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arxiv: 2504.03837 · v2 · submitted 2025-04-04 · ✦ hep-ph · astro-ph.CO· hep-th

Exploring Leptogenesis in the Era of First Order Electroweak Phase Transition

Dipendu Bhandari , Arunansu Sil This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-22 20:49 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ✦ hep-ph astro-ph.COhep-th
keywords leptogenesisfirst order electroweak phase transitionright-handed neutrinossphaleron processesbaryon asymmetrygravitational wavesseesaw mechanism
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0 comments X

The pith

Right-handed neutrinos lighter than the Higgs mass can produce the observed baryon asymmetry in a first-order electroweak phase transition.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper shows that leptogenesis can generate enough lepton asymmetry for the baryon asymmetry even when right-handed neutrino masses are below the Standard Model Higgs mass. This works because a first-order electroweak phase transition allows the bubble nucleation temperature to be low enough that sphaleron processes stay in equilibrium below the usual 131.7 GeV decoupling temperature. The lepton asymmetry from CP-violating decays of the neutrinos then converts to baryon asymmetry at these lower scales. The approach is viable particularly if the reheating temperature is below 131.7 GeV. It also leads to a stochastic gravitational wave signal from the phase transition and possible detection of the light neutrinos at accelerators.

Core claim

In the neutrino seesaw framework, a sufficient lepton asymmetry is generated via out-of-equilibrium CP-violating decays of right-handed neutrinos even when their mass falls below the Standard Model Higgs mass. This becomes possible by keeping the sphaleron in equilibrium below its conventional decoupling temperature of approximately 131.7 GeV, thanks to the flexibility of the bubble nucleation temperature when the electroweak phase transition is first order.

What carries the argument

The first-order electroweak phase transition, whose bubble nucleation temperature can be adjusted to keep sphalerons active at temperatures below 131.7 GeV for converting lepton to baryon asymmetry.

If this is right

  • A lepton asymmetry generated at low scales converts efficiently to the observed baryon asymmetry.
  • Stochastic gravitational waves characteristic of the first-order transition may be detected in near-future experiments.
  • Right-handed neutrinos with masses as low as 35 GeV can participate in this leptogenesis and open detection possibilities at accelerator experiments.
  • The mechanism remains effective even when the Universe's reheating temperature is lower than 131.7 GeV.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • New physics responsible for making the electroweak phase transition first order could simultaneously enable this low-scale leptogenesis.
  • Joint observations of gravitational wave signals and light right-handed neutrinos at colliders would provide strong evidence for the scenario.
  • This framework suggests leptogenesis can occur in cosmologies with late-time reheating below the standard sphaleron decoupling temperature.

Load-bearing premise

The electroweak phase transition must be strongly first order with a bubble nucleation temperature low enough that sphaleron processes remain in thermal equilibrium below the Standard Model decoupling temperature of approximately 131.7 GeV.

What would settle it

A measurement or calculation showing that the bubble nucleation temperature in the first-order transition is above 131.7 GeV, or the absence of the predicted gravitational wave signal, would prevent the low-scale conversion and falsify the claim for right-handed neutrinos below the Higgs mass.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2504.03837 by Arunansu Sil, Dipendu Bhandari.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: FIG. 1: Number of bubbles per horizon as function of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: FIG. 2: Viable parameter space for leptogenesis and [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: FIG. 3: Variation of ∆ [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: FIG. 4: Gravitational wave signals with sensitivity [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: FIG. 5: Potential at critical temperature [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_5.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

We present a novel approach for implementing baryogenesis via leptogenesis at low scale within neutrino seesaw framework where a sufficient lepton asymmetry can be generated via out of equilibrium CP-violating decays of right handed neutrinos (RHNs) even when their mass falls below the Standard Model (SM) Higgs mass. It becomes possible by keeping the sphaleron in equilibrium below its conventional decoupling temperature $T_{\rm sp}^{\rm SM} \sim131.7$ GeV in SM so as to facilitate the conversion of lepton asymmetry to baryon asymmetry at such a low scale, thanks to the flexibility of the bubble nucleation temperature in case the electroweak phase transition (EWPT) is of first order. The scenario emerges as an exciting (and perhaps unique) possibility for low scale leptogenesis, particularly if the Universe attains a reheating temperature lower than 131.7 GeV. We show that a stochastic gravitational wave, characteristic of such first order EWPT, may be detected in near future detectors while the presence of RHNs of mass as low as 35 GeV opens up an intriguing detection possibility at current and future accelerator experiments.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript proposes a low-scale leptogenesis scenario in the neutrino seesaw framework. It claims that right-handed neutrinos with masses below the SM Higgs mass (down to ~35 GeV) can generate a sufficient lepton asymmetry via out-of-equilibrium CP-violating decays, with the asymmetry converted to baryon asymmetry because a first-order electroweak phase transition allows the sphaleron processes to remain in equilibrium at temperatures below the standard SM decoupling value of ~131.7 GeV. This is enabled by supercooling and a lower bubble nucleation temperature. The paper further notes that such a transition produces a stochastic gravitational wave background potentially detectable in future experiments and that the light RHNs could be accessible at accelerators.

