In a curvature-coupled propagation framework for modified gravity, gravitational-wave lensing in wave optics shows persistent infrared interactions that prevent the amplification factor from approaching unity at zero frequency, requiring an interacting Green function and partial-wave treatment.
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Black holes, gravitational waves and fundamental physics: a roadmap
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The grand challenges of contemporary fundamental physics---dark matter, dark energy, vacuum energy, inflation and early universe cosmology, singularities and the hierarchy problem---all involve gravity as a key component. And of all gravitational phenomena, black holes stand out in their elegant simplicity, while harbouring some of the most remarkable predictions of General Relativity: event horizons, singularities and ergoregions. The hitherto invisible landscape of the gravitational Universe is being unveiled before our eyes: the historical direct detection of gravitational waves by the LIGO-Virgo collaboration marks the dawn of a new era of scientific exploration. Gravitational-wave astronomy will allow us to test models of black hole formation, growth and evolution, as well as models of gravitational-wave generation and propagation. It will provide evidence for event horizons and ergoregions, test the theory of General Relativity itself, and may reveal the existence of new fundamental fields. The synthesis of these results has the potential to radically reshape our understanding of the cosmos and of the laws of Nature. The purpose of this work is to present a concise, yet comprehensive overview of the state of the art in the relevant fields of research, summarize important open problems, and lay out a roadmap for future progress.
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In the Gravity from Entropy framework, spherically symmetric black holes acquire r^{-4} corrections to Schwarzschild geometry, with large-mass evaporation at constant rate -β/24 and intermediate-mass loss following the classical Hawking M^{-2} scaling.
Non-equilibrium relativistic SIDM halo collapse produces seed black holes of mass ~3e-8 of the halo mass at apparent horizon formation.
Black holes with synchronized or resonant scalar hair exhibit dynamical splitting in which the horizon is ejected from the bosonic cloud center in the very hairy regime.
Stable neutron-star configurations denser than black holes exist in quasi-topological gravity and may produce detectable gravitational-wave echoes.
A self-dual curvature formulation unifies the Regge-Wheeler-Zerilli and Bardeen-Press-Teukolsky equations on spherical backgrounds as components of one tensorial curvature equation.
Multiband observations of eccentric binary black holes can constrain dipole-radiation deviations from general relativity to |b| ≲ 10^{-7} for a GW231123-like event when combining one year of space-based data with ground-informed priors.
Landau coefficients for scalarization phase transitions are calculated from first principles via reduction of the theory's energy functional to an effective energy function.
Spinning test particles around rotating hairy black holes show finite-time instability in localized regions of the (spin, hair-parameter) plane that reorganize the strong-field phase space compared to Kerr.
The LQG parameter ξ enlarges equatorial bound orbit energy ranges, confines off-equatorial trajectories, and produces larger deviations from Kerr waveforms in EMRI models for two rotating LQG black holes, though signals fall below detector sensitivities.
Higher-curvature terms deform the near-horizon potential of spherically symmetric black holes, producing progressively larger shifts in overtone quasinormal frequencies that remain detectable in ringdown waveforms when the fundamental mode stays close to its GR value.
Semi-analytic waveform model for scalar environments around black hole binaries is validated against numerical relativity and applied to LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA data to obtain upper limits on scalar densities with tentative evidence in GW190728.
Analytical proof establishes universality of late-time ringdown tails for any effective potential decaying as 1/r², with different power-law behavior for 1/r^α (1<α<2), covering charged black holes, Kerr, exotic objects, modified gravity, and environmental matter distributions.
Relativistic metric backreaction from scalar dark matter clouds in EMRIs produces dominant polar gravitational wave corrections for Mμ ≲ 0.12, exceeding axial and scalar radiation channels at small separations.
Leading-order cubic-curvature corrections to scalar quasinormal modes of black holes with spins up to 0.99M are computed numerically for modes up to l=5 with relative errors below 10^{-4}.
Equatorial asymmetry in black hole spacetimes twists thick tori, displacing their centers and cusps away from the equatorial plane in the same direction as Keplerian orbits.
In quasi-topological gravity, neutron stars can surpass black-hole compactness with universal high-density behavior and theory corrections that stabilize radially unstable configurations from general relativity.
Free neutrons survive r-process freeze-out in fast ejecta of neutron star mergers and their beta-decay heating produces a visible early kilonova precursor for mass fractions above ~0.05.
