EHRNote-ChatQA is the first benchmark for evidence-grounded multi-turn clinical QA over longitudinal discharge summaries, containing 16,072 medical-expert-verified pairs across eight categories and revealing LLM weaknesses in evidence grounding and multi-turn consistency.
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Gemini 2.5: Pushing the Frontier with Advanced Reasoning, Multimodality, Long Context, and Next Generation Agentic Capabilities
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In this report, we introduce the Gemini 2.X model family: Gemini 2.5 Pro and Gemini 2.5 Flash, as well as our earlier Gemini 2.0 Flash and Flash-Lite models. Gemini 2.5 Pro is our most capable model yet, achieving SoTA performance on frontier coding and reasoning benchmarks. In addition to its incredible coding and reasoning skills, Gemini 2.5 Pro is a thinking model that excels at multimodal understanding and it is now able to process up to 3 hours of video content. Its unique combination of long context, multimodal and reasoning capabilities can be combined to unlock new agentic workflows. Gemini 2.5 Flash provides excellent reasoning abilities at a fraction of the compute and latency requirements and Gemini 2.0 Flash and Flash-Lite provide high performance at low latency and cost. Taken together, the Gemini 2.X model generation spans the full Pareto frontier of model capability vs cost, allowing users to explore the boundaries of what is possible with complex agentic problem solving.
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- abstract In this report, we introduce the Gemini 2.X model family: Gemini 2.5 Pro and Gemini 2.5 Flash, as well as our earlier Gemini 2.0 Flash and Flash-Lite models. Gemini 2.5 Pro is our most capable model yet, achieving SoTA performance on frontier coding and reasoning benchmarks. In addition to its incredible coding and reasoning skills, Gemini 2.5 Pro is a thinking model that excels at multimodal understanding and it is now able to process up to 3 hours of video content. Its unique combination of long context, multimodal and reasoning capabilities can be combined to unlock new agentic workflows. G
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representative citing papers
HKJudge is a new ~290k-sentence expert-annotated corpus of Hong Kong criminal judgments with 26 rhetorical roles and 3 sentencing elements, plus benchmarks on classification and extraction tasks.
Introduces the first longitudinal voice dataset for RRP with benchmarks across handcrafted features, deep networks, self-supervised models, and audio LLMs under patient-level validation.
VideoFDB is a new benchmark and LM-as-judge framework for evaluating full-duplex audio-visual-to-audio-visual conversational agents on nonverbal dynamics from real video calls.
EgoIntrospect provides the first egocentric dataset with self-annotations for internal state tasks and shows multimodal LLMs struggle to infer subjective states from combined signals.
Persona vectors form within the first 0.22% of LLM pretraining and remain effective for steering post-trained models, with continued refinement and transfer to other models.
Sieve dynamically schedules MoE experts across GPU and PIM hardware to handle bimodal token distributions, achieving 1.3x to 1.6x gains in throughput and interactivity over static prior PIM systems on three large models.
M³Att poisons medical multimodal RAG by pairing covert textual misinformation with query-agnostic visual perturbations that increase retrieval of the bad content, causing LLMs to generate clinically plausible but incorrect responses.
Omni-DeepSearch is a 640-sample benchmark for audio-driven omni-modal search where the best model reaches only 43.44% accuracy, exposing bottlenecks in audio inference, tool use, and cross-modal reasoning.
TraceAV-Bench is the first benchmark for multi-hop trajectory reasoning over long audio-visual videos, showing top models reach only 51-68% accuracy with substantial room for improvement.
S1-VL combines structured scientific reasoning with iterative image manipulation via code execution to reach state-of-the-art results on visual and scientific reasoning benchmarks.
MM-JudgeBench shows substantial cross-lingual performance variance in 22 LVLM judges, with model size and architecture as poor predictors of multilingual robustness.
HalluAudio is the first large-scale benchmark spanning speech, environmental sound, and music that uses human-verified QA pairs, adversarial prompts, and mixed-audio tests to measure hallucinations in large audio-language models.
VLMs hallucinate by prioritizing contradictory on-screen text over visual content, addressed via the VisualTextTrap benchmark with 6,057 human-validated samples and the VTHM-MoE dual-encoder framework using dimension-specific experts and adaptive routing.
Large language models display the identifiable victim effect at roughly twice the human baseline, strongly amplified by instruction tuning and chain-of-thought prompting but inverted by reasoning-specialized models.
MMRareBench provides 1,756 QA pairs and 7,958 images from PMC rare-disease cases to evaluate 23 MLLMs, revealing low treatment-planning scores and medical models underperforming general models on multi-image tasks due to capacity dilution.
HM-Bench is the first benchmark for MLLMs on hyperspectral images, showing models struggle with complex spatial-spectral reasoning and perform better with visual PCA images than textual reports.
DialBGM is a new benchmark dataset revealing that existing AI models fall far short of human performance when recommending fitting background music for open-domain conversations.
V2X-QA provides a view-decoupled benchmark showing infrastructure views aid macroscopic traffic understanding while cooperative reasoning requires explicit cross-view alignment, with V2X-MoE as a routing-based baseline that improves performance.
ScreenParse dataset and ScreenVLM model deliver dense screen parsing that outperforms larger VLMs on PageIoU and transfers to better UI grounding.
EgoSound is a new benchmark with 7315 QA pairs across seven tasks to evaluate egocentric sound understanding in multimodal large language models.
VLRS-Bench is the first benchmark dedicated to complex vision-language reasoning in remote sensing, with 2000 QA pairs across 14 tasks in cognition, decision, and prediction dimensions.
Molmo2 delivers state-of-the-art open-weight video VLMs with new grounding datasets and training methods that outperform prior open models and match or exceed some proprietary ones on pointing and tracking tasks.
ConceptPose delivers state-of-the-art zero-shot relative pose estimation by matching open-vocabulary 3D concept vectors derived from VLM saliency maps, beating the strongest baseline by 62% in ADD(-S) without training.
citing papers explorer
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ConceptPose: Training-Free Zero-Shot Object Pose Estimation using Concept Vectors
ConceptPose delivers state-of-the-art zero-shot relative pose estimation by matching open-vocabulary 3D concept vectors derived from VLM saliency maps, beating the strongest baseline by 62% in ADD(-S) without training.
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ToG-Bench: Task-Oriented Spatio-Temporal Grounding in Egocentric Videos
ToG-Bench is the first benchmark for task-oriented spatio-temporal video grounding in egocentric videos, with explicit-implicit dual grounding and one-to-many object scenarios across 100 ScanNet clips and 2704 instructions.
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Probing the Critical Point (CritPt) of AI Reasoning: a Frontier Physics Research Benchmark
CritPt benchmark shows state-of-the-art LLMs reach only 5.7% average accuracy on full-scale unpublished physics research tasks, rising to about 10% with coding tools.
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Style Amnesia: Investigating Speaking Style Degradation and Mitigation in Multi-Turn Spoken Language Models
Spoken language models exhibit style amnesia and fail to maintain instructed paralinguistic styles across multi-turn conversations, with explicit recall offering partial mitigation.
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Schoenfeld's Anatomy of Mathematical Reasoning by Language Models
ThinkARM abstracts LLM reasoning traces into Schoenfeld episodes and shows that exploration steps correlate with correctness while efficiency methods selectively suppress evaluative feedback.
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CORE: Concept-Oriented Reinforcement for Bridging the Definition-Application Gap in Mathematical Reasoning
CORE is a concept-oriented RL method that synthesizes quizzes, injects concept snippets into rollouts, and reinforces conceptual trajectories to close the gap between restating definitions and applying them in math problems.
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4D-RGPT: Toward Region-level 4D Understanding via Perceptual Distillation
4D-RGPT uses perceptual 4D distillation to boost region-level 4D perception in multimodal LLMs and reports gains on existing and new video QA benchmarks.
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Large Video Planner Enables Generalizable Robot Control
A video foundation model trained on human demonstrations generates zero-shot plans that convert to executable robot actions on novel scenes and tasks.
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ART: Articulated Reconstruction Transformer
ART is a category-agnostic transformer that maps sparse multi-state RGB images to per-part 3D geometry, texture, and articulation parameters via learnable part slots.
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ViBES: A Conversational Agent with Behaviorally-Intelligent 3D Virtual Body
ViBES introduces a speech-language-behavior model using modality-specific transformer experts that jointly generates dialogue and 3D body actions, showing gains over separate co-speech and text-to-motion baselines on multi-turn metrics.
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VideoASMR-Bench: Can AI-Generated ASMR Videos Fool VLMs and Humans?
VideoASMR-Bench shows state-of-the-art VLMs fail to reliably detect AI-generated ASMR videos from real ones, though humans can still identify the fakes relatively easily.
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Setting the Stage: Text-Driven Scene-Consistent Image Generation
A new data pipeline using real photos, entity removal, and image-to-video models plus a cross-view attention loss enables text-driven generation of actors in reference scenes with improved alignment.
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Agile Deliberation: Concept Deliberation for Subjective Visual Classification
Agile Deliberation improves F1 scores by 7.5% over automated baselines and 3% over manual deliberation in 18 user sessions by supporting iterative refinement of subjective visual concepts.
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Preserving Source Video Realism: High-Fidelity Face Swapping for Cinematic Quality
LivingSwap is the first video reference-guided face swapping model that uses keyframe conditioning and temporal stitching to preserve source video realism with high fidelity across long sequences.
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Asking like Socrates: Socrates helps VLMs understand remote sensing images
RS-EoT uses a SocraticAgent self-play system and two-stage RL to train VLMs for genuine iterative reasoning and visual inspection on remote sensing VQA and grounding tasks, achieving SOTA results.
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Can Multi-Modal LLMs Provide Live Step-by-Step Task Guidance?
Introduces the first dedicated benchmark for live multi-modal LLM task guidance with mistake detection and a streaming baseline model.
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TRANSPORTER: Transferring Visual Semantics from VLM Manifolds
TRANSPORTER generates videos from VLM logits using optimal transport to interpret model predictions on object attributes, actions, and scenes.
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SAM 3: Segment Anything with Concepts
SAM 3 introduces promptable concept segmentation that doubles accuracy of prior systems on images and videos while improving standard SAM segmentation performance.
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MemSearcher: Training LLMs to Reason, Search and Manage Memory via End-to-End Reinforcement Learning
MemSearcher trains LLMs to manage compact memory in multi-turn searches via multi-context GRPO for end-to-end RL, outperforming ReAct-style baselines with stable token counts.
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MMTutorBench: The First Multimodal Benchmark for AI Math Tutoring
MMTutorBench is the first multimodal benchmark for AI math tutoring with 685 problems, problem-specific rubrics across six dimensions, and evaluations of 12 MLLMs revealing performance gaps versus humans.
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CodeRL+: Improving Code Generation via Reinforcement with Execution Semantics Alignment
CodeRL+ integrates variable-level execution trajectory inference into RLVR training to align textual code representations with execution semantics, delivering 4.6% relative pass@1 gains and generalization to code-reasoning and test-output tasks.
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XModBench: Benchmarking Cross-Modal Capabilities and Consistency in Omni-Language Models
XModBench is a tri-modal benchmark that systematically measures cross-modal consistency, modality disparities, and directional imbalances in omni-language models across five task families and all modality combinations.
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SecureWebArena: A Holistic Security Evaluation Benchmark for LVLM-based Web Agents
SecureWebArena is a new benchmark suite for holistic security evaluation of LVLM-based web agents using diverse simulated environments, attack taxonomies, and multi-layered failure analysis across reasoning, behavior, and outcomes.
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When Thoughts Meet Facts: Reusable Reasoning for Long-Context LMs
Thought templates derived from training traces and refined via natural-language feedback improve multi-hop reasoning performance in long-context LMs across benchmarks and can be distilled into smaller models.
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Efficient numeracy in language models through single-token number embeddings
BitTokens represent numbers as single tokens via IEEE 754 binary format, allowing small language models to learn basic arithmetic algorithms nearly perfectly.
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Turning Drift into Constraint: Robust Reasoning Alignment in Non-Stationary Multi-Stream Environments
APO framework aligns multi-source MLLM reasoning under concept drift by using inter-model divergences as negative constraints via supervised bootstrapping and multi-negative Plackett-Luce optimization, with a 7B model outperforming proprietary sources on chest X-ray tasks and a new CXR-MAX benchmark
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Coevolutionary Continuous Discrete Diffusion: Make Your Diffusion Language Model a Latent Reasoner
CCDD defines a joint multimodal diffusion on continuous representation space and discrete token space to combine expressivity with explicit token supervision for diffusion language models.
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Game-Time: Evaluating Temporal Dynamics in Spoken Language Models
Game-Time Benchmark shows spoken language models handle basic tasks but degrade sharply under temporal constraints like tempo adherence and synchronized responses.
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Rethinking Parameter Sharing for LLM Fine-Tuning with Multiple LoRAs
By sharing the B matrix across adapters instead of the A matrix, ALoRA and Fed-ALoRA deliver more balanced performance in multi-task and federated LLM fine-tuning.
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Beyond Classification Accuracy: Neural-MedBench and the Need for Deeper Reasoning Benchmarks
Neural-MedBench reveals sharp performance drops in state-of-the-art VLMs on reasoning-intensive neurology tasks compared to conventional classification benchmarks, with reasoning failures dominating errors.
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StereoFoley: Object-Aware Stereo Audio Generation from Video
StereoFoley is an end-to-end video-to-stereo-audio framework that uses a base generative model fine-tuned on synthetic object-tracked data with panning and distance controls to achieve object-aware spatial sound.
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Token Buncher: Shielding LLMs from Harmful Reinforcement Learning Fine-Tuning
TokenBuncher constrains response entropy via entropy-as-reward RL and a Token Noiser to stop harmful RL fine-tuning while keeping benign performance intact.