Significance. If the mechanism can be shown to work without additional washout or inconsistencies, it would offer a distinctive route to low-scale baryogenesis that relaxes the usual temperature hierarchy between RHN mass and sphaleron decoupling. The scenario ties together leptogenesis, first-order EWPT, gravitational waves, and collider searches, which could make it observationally testable. The absence of explicit joint scans of nucleation temperature and Boltzmann equations in the presented material limits the current assessment of viability.

major comments (2)
  1. [Abstract and phase-transition discussion] The central claim requires that a strongly first-order EWPT produces a bubble nucleation temperature T_n sufficiently below ~131.7 GeV to keep sphalerons active during the out-of-equilibrium decays of m_N ≈ 35 GeV RHNs, while still satisfying the out-of-equilibrium condition and yielding enough CP asymmetry. No explicit calculation or parameter scan combining the bounce action (to determine T_n) with the leptogenesis Boltzmann equations is described; without this, it is unclear whether the required conversion efficiency of order 10^{-2} is achieved or whether rapid completion of the transition suppresses the sphaleron rate.
  2. [Model setup and assumptions] The scenario assumes an extended scalar sector that realizes a sufficiently strong first-order transition (large barrier, v/T > 1 at nucleation) without introducing new washout channels or modifying the RHN decay width and CP asymmetry ε_CP. This assumption is load-bearing for the low-scale viability but is not verified through explicit model construction or rate calculations in the provided text.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Introduction] Notation for the SM sphaleron decoupling temperature is given as T_sp^SM ~131.7 GeV; a precise reference or derivation of this value should be added for clarity.
  2. [Abstract] The abstract mentions potential detection of RHNs at accelerators but does not specify production channels or branching ratios; a brief discussion or reference would improve accessibility.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the careful reading and constructive comments on our manuscript. We address each major comment below and outline the revisions we will make to strengthen the presentation.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract and phase-transition discussion] The central claim requires that a strongly first-order EWPT produces a bubble nucleation temperature T_n sufficiently below ~131.7 GeV to keep sphalerons active during the out-of-equilibrium decays of m_N ≈ 35 GeV RHNs, while still satisfying the out-of-equilibrium condition and yielding enough CP asymmetry. No explicit calculation or parameter scan combining the bounce action (to determine T_n) with the leptogenesis Boltzmann equations is described; without this, it is unclear whether the required conversion efficiency of order 10^{-2} is achieved or whether rapid completion of the transition suppresses the sphaleron rate.

    Authors: We acknowledge that the manuscript presents the scenario through analytical estimates of the required T_n range and sphaleron conversion efficiency rather than a full numerical joint scan. These estimates indicate that nucleation temperatures of 40-80 GeV allow sufficient time for asymmetry conversion before transition completion. To directly address the concern, the revised manuscript will include an explicit combined analysis of the bounce action and Boltzmann equations over a representative parameter grid, confirming that viable regions exist where the conversion efficiency meets or exceeds 10^{-2} without suppression from rapid bubble expansion. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [Model setup and assumptions] The scenario assumes an extended scalar sector that realizes a sufficiently strong first-order transition (large barrier, v/T > 1 at nucleation) without introducing new washout channels or modifying the RHN decay width and CP asymmetry ε_CP. This assumption is load-bearing for the low-scale viability but is not verified through explicit model construction or rate calculations in the provided text.

    Authors: The work is framed phenomenologically, assuming an extended scalar sector capable of a strong FOEWPT while preserving the RHN decay and CP properties. Such sectors (e.g., singlet extensions) can be arranged to avoid new washout if additional scalars are decoupled from the RHNs. In revision we will add a dedicated subsection with example model realizations and order-of-magnitude estimates showing that washout rates can remain subdominant; full rate calculations for a benchmark model will be noted as future work rather than performed here. revision: partial

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity; scenario is conditional on explicit first-order EWPT assumption

full rationale

The paper's derivation chain begins from the stated premise that the EWPT is first order, which permits a lower bubble nucleation temperature T_n than the SM sphaleron decoupling temperature. This external assumption (requiring an extended scalar sector) then enables sphaleron conversion of lepton asymmetry from RHN decays at m_N ~ 35 GeV. No load-bearing step reduces the generated asymmetry or conversion efficiency to a fitted parameter, self-citation, or ansatz by construction; the abstract and described mechanism treat the PT order and T_n flexibility as inputs rather than outputs. The central claim is therefore a conditional possibility, not a self-referential derivation.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

1 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The central claim depends on the non-standard assumption that the electroweak phase transition is first-order with tunable nucleation temperature; no new particles or forces are postulated beyond the usual seesaw right-handed neutrinos.

free parameters (1)
  • bubble nucleation temperature
    Chosen low enough to maintain sphaleron equilibrium below the Standard Model decoupling temperature; value not fixed by prior data in the abstract.
axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Sphaleron processes remain in equilibrium at temperatures below 131.7 GeV when the electroweak phase transition is first order.
    Invoked to convert lepton asymmetry into baryon asymmetry at low scale.

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Forward citations

Cited by 1 Pith paper

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