HM-Bench is the first benchmark for MLLMs on hyperspectral images, showing models struggle with complex spatial-spