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A Survey of World Models for Autonomous Driving
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A Survey of World Models for Autonomous Driving
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Recent breakthroughs in autonomous driving have been propelled by advances in robust world modeling, fundamentally transforming how vehicles interpret dynamic scenes and execute safe decision-making. World models have emerged as a linchpin technology, offering high-fidelity representations of the driving environment that integrate multi-sensor data, semantic cues, and temporal dynamics. This paper systematically reviews recent advances in world models for autonomous driving, proposing a three-tiered taxonomy: (i) Generation of Future Physical World, covering Image-, BEV-, OG-, and PC-based generation methods that enhance scene evolution modeling through diffusion models and 4D occupancy forecasting; (ii) Behavior Planning for Intelligent Agents, combining rule-driven and learning-based paradigms with cost map optimization and reinforcement learning for trajectory generation in complex traffic conditions; (ii) Interaction between Prediction and Planning, achieving multi-agent collaborative decision-making through latent space diffusion and memory-augmented architectures. The study further analyzes training paradigms, including self-supervised learning, multimodal pretraining, and generative data augmentation, while evaluating world models' performance in scene understanding and motion prediction tasks. Future research must address key challenges in self-supervised representation learning, multimodal fusion, and advanced simulation to advance the practical deployment of world models in complex urban environments. Overall, the comprehensive analysis provides a technical roadmap for harnessing the transformative potential of world models in advancing safe and reliable autonomous driving solutions.
Forward citations
Cited by 22 Pith papers
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Agentic World Modeling: Foundations, Capabilities, Laws, and Beyond
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BadDreamer: Transferable Backdoor Attacks against Video World Models for Autonomous Driving
Introduces BadDreamer, a backdoor attack that poisons the transition dynamics of video world models so that a trigger causes hallucination of obstacle-free futures, transferring to unsafe action predictions in autonom...
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Looped World Models
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Echo-Memory: A Controlled Study of Memory in Action World Models
A controlled study finds that block-wise state-space recurrence outperforms other memory designs for open-domain scene return in action-conditioned video models, and that standard replay metrics do not adequately meas...
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The DAWN of World-Action Interactive Models
DAWN couples a world predictor with a world-conditioned action denoiser in latent space so that each refines the other recursively, yielding strong planning and safety results on autonomous driving benchmarks.
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DriveFuture: Future-Aware Latent World Models for Autonomous Driving
DriveFuture achieves SOTA results on NAVSIM by conditioning latent world model states on future predictions to directly inform trajectory planning.
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Xiaomi OneVL: One-Step Latent Reasoning and Planning with Vision-Language Explanation
OneVL is the first latent CoT method to exceed explicit CoT accuracy on four driving benchmarks while running at answer-only speed, by supervising latent tokens with a visual world model decoder.
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Xiaomi OneVL: One-Step Latent Reasoning and Planning with Vision-Language Explanation
OneVL achieves superior accuracy to explicit chain-of-thought reasoning at answer-only latency by supervising latent tokens with a visual world model decoder that predicts future frames.
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Infrastructure-Centric World Models: Bridging Temporal Depth and Spatial Breadth for Roadside Perception
Infrastructure-centric world models use roadside sensors' temporal depth to complement vehicle spatial breadth for better traffic simulation and prediction.
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Representations Before Pixels: Semantics-Guided Hierarchical Video Prediction
Re2Pix decomposes video prediction into semantic feature forecasting followed by representation-conditioned diffusion synthesis, with nested dropout and mixed supervision to handle prediction errors.
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ExploreVLA: Dense World Modeling and Exploration for End-to-End Autonomous Driving
ExploreVLA augments VLA driving models with future RGB and depth prediction for dense supervision and uses prediction uncertainty as a safety-gated intrinsic reward for RL-based exploration, reaching SOTA PDMS 93.7 on NAVSIM.
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Safety, Security, and Cognitive Risks in World Models
World models enable efficient AI planning but create risks from adversarial corruption, goal misgeneralization, and human bias, demonstrated via attacks that amplify errors and reduce rewards on models like RSSM and D...
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A Comprehensive Survey on World Models for Embodied AI
A unified three-axis taxonomy — functionality, temporal modeling, spatial representation — organizes the world-model literature for embodied AI.
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Unified Driving Tokens: Representation- and Geometry-Guided Discrete Tokenizer for Driving World Models and Planning
A representation- and geometry-guided discrete tokenizer for driving scenes improves token quality for world models and planning on NAVSIM.
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Steins;Gate Drive: Semantic Safety Arbitration over Structured Futures for Latency-Decoupled LLM Planning
SteinsGateDrive decouples LLM inference latency from vehicle control by pre-selecting alpha, beta, and gamma worldline futures that a runtime validates against safety contracts until abort conditions trigger.
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ExploreVLA: Dense World Modeling and Exploration for End-to-End Autonomous Driving
Dense future RGB/depth world modeling both supervises a VLA planner and supplies safety-gated uncertainty rewards that, optimized with GRPO, reach 93.7 PDMS on NAVSIM.
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A Query-Driven Communication-Efficient Digital Twins Design for Autonomous Driving
A query-driven digital twin for autonomous driving reduces planning position error by 24% and communication overhead by 40% using optimization and progressive querying.
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Agentic World Modeling: Foundations, Capabilities, Laws, and Beyond
A survey proposing a three-level capability taxonomy (L1 Predictor, L2 Simulator, L3 Evolver) for world models across physical, digital, social, and scientific domains.
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OpenWorldLib: A Unified Codebase and Definition of Advanced World Models
OpenWorldLib offers a standardized codebase and definition for world models that combine perception, interaction, and memory to understand and predict the world.
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OpenWorldLib: A Unified Codebase and Definition of Advanced World Models
OpenWorldLib defines world models as perception-centered systems with interaction and long-term memory, and provides a modular inference codebase unifying interactive video, 3D, reasoning, and VLA tasks.
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Advancing Open-source World Models
LingBot-World is presented as an open-source world model that delivers high-fidelity simulation, minute-level contextual consistency, and real-time interactivity under one second latency.
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