXiv:hep-th/9707118]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998

[44] [45]

D. Tong, Phys. Lett. B460 (1999) 295 [arXiv:hep-th/9902005]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999

[45] [46]

N. D. Lambert and D. Tong, Phys. Lett. B462 (1999) 89 [arXiv:hep-th/9907014]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999

[46] [47]

J. Wess and J. Bagger, “Supersymmetry and Supergravity ,” Princeton University Press (1992)

View on Pith 1992

[47] [48]

N. Dorey, V. V. Khoze and M. P. Mattis, Phys. Rev. D54 (1996) 7832 [arXiv:hep-th/9607202]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1996

[48] [49]

I. Aﬄeck, Nucl. Phys. B191 (1981) 429

View on Pith 1981

[49] [50]

I. Aﬄeck, M. Dine and N. Seiberg, Phys. Rev. Lett. 51 (1983) 1026; Nucl. Phys. B241 (1984) 493

View on Pith 1983

[50] [51]

G.H. Derrick, J. Math. Phys. 5 (1964) 1252 R. Hobart, Proc. Royal. Soc. London 82 (1963) 201

View on Pith 1964

[51] [52]

B. de Wit, B. Kleijn and S. Vandoren, Nucl. Phys. B568 (2000) 475 [arXiv:hep-th/9909228]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2000

[52] [53]

S. Weinberg, Phys. Lett. B91 (1980) 51 L. Hall, Nucl. Phys. B178 (1981) 75

View on Pith 1980

[53] [54]

D. Finnell and P. Pouliot, Nucl. Phys. B453 (1995) 225 [arXiv:hep-th/9503115]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1995

[54] [55]

R. Gilmore, “Lie groups, Lie algebras and some of their a pplications,” Wiley-Interscience (1974)

View on Pith 1974

[55] [56]

E.F. Corrigan, D.B. Fairlie, S. Templeton and P. Goddar d, Nucl. Phys. B140 (1978) 31

View on Pith 1978

[56] [57]

N.H. Christ, E.J. Weinberg and N.K. Stanton, Phys. Rev. D18 (1978) 2013

View on Pith 1978

[57] [58]

N. Dorey, V. V. Khoze and M. P. Mattis, Phys. Lett. B396 (1997) 141 [arXiv:hep-th/9612231]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1997

[58] [59]

K. Intriligator and N. Seiberg, arXiv:hep-th/9509066

View on Pith Pith review arXiv

[59] [60]

M. Shifman, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 39 (1997) 1 [arXiv:hep-th/9704114]. 224

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1997

[60] [61]

H. Aoyama, T. Harano, M. Sato and S. Wada, Phys. Lett. B388 (1996) 331 [arXiv:hep-th/9607076]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1996

[61] [62]

G.C. Rossi and G. Veneziano, Phys. Lett. B138 (1984) 195

View on Pith 1984

[62] [63]

D. Amati, G.C. Rossi and G. Veneziano, Nucl. Phys. B249 (1985) 1

View on Pith 1985

[63] [64]

J. Fuchs and M.G. Schmidt, Z. Phys. C30 (1986) 161

View on Pith 1986

[64] [65]

V.A. Novikov, M.A. Shifman, A.I. Vainshtein and V.I. Za kharov, Nucl. Phys. B260 (1985) 157

View on Pith 1985

[65] [66]

M.A. Shifman and A.I. Vainshtein, Nucl. Phys. B296 (1988) 445

View on Pith 1988

[66] [67]

T. J. Hollowood, V. V. Khoze, W. Lee and M. P. Mattis, Nucl . Phys. B570 (2000) 241 [arXiv:hep-th/9904116]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2000

[67] [68]

N. Seiberg and E. Witten, Nucl. Phys. B426 (1994) 19, (E) B430 (1994) 485 [arXiv:hep-th/9407087]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1994

[68] [69]

N. M. Davies, T. J. Hollowood, V. V. Khoze and M. P. Mattis , Nucl. Phys. B 559 (1999) 123 [arXiv:hep-th/9905015]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999

[69] [70]

N. M. Davies, T. J. Hollowood and V. V. Khoze, arXiv:hep-th/0006011

View on Pith Pith review arXiv

[70] [71]

J. Fuchs, Nucl. Phys. B282 (1987) 437

View on Pith 1987

[71] [72]

V.A. Novikov, M.A. Shifman, A.I. Vainshtein and V.I. Za kharov, Nucl. Phys. B229 (1983) 381

View on Pith 1983

[72] [73]

M.E. Peskin, arXiv:hep-th/9702094

View on Pith Pith review arXiv

[73] [74]

S.F. Cordes, Nucl. Phys. B273 (1986) 629

View on Pith 1986

[74] [75]

S. Weinberg, Phys. Lett. B91 (1980) 51

View on Pith 1980

[75] [76]

A. Ritz and A. I. Vainshtein, Nucl. Phys. B566 (2000) 311 [arXiv:hep-th/9909073]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2000

[76] [77]

N. Seiberg and E. Witten, Nucl. Phys. B431 (1994) 484 [arXiv:hep-th/9408099]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1994

[77] [78]

N. Dorey, V. V. Khoze and M. P. Mattis, Phys. Lett. B388 (1996) 324 [arXiv:hep-th/9607066]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1996

[78] [79]

T. J. Hollowood, Adv. Theor. Math. Phys. 2 (1998) 335 [arXiv:hep-th/9710073]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998

[79] [80]

M. Matone, Phys. Lett. B357 (1995) 342 [arXiv:hep-th/9506102]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1995

[80] [81]

F. Fucito and G. Travaglini, Phys. Rev. D55 (1997) 1099 [arXiv:hep-th/9605215]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1997

[81] [82]

N. Dorey, V. V. Khoze and M. P. Mattis, Phys. Lett. B390 (1997) 205 [arXiv:hep-th/9606199]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1997

[82] [83]

K. Ito and N. Sasakura, Phys. Lett. B382 (1996) 95 [arXiv:hep-th/9602073]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1996

[83] [84]

K. Ito and N. Sasakura, Mod. Phys. Lett. A12 (1997) 205 [arXiv:hep-th/9609104]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1997

[84] [85]

A. Klemm, W. Lerche, S. Yankielowicz and S. Theisen, Phy s. Lett. B344 (1995) 169 [arXiv:hep-th/9411048]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1995

[85] [86]

P. C. Argyres and A. E. Faraggi, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74 (1995) 3931 [arXiv:hep-th/9411057]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1995

[86] [87]

P. C. Argyres, M. R. Plesser and A. D. Shapere, Phys. Rev. Lett. 75 (1995) 1699 [arXiv:hep-th/9505100]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1995

[87] [88]

A. Hanany and Y. Oz, Nucl. Phys. B452 (1995) 283 [arXiv:hep-th/9505075]. 225

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1995

[88] [89]

J. A. Minahan and D. Nemeschansky, Nucl. Phys. B464 (1996) 3 [arXiv:hep-th/9507032]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1996

[89] [90]

E. D’Hoker, I. M. Krichever and D. H. Phong, Nucl. Phys. B489 (1997) 179 [arXiv:hep-th/9609041]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1997

[90] [91]

N. Dorey, V. V. Khoze and M. P. Mattis, Nucl. Phys. B492 (1997) 607 [arXiv:hep-th/9611016]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1997

[91] [92]

P. C. Argyres and S. Pelland, JHEP 0003 (2000) 014 [arXiv:hep-th/9911255]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2000

[92] [93]

M. J. Slater, Phys. Lett. B403 (1997) 57 [arXiv:hep-th/9701170]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1997

[93] [94]

N. B. Pomeroy, Phys. Lett. B510 (2001) 305 [arXiv:hep-th/0103181]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2001

[94] [95]

T. J. Hollowood, arXiv:hep-th/0201075

View on Pith Pith review arXiv

[95] [96]

T. J. Hollowood, arXiv:hep-th/0202197

View on Pith Pith review arXiv

[96] [97]

J. D. Edelstein, M. Marino and J. Mas, Nucl. Phys. B541 (1999) 671 [arXiv:hep-th/9805172]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999

[97] [98]

J. D. Edelstein, M. Gomez-Reino and J. Mas, Nucl. Phys. B561 (1999) 273 [arXiv:hep-th/9904087]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999

[98] [99]

J. D. Edelstein, M. Gomez-Reino, M. Marino and J. Mas, Nu cl. Phys. B574 (2000) 587 [arXiv:hep-th/9911115]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2000

[99] [100]

G. Chan and E. D’Hoker, Nucl. Phys. B564 (2000) 503 [arXiv:hep-th/9906193]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2000

[100] [101]

T. Eguchi and S. K. Yang, Mod. Phys. Lett. A11 (1996) 131 [arXiv:hep-th/9510183]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1996

[101] [102]

E. D’Hoker, I. M. Krichever and D. H. Phong, Nucl. Phys. B494 (1997) 89 [arXiv:hep-th/9610156]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1997

[102] [103]

J. Sonnenschein, S. Theisen and S. Yankielowicz, Phys . Lett. B367 (1996) 145 [arXiv:hep-th/9510129]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1996

[103] [104]

P. Goddard, P. Mansﬁeld and H. Osborn, Phys. Lett. B98 (1981) 59

View on Pith 1981

[104] [105]

P. Mansﬁeld, Nucl. Phys. B186 (1981) 287

View on Pith 1981

[105] [106]

N. Dorey, T. J. Hollowood, V. V. Khoze, M. P. Mattis and S . Vandoren, JHEP 9906 (1999) 023 [arXiv:hep-th/9810243]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999

[106] [107]

T. J. Hollowood, V. V. Khoze and M. P. Mattis, JHEP 9910 (1999) 019 [arXiv:hep-th/9905209]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999

[107] [108]

T. J. Hollowood, V. V. Khoze and M. P. Mattis, Adv. Theor . Math. Phys. 4 (2000) 545 [arXiv:hep-th/9910118]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2000

[108] [109]

E. Gava, K. S. Narain and M. H. Sarmadi, Nucl. Phys. B569 (2000) 183 [arXiv:hep-th/9908125]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2000

[109] [110]

T. J. Hollowood, JHEP 9911 (1999) 012 [arXiv:hep-th/9908201]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999

[110] [111]

T. J. Hollowood and V. V. Khoze, Nucl. Phys. B575 (2000) 78 [arXiv:hep-th/9908035]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2000

[111] [112]

J. Maldacena, Adv. Theor. Math. Phys. 2 (1998) 231 [arXiv:hep-th/9711200]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998

[112] [113]

O. Aharony, S. S. Gubser, J. Maldacena, H. Ooguri and Y. Oz, Phys. Rept. 323 (2000) 183 [arXiv:hep-th/9905111]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2000

[113] [114]

D. J. Gross and A. Neveu, Phys. Rev. D10 (1974) 3235. K. Wilson, Phys. Rev. D7 (1973) 2911

View on Pith 1974

[114] [115]

G. Moore, N. Nekrasov and S. Shatashvili, arXiv:hep-th/9803265. 226

View on Pith Pith review arXiv

[115] [116]

W. Krauth, H. Nicolai and M. Staudacher, Phys. Lett. B431 (1998) 31 [arXiv:hep-th/9803117]. W. Krauth and M. Staudacher, Phys. Lett. B435 (1998) 350 [arXiv:hep-th/9804199]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998

[116] [117]

M. Bianchi, M.B. Green, S. Kovacs and G. Rossi, JHEP 9808:013 (1998) [arXiv:hep-th/9807033]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998

[117] [118]

T. Banks and M.B. Green, JHEP 05:002 (1998) [arXiv:hep-th/9804170]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998

[118] [119]

E. Witten, Adv. Theor. Math. Phys. 2:253 (1998) [arXiv:hep-th/9802150]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998

[119] [120]

S. Gubser, I. Klebanov and A. Polyakov, Phys. Lett. B428 (1998) 105 [arXiv:hep-th/9802109]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998

[120] [121]

S. Howe and P.C. West, arXiv:hep-th/9509140; Phys. Lett. B400 (1997) 307 [arXiv:hep-th/9611075]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1997

[121] [122]

D. Anselmi, D. Freedman, M. Grisaru and A. Johansen, Ph ys. Lett. B394 (1997) 329 [arXiv:hep-th/9708042]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1997

[122] [123]