Tidal forces in the Simpson-Visser spacetime produce Roche radii for stars that depend on observer type and regularization, with some disruptions occurring outside the event horizon for supermassive black holes.
Lorentzian-Euclidean black holes produce excess inner-shadow intensity and accumulate energy at the horizon with backreaction unlike stable light rings.
Numerical study finds that a deviation parameter in a regular black hole with Minkowski core produces phase shifts and amplitude changes in kludge waveforms from periodic orbits, making them distinguishable from Schwarzschild for larger deviations and certain orbit types.
LISA can constrain non-axisymmetric mass quadrupole deformations at the 10^{-3} level and axisymmetric mass octupole deformations at the 10^{-2} level in EMRI signals to test fuzzball proposals.
Periodic orbits around a non-rotating Destounis-Suvorov-Kokkotas black hole are taxonomized with integer triplets and their gravitational waveforms are calculated, showing that large deformations eliminate circular orbits and modify wave signals.
Black hole spacetimes in dark matter spikes are solved analytically from TOV equations; ringdown quasinormal frequencies differ from Schwarzschild by up to order 10^{-4}.
citing papers explorer
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Wave-optics gravitational wave lensing in modified gravity
In a curvature-coupled propagation framework for modified gravity, gravitational-wave lensing in wave optics shows persistent infrared interactions that prevent the amplification factor from approaching unity at zero frequency, requiring an interacting Green function and partial-wave treatment.
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Spherically symmetric black holes in Gravity from Entropy and spontaneous emission
In the Gravity from Entropy framework, spherically symmetric black holes acquire r^{-4} corrections to Schwarzschild geometry, with large-mass evaporation at constant rate -β/24 and intermediate-mass loss following the classical Hawking M^{-2} scaling.
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Non-Equilibrium Relativistic Core Collapse of Self-Interacting Dark Matter Halos -- Limits On Seed Black Hole Mass
Non-equilibrium relativistic SIDM halo collapse produces seed black holes of mass ~3e-8 of the halo mass at apparent horizon formation.
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Splitting the Gravitational Atom: Instabilities of Black Holes with Synchronized or Resonant Hair
Black holes with synchronized or resonant scalar hair exhibit dynamical splitting in which the horizon is ejected from the bosonic cloud center in the very hairy regime.
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Neutron stars more compact than black holes as a probe of strong-field gravity
Stable neutron-star configurations denser than black holes exist in quasi-topological gravity and may produce detectable gravitational-wave echoes.
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Unifying the Regge-Wheeler-Zerilli and Bardeen-Press-Teukolsky formalisms on spherical backgrounds
A self-dual curvature formulation unifies the Regge-Wheeler-Zerilli and Bardeen-Press-Teukolsky equations on spherical backgrounds as components of one tensorial curvature equation.
-
Constraining Dipole Radiation with Multiband Gravitational Waves from Eccentric Binary Black Holes
Multiband observations of eccentric binary black holes can constrain dipole-radiation deviations from general relativity to |b| ≲ 10^{-7} for a GW231123-like event when combining one year of space-based data with ground-informed priors.
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Underlying mechanisms of phase transitions in scalar-tensor theories
Landau coefficients for scalarization phase transitions are calculated from first principles via reduction of the theory's energy functional to an effective energy function.
-
Spin-Hair Induced Chaos of Spinning Test Particles in Rotating Hairy Black Holes
Spinning test particles around rotating hairy black holes show finite-time instability in localized regions of the (spin, hair-parameter) plane that reorganize the strong-field phase space compared to Kerr.
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Particle motions and gravitational waveforms in rotating black hole spacetimes of loop quantum gravity
The LQG parameter ξ enlarges equatorial bound orbit energy ranges, confines off-equatorial trajectories, and produces larger deviations from Kerr waveforms in EMRI models for two rotating LQG black holes, though signals fall below detector sensitivities.
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Probing higher curvature gravity via ringdown with overtones
Higher-curvature terms deform the near-horizon potential of spherically symmetric black holes, producing progressively larger shifts in overtone quasinormal frequencies that remain detectable in ringdown waveforms when the fundamental mode stays close to its GR value.
-
Scalar fields around black hole binaries in LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA
Semi-analytic waveform model for scalar environments around black hole binaries is validated against numerical relativity and applied to LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA data to obtain upper limits on scalar densities with tentative evidence in GW190728.
