Flow-GRPO is the first online RL method for flow matching models, raising GenEval accuracy from 63% to 95% and text-rendering accuracy from 59% to 92% with little reward hacking.
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Emu3: Next-Token Prediction is All You Need
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abstract
While next-token prediction is considered a promising path towards artificial general intelligence, it has struggled to excel in multimodal tasks, which are still dominated by diffusion models (e.g., Stable Diffusion) and compositional approaches (e.g., CLIP combined with LLMs). In this paper, we introduce Emu3, a new suite of state-of-the-art multimodal models trained solely with next-token prediction. By tokenizing images, text, and videos into a discrete space, we train a single transformer from scratch on a mixture of multimodal sequences. Emu3 outperforms several well-established task-specific models in both generation and perception tasks, surpassing flagship models such as SDXL and LLaVA-1.6, while eliminating the need for diffusion or compositional architectures. Emu3 is also capable of generating high-fidelity video via predicting the next token in a video sequence. We simplify complex multimodal model designs by converging on a singular focus: tokens, unlocking great potential for scaling both during training and inference. Our results demonstrate that next-token prediction is a promising path towards building general multimodal intelligence beyond language. We open-source key techniques and models to support further research in this direction.
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- abstract While next-token prediction is considered a promising path towards artificial general intelligence, it has struggled to excel in multimodal tasks, which are still dominated by diffusion models (e.g., Stable Diffusion) and compositional approaches (e.g., CLIP combined with LLMs). In this paper, we introduce Emu3, a new suite of state-of-the-art multimodal models trained solely with next-token prediction. By tokenizing images, text, and videos into a discrete space, we train a single transformer from scratch on a mixture of multimodal sequences. Emu3 outperforms several well-established task-spe
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representative citing papers
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AdaTok learns content-dependent token budgets for discrete 1D image tokenization via prioritized representation learning and a GRPO allocation policy, achieving rFID 1.50 at ~118 tokens average versus fixed 256-token baselines.
VPE inserts an internal autoregressive visual semantic token generation step to guide image token production in unified models, reporting faster convergence, higher quality, and superior editing preservation (PSNR 26.76 vs 19.92) versus external alternatives.
A large-scale empirical study across tokenizers and diffusion backbones identifies Velocity Irreducible Variance (VIV) as one of the most stable predictors of latent diffusion generation quality.
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RankE co-evolves AR policy and decoder via alternating ranking optimization, improving both FID and CLIP scores on LlamaGen-XL and Janus-Pro where policy-only RL degrades FID.
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INSET embeds images as native tokens in interleaved instructions, outperforming prior methods on multi-image consistency and text alignment as complexity grows.
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UniPath adaptively models coordination-path diversity in unified multimodal models by training a path-conditioned executor and using a lightweight planner for input-dependent selection, improving performance over fixed strategies.
ExtraVAR enables resolution extrapolation in visual autoregressive models by stage-aware RoPE remapping and entropy-driven attention scaling, suppressing repetition and detail loss.
XTC-Bench reveals that strong performance on generation or understanding tasks in unified multimodal models does not guarantee cross-task semantic consistency, which instead depends on how tightly coupled the learning objectives are across modalities.
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Image editing models fail zero-shot visual planning on abstract mazes and queen puzzles but generalize after finetuning, yet still cannot match human zero-shot efficiency.
Fine-tuning multimodal models on a new synthetic spatial benchmark improves generative spatial compliance on real and synthetic tasks and transfers to better spatial understanding.
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NeuroQuant is a modality-aware 3D VQ-VAE that uses dual-stream encoding, a shared anatomical codebook, and FiLM to achieve superior multi-modal brain MRI reconstruction.
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