D. Z. Freedman, S. D. Mathur, A. Matusis and L. Rastelli , Nucl. Phys. B546 (1999) 96 [arXiv:hep-th/9804058]; Phys. Lett. B452 (1999) 61 [arXiv:hep-th/9808006]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999

[123] [124]

E. D’Hoker, D. Z. Freedman and W. Skiba, Phys. Rev. D59 (1999) 045008 [arXiv:hep-th/9807098]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999

[124] [125]

S. M. Lee, S. Minwalla, M. Rangamani and N. Seiberg, Adv . Theor. Math. Phys. 2 (1998) 697 [arXiv:hep-th/9806074]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998

[125] [126]

G. Chalmers, H. Nastase, K. Schalm and R. Siebelink, Nu cl. Phys. B540 (1999) 247 [arXiv:hep-th/9805105]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999

[126] [127]

H. Liu and A. A. Tseytlin, Phys. Rev. D59 (1999) 086002 [arXiv:hep-th/9807097]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999

[127] [128]

W. Muck and K. S. Viswanathan, Phys. Rev. D58 (1998) 041901 [arXiv:hep-th/9804035]; Phys. Rev. D58 (1998) 106006 [arXiv:hep-th/9805145]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998

[128] [129]

J. H. Brodie and M. Gutperle, Phys. Lett. B445 (1999) 296 [arXiv:hep-th/9809067]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999

[129] [130]

G. E. Arutyunov and S. A. Frolov, Nucl. Phys. B544 (1999) 576 [arXiv:hep-th/9806216]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999

[130] [131]

S.N. Solodukhin, Nucl. Phys. B539 (1999) 403 [arXiv:hep-th/9806004]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999

[131] [132]

A.M. Ghezelbash, Phys. Lett. B435 (1998) 291 [arXiv:hep-th/9805162]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998

[132] [133]

M.B. Green and M. Gutperle, Nucl. Phys. B498 (1997) 195 [arXiv:hep-th/9701093]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1997

[133] [134]

M.B. Green, M. Gutperle and H. Kwon, Phys. Lett. B421 (1998) 149 [arXiv:hep-th/9710151]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998

[134] [135]

A. Kehagias and H. Partouche, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A13 (1998) 5075 [arXiv:hep-th/9712164]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998

[135] [136]

A. Kehagias and H. Partouche, Phys. Lett. B422 (1998) 109 [arXiv:hep-th/9710023]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998

[136] [137]

M. B. Green and S. Sethi, Phys. Rev. D59 (1999) 046006 [arXiv:hep-th/9808061]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999

[137] [138]

M. B. Green and M. Gutperle, JHEP 9801 (1998) 005 [arXiv:hep-th/9711107]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998

[138] [139]

M. Henningson and K. Sfetsos, Phys. Lett. B431 (1998) 63 arXiv:hep-th/9803251

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998

[139] [140]

N. Dorey, V. V. Khoze, M. P. Mattis and S. Vandoren, Phys . Lett. B442 (1998) 145 [arXiv:hep-th/9808157]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998

[140] [141]

R. Gopakumar and M. B. Green, JHEP 9912 (1999) 015 [arXiv:hep-th/9908020]. 227

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999

[141] [142]

J. P. Gauntlett, Nucl. Phys. B411 (1994) 443 [arXiv:hep-th/9305068]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1994

[142] [143]

D. Bak, K. Lee and P. Yi, Phys. Rev. D62 (2000) 025009 [arXiv:hep-th/9912083]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2000

[143] [144]

J. P. Gauntlett, C. Kim, K. Lee and P. Yi, Phys. Rev. D63 (2001) 065020 [arXiv:hep-th/0008031]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2001

[144] [145]

N. S. Manton, Phys. Lett. B110 (1982) 54

View on Pith 1982

[145] [146]

R. S. Ward, Phys. Lett. B158 (1985) 424

View on Pith 1985

[146] [147]

L. Alvarez-Gaume and D. Z. Freedman, Commun. Math. Phy s. 80 (1981) 443

View on Pith 1981

[147] [148]

P. S. Howe and G. Papadopoulos, Nucl. Phys. B289 (1987) 264

View on Pith 1987

[148] [149]