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KompeteAI: Accelerated Autonomous Multi-Agent System for End-to-End Pipeline Generation for Machine Learning Problems
KompeteAI accelerates AutoML pipeline evaluation 6.9 times and beats prior systems by 3% on MLE-Bench through candidate merging, external RAG, and predictive early scoring.
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MathArena: Evaluating LLMs on Uncontaminated Math Competitions
MathArena evaluates over 50 LLMs on 162 fresh competition problems across seven contests, detects contamination in AIME 2024, and reports top models scoring below 40 percent on IMO 2025 proof tasks.
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SpatialScore: Towards Comprehensive Evaluation for Spatial Intelligence
Presents SpatialScore benchmark for MLLM spatial reasoning, evaluates 49 models showing large human gap, and supplies SpatialCorpus plus SpatialAgent to improve performance.
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In-depth Research Impact Summarization through Fine-Grained Temporal Citation Analysis
A framework for nuanced, time-aware research impact summarization using fine-grained temporal citation intents shows moderate to strong correlation with human judgments on insightfulness.
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WorldSense: Evaluating Real-world Omnimodal Understanding for Multimodal LLMs
WorldSense provides the first benchmark requiring synergistic audio-video-text understanding on 1,662 real-world videos and 3,172 QA pairs, where the best current multimodal LLM reaches only 65.1% accuracy.
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FastKV: Decoupling of Context Reduction and KV Cache Compression for Prefill-Decoding Acceleration
FastKV decouples prefill context reduction via Token-Selective Propagation from independent KV cache selection, delivering up to 1.82x prefill and 2.87x decoding speedups while matching decoding-only accuracy.
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Leveraging ASIC AI Chips for Homomorphic Encryption
CROSS compiler maps HE workloads to TPU architecture via basis-aligned and memory-aligned transformations, reporting higher throughput-per-watt than prior GPU and ASIC libraries on NTT and HE operators.
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CycleChart: A Unified Consistency-Based Learning Framework for Bidirectional Chart Understanding and Generation
CycleChart is a consistency-based framework that organizes chart generation, schema parsing, data parsing, and QA around single data instances to enforce bidirectional semantic alignment and improve cross-task generalization.
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FPBench: A Comprehensive Benchmark of Multimodal Large Language Models for Fingerprint Analysis
FPBench evaluates 20 MLLMs across 8 fingerprint tasks on 7 datasets and shows fine-tuning vision and language encoders improves performance by 7-39%.
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BLASST: Dynamic BLocked Attention Sparsity via Softmax Thresholding
BLASST dynamically sparsifies attention by thresholding softmax scores to skip blocks, delivering 1.5x speedups at 70%+ sparsity while preserving benchmark accuracy.
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Detector-Empowered Video Large Language Model for Efficient Spatio-Temporal Grounding
DEViL offloads spatial grounding to a detector via a distilled reference-semantic token and temporal consistency regularization, reaching 43.1% m_vIoU at 14.33 FPS on HC-STVG.
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MedGRPO: Multi-Task Reinforcement Learning for Heterogeneous Medical Video Understanding
MedGRPO applies cross-dataset reward normalization and a clinical LLM judge within multi-task RL to improve vision-language models on heterogeneous medical video understanding tasks using the new MedVidBench dataset.
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TRINITY: An Evolved LLM Coordinator
A compact 0.6B-parameter coordinator with a 10K-parameter head uses evolutionary strategy to dynamically delegate roles to LLMs, achieving SOTA results such as 86.2% on LiveCodeBench.
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Agentic Learner with Grow-and-Refine Multimodal Semantic Memory
ViLoMem is a dual-stream grow-and-refine memory system that separates visual and logical error patterns in MLLMs to improve pass@1 accuracy and reduce repeated mistakes across six multimodal benchmarks.
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Evo-Memory: Benchmarking LLM Agent Test-time Learning with Self-Evolving Memory
Evo-Memory is a new streaming benchmark and evaluation framework for self-evolving memory in LLM agents, unifying over ten memory modules and introducing the ReMem pipeline for continual improvement on multi-turn and reasoning datasets.
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SPHINX: A Synthetic Environment for Visual Perception and Reasoning
SPHINX generates synthetic visual puzzles for benchmarking LVLMs, where GPT-5 scores 51.1% and RLVR training improves both in-domain and external visual reasoning performance.
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LongVT: Incentivizing "Thinking with Long Videos" via Native Tool Calling
LongVT adds native video-cropping tool calling to LMMs for interleaved multimodal chain-of-tool-thought reasoning on long videos and releases VideoSIAH data for training and evaluation.
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SPEAR-1: Scaling Beyond Robot Demonstrations via 3D Understanding
SPEAR-1 combines a 3D-enriched VLM with embodied control to match or exceed existing robotic foundation models using 20 times fewer robot demonstrations.