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The 2017 Release of Cloudy
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The 2017 Release of Cloudy
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We describe the 2017 release of the spectral synthesis code Cloudy. A major development since the previous release has been exporting the atomic data into external data files. This greatly simplifies updates and maintenance of the data. Many large datasets have been incorporated with the result that we can now predict well over an order of magnitude more emission lines when all databases are fully used. The use of such large datasets is not realistic for most calculations due to the time and memory needs, and we describe the limited subset of data we use by default. Despite the fact that we now predict significantly more lines than the previous Cloudy release, this version is faster because of optimization of memory access patterns and other tuning. The size and use of the databases can easily be adjusted in the command-line interface. We give examples of the accuracy limits using small models, and the performance requirements of large complete models. We summarize several advances in the H- and He-like iso-electronic sequences. We use our complete collisional-radiative models of the ionization of these one and two-electron ions to establish the highest density for which the coronal or interstellar medium (ISM) approximation works, and the lowest density where Saha or local thermodynamic equilibrium can be assumed. The coronal approximation fails at surprisingly low densities for collisional ionization equilibrium but is valid to higher densities for photoionized gas clouds. Many other improvements to the physics have been made and are described. These include the treatment of isotropic continuum sources such as the cosmic microwave background (CMB) in the reported output, and the ability to follow the evolution of cooling non-equilibrium clouds.
Forward citations
Cited by 36 Pith papers
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Diverse Histories and Common Origins of Nitrogen-enhanced JWST Galaxies
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PAHSPECS: Spatially Resolved PAH Spectroscopy at cosmic noon with JWST MIRI MRS
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The Missing Hard Photons of Little Red Dots: Their Incident Ionizing Spectra Resemble Massive Stars
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The Fraction of Clumpy Galaxies in JADES Over $2<z<9$
JWST data show the clumpy galaxy fraction increasing from ~10% at z~7.75 to ~70% at z~2.75 for log(M*/Msun) >=9, with mass dependence and suggested formation mechanisms differing by epoch.
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Toward Unbiased Abundance Measurements in Inhomogeneous $\mathrm{H\,II}$ Regions
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High-Resolution Spectroscopy of Raman-scattered He II Lines in the Symbiotic Nova RR Telescopii
Observations of Raman-scattered He II lines in RR Telescopii reveal distinct velocities tracing different H I depths and temporal declines in conversion efficiency, implying the neutral region needs complex radiative ...
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Columba: isolated dwarf galaxy populations in diverse cosmological environments simulated with a cold interstellar medium
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Cosmic evolution of the helium and oxygen abundances in type 2 Active Galactic Nuclei: Helium-loud AGNs
Abundance analysis of 84 type-2 AGNs finds oversolar He and subsolar O at z>2.8, including one object at z=6.26 with record He abundance of 12+log(He/H)=11.64, plus marginal trends of declining He/H and rising O/H toward z=0.
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CANUCS/Technicolor Data Release 2: A Catalogue of Galaxy Structural Parameters in up to 29 HST+JWST bands and a Multi-Wavelength Exploration of the Galaxy Size-Mass Relation at $0.6 < z \leq 4$
The size-mass relation for star-forming galaxies at 0.6 < z ≤ 4 shows a gradient in slope with rest-frame wavelength, crossing at ~10^9.5 solar masses proposed as the transition between diffuse and compact morphologies.
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Between Degeneracy and Evolution: UV-to-optical Insights into the BH$^*$ Model in Little Red Dots
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Spatially Resolved Nebular-Stellar Reddening with JWST/NIRISS
JWST observations of high-redshift galaxies show no evolution in dust geometry to z~2.4 and yield an empirical calibration linking resolved differential reddening to SFR surface density.
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JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) Data Release 5: stellar population catalogue for galaxies in GOODS-N and GOODS-S
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How High-Specific-Energy Winds Regulate the Circumgalactic Medium of Dwarf Galaxies
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On the quenching of LRD X-ray emission by both Compton-thick gas and high accretion rates
LRDs require Compton-thick gas at moderate metallicity plus high accretion rates producing weak X-rays to explain their non-detection, implying they are not chemically pristine.
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The galaxy ultraviolet luminosity function from $z=7$ to $15$ in the COLIBRE simulations
COLIBRE simulations underpredict bright-end UV galaxy luminosities by 1 to 2.5 magnitudes at z=7-15 compared with observations, with the discrepancy persisting after dust attenuation and uncertainty accounting.
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Non-Equilibrium Ionisation in Photoionised Haloes: Implications for Shock Stability and Absorption-Line Signatures
UV background suppresses NEI in galaxy haloes, restoring equilibrium shock thresholds and producing extended absorption columns for OVI, CIV, and HI beyond the virial radius.
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Dynamically cold discs in high-redshift galaxies: comparison between ALMA observations and TNG50
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JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) Data Release 5: Photometrically Selected Galaxy Candidates at z > 8
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The HyLight model for hydrogen emission lines in simulated nebulae
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Self-regulated galaxy evolution within a self-consistently varying galaxy-wide IMF
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New constraints on stellar feedback through [O III] emission: interpreting ALMA and JWST observations with SPICE simulations
Simulations show that bursty supernova feedback produces fewer bright [OIII] emitters by z=5 than smooth feedback due to less effective metal enrichment, while [OIII] traces shock-heated and radiatively ionized gas.
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New $H(z)$ measurement at Redshift = 0.12 with DESI Data Release 1
New measurement of the Hubble parameter H(z=0.12) = 71.33 ± 4.20 km s^{-1} Mpc^{-1} obtained from cosmology-independent stellar ages of passive galaxies in DESI Data Release 1.
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