P. S. Howe and G. Papadopoulos, Class. Quant. Grav. 5 (1988) 1647

View on Pith 1988

[149] [150]

L. Alvarez-Gaume and D. Z. Freedman, Commun. Math. Phy s. 91 (1983) 87

View on Pith 1983

[150] [151]

J. P. Gauntlett, D. Tong and P. K. Townsend, Phys. Rev. D63 (2001) 085001 [arXiv:hep-th/0007124]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2001

[151] [152]

J. Scherk and J. H. Schwarz, Nucl. Phys. B 153 (1979) 61

View on Pith 1979

[152] [153]

P. S. Howe, G. Sierra and P. K. Townsend, Nucl. Phys. B221 (1983) 331

View on Pith 1983

[153] [154]

G. Sierra and P. K. Townsend, LPTENS-83-26 Lectures given at the 19th Karpacz Winter School on Theoretical Physics, Karpacz, Poland, Feb 14-28 (1983)

View on Pith 1983

[154] [155]

E, Witten, Nucl. Phys. B460 (1996) 541 [arXiv:hep-th/9511030]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1996

[155] [156]

M. R. Douglas, J. Geom. Phys. 28 (1998) 255 [arXiv:hep-th/9604198]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998

[156] [157]

M. Douglas, arXiv:hep-th/9512077

View on Pith Pith review arXiv

[157] [158]

E. Witten, J. Geom. Phys. 15 (1995) 215 [arXiv:hep-th/9410052]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1995

[158] [159]

J. L. Barbon and A. Pasquinucci, Nucl. Phys. B517 (1998) 125 [arXiv:hep-th/9708041]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998

[159] [160]

J. L. Barbon and A. Pasquinucci, Fortsch. Phys. 47 (1999) 255 [arXiv:hep-th/9712135]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999

[160] [161]

J. Polchinski, arXiv:hep-th/9602052

View on Pith Pith review arXiv

[161] [162]

C. V. Johnson, arXiv:hep-th/0007170

View on Pith Pith review arXiv

[162] [163]

E, Witten, Nucl. Phys. B460 (1996) 335 [arXiv:hep-th/9510135]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1996

[163] [164]

M. B. Green and M. Gutperle, Phys. Rev. D58 (1998) 046007 [arXiv:hep-th/9804123]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998

[164] [165]

M.B. Green and M. Gutperle, Phys. Lett. B398 (1997) 69 [arXiv:hep-th/9612127]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1997

[165] [166]

C. Callan, J. Harvey and A. Strominger, Nucl. Phys. B367 (1991) 60

View on Pith 1991

[166] [167]

P. Fre, Nucl. Phys. Proc. Suppl. 45BC (1996) 59 [arXiv:hep-th/9512043]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1996

[167] [168]

I. Antoniadis and B. Pioline, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A12 (1997) 4907 [arXiv:hep-th/9607058]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1997

[168] [169]

O. Aharony, M. Berkooz, S. Kachru, N. Seiberg and E. Sil verstein, Adv. Theor. Math. Phys. 1 (1998) 148 [arXiv:hep-th/9707079]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998

[169] [170]

E. Witten, J. High Energy Phys. 07 (1997) 003 [arXiv:hep-th/9707093]. 228

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1997

[170] [171]

M. R. Douglas and G. W. Moore, arXiv:hep-th/9603167

View on Pith Pith review arXiv

[171] [172]

M. R. Douglas, JHEP 9707 (1997) 004 [arXiv:hep-th/9612126]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1997

[172] [173]

D. Diaconescu, M. R. Douglas and J. Gomis, JHEP 9802 (1998) 013 [arXiv:hep-th/9712230]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998

[173] [174]

R. C. Myers, JHEP 9912 (1999) 022 [arXiv:hep-th/9910053]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999

[174] [175]

K. Millar, W. Taylor and M. V. Raamsdonk, arXiv:hep-th/0007157

View on Pith Pith review arXiv

[175] [176]

N. Dorey, T. J. Hollowood and V. V. Khoze, JHEP 0103 (2001) 040 [arXiv:hep-th/0011247]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2001

[176] [177]

M. R. Douglas and C. Hull, JHEP 9802 (1998) 008 [arXiv:hep-th/9711165]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998