-
On the universality of late-time ringdown tail
Analytical proof establishes universality of late-time ringdown tails for any effective potential decaying as 1/r², with different power-law behavior for 1/r^α (1<α<2), covering charged black holes, Kerr, exotic objects, modified gravity, and environmental matter distributions.
-
Relativistic signatures of scalar dark matter in extreme-mass-ratio inspirals
Relativistic metric backreaction from scalar dark matter clouds in EMRIs produces dominant polar gravitational wave corrections for Mμ ≲ 0.12, exceeding axial and scalar radiation channels at small separations.
-
Ringing of rapidly rotating black holes in effective field theory
Leading-order cubic-curvature corrections to scalar quasinormal modes of black holes with spins up to 0.99M are computed numerically for modes up to l=5 with relative errors below 10^{-4}.
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Twisted doughnuts: Thick disk torus around equatorial asymmetric black hole
Equatorial asymmetry in black hole spacetimes twists thick tori, displacing their centers and cusps away from the equatorial plane in the same direction as Keplerian orbits.
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Neutron stars more compact than black holes in quasi-topological gravity: Equilibrium configurations and radial stability
In quasi-topological gravity, neutron stars can surpass black-hole compactness with universal high-density behavior and theory corrections that stabilize radially unstable configurations from general relativity.
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Nucleosynthesis in the fast ejecta of a neutron star merger
Free neutrons survive r-process freeze-out in fast ejecta of neutron star mergers and their beta-decay heating produces a visible early kilonova precursor for mass fractions above ~0.05.
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Roche limit and stellar disruption in the Simpson--Visser spacetime
Tidal forces in the Simpson-Visser spacetime produce Roche radii for stars that depend on observer type and regularization, with some disruptions occurring outside the event horizon for supermassive black holes.
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Shadow signatures and energy accumulation in Lorentzian-Euclidean black holes
Lorentzian-Euclidean black holes produce excess inner-shadow intensity and accumulate energy at the horizon with backreaction unlike stable light rings.
-
Gravitational waveforms from periodic orbits around a novel regular black hole
Numerical study finds that a deviation parameter in a regular black hole with Minkowski core produces phase shifts and amplitude changes in kludge waveforms from periodic orbits, making them distinguishable from Schwarzschild for larger deviations and certain orbit types.
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Are Black Holes Fuzzballs? Probing Horizon-Scale Structure with LISA
LISA can constrain non-axisymmetric mass quadrupole deformations at the 10^{-3} level and axisymmetric mass octupole deformations at the 10^{-2} level in EMRI signals to test fuzzball proposals.
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Taxonomy of periodic orbits and gravitational waves in a non-rotating Destounis-Suvorov-Kokkotas black hole spacetime
Periodic orbits around a non-rotating Destounis-Suvorov-Kokkotas black hole are taxonomized with integer triplets and their gravitational waveforms are calculated, showing that large deformations eliminate circular orbits and modify wave signals.
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Black holes surrounded by dark matter spike: Spacetime metrics and gravitational wave ringdown waveforms
Black hole spacetimes in dark matter spikes are solved analytically from TOV equations; ringdown quasinormal frequencies differ from Schwarzschild by up to order 10^{-4}.
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Superradiance -- the 2020 Edition
Black-hole superradiance extracts energy via the ergoregion and can trigger instabilities with applications to dark matter, beyond-Standard-Model physics, and laboratory analogs.
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Constraining Lorentz symmetry breaking in bumblebee gravity with extreme mass-ratio inspirals
EMRI waveforms in bumblebee gravity allow LISA to constrain the Lorentz symmetry breaking parameter ell at the level of O(10^{-4}).
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Quantum-Corrected Thermodynamics of Conformal Weyl Gravity Black Holes: GUP Effects and Phase Transitions
Quantum-corrected thermodynamics of conformal Weyl gravity black holes via GUP and exponential entropy reveals parameter-dependent divergences in heat capacity and shifts in Joule-Thomson inversion points indicating phase transitions.
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Waveform Modelling for the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna
A review of existing waveform models for LISA sources and the challenges that must still be overcome.
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Testing the nature of dark compact objects: a status report
Current and future observations can test whether dark compact objects are Kerr black holes or exotic alternatives, with null results strengthening the black hole paradigm.