[177] [178]

C. Chu and P. Ho, Nucl. Phys. B550 (1999) 151 [arXiv:hep-th/9812219]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999

[178] [179]

V. Schomerus, JHEP 9906 (1999) 030 [arXiv:hep-th/9903205]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999

[179] [180]

N. Seiberg and E. Witten, JHEP 9909 (1999) 032 [arXiv:hep-th/9908142]. DHull,Chu:1999qz,Schomerus:1999ug,SWnc

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999

[180] [181]

M. R. Douglas and N. A. Nekrasov, arXiv:hep-th/0106048

View on Pith Pith review arXiv

[181] [182]

H. Nakajima, “Resolution of moduli spaces of ideal ins tantons on R4,” Sanda , Topology, geometry and ﬁeld theory (1993) 129

View on Pith 1993

[182] [183]

H. Nakajima, Nucl. Phys. Proc. Suppl. 46 (1996) 154 [arXiv:alg-geom/9510003]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1996

[183] [184]

N. Nekrasov and A. Schwarz, Commun. Math. Phys. 198 (1998) 689 [arXiv:hep-th/9802068]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998

[184] [185]

K. Furuuchi, Prog. Theor. Phys. 103 (2000) 1043 [arXiv:hep-th/9912047]; [arXiv:hep-th/0010006]; JHEP 0103 (2001) 033 [arXiv:hep-th/0010119]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2000

[185] [186]

K. Lee, D. Tong and S. Yi, Phys. Rev. D63 (2001) 065017 [arXiv:hep-th/0008092]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2001

[186] [187]

K. Kim, B. Lee and H. S. Yang, arXiv:hep-th/0003093; arXiv:hep-th/0109121

View on Pith Pith review arXiv

[187] [188]

N. A. Nekrasov, [arXiv:hep-th/0010017]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv

[188] [189]

A. Schwarz, Commun. Math. Phys. 221 (2001) 433 [arXiv:hep-th/0102182]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2001

[189] [190]

C. S. Chu, V. V. Khoze and G. Travaglini, arXiv:hep-th/0108007

View on Pith Pith review arXiv

[190] [191]

M. Hamanaka, arXiv:hep-th/0109070

View on Pith Pith review arXiv

[191] [192]

T. J. Hollowood, V. V. Khoze and G. Travaglini, JHEP 0105 (2001) 051 [arXiv:hep-th/0102045]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2001

[192] [193]

A. Armoni, R. Minasian and S. Theisen, arXiv:hep-th/0102007

View on Pith Pith review arXiv

[193] [194]

M. Blau, J. Geom. Phys. 11 (1993) 95 [arXiv:hep-th/9203026]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1993

[194] [195]

A. J. Niemi and K. Palo, arXiv:hep-th/9406068

View on Pith Pith review arXiv

[195] [196]

M. Blau and G. Thompson, theories,” J. Math. Phys. 36 (1995) 2192 [arXiv:hep-th/9501075]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1995

[196] [197]

A. Schwarz and O. Zaboronsky, Commun. Math. Phys. 183 (1997) 463 [arXiv:hep-th/9511112]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1997

[197] [198]

N. Berline, E. Getzler and M. Vergne, “Heat Kernals and Dirac Operators,” Springer Verlag (1991)

View on Pith 1991

[198] [199]

F. Fucito, J. F. Morales and A. Tanzini, JHEP 0107 (2001) 012 [arXiv:hep-th/0106061]. 229

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2001

[199] [200]

D. Bellisai, F. Fucito, A. Tanzini and G. Travaglini, P hys. Lett. B480 (2000) 365 [arXiv:hep-th/0002110]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2000

[200] [201]

D. Bellisai, F. Fucito, A. Tanzini and G. Travaglini, J HEP 0007 (2000) 017 [arXiv:hep-th/0003272]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2000

[201] [202]

R. Flume, R. Poghossian and H. Storch, arXiv:hep-th/0110240; arXiv:hep-th/0112211

View on Pith Pith review arXiv

[202] [203]

T. Eguchi, P. B. Gilkey and A. J. Hanson, Phys. Rept. 66 (1980) 213. 230

View on Pith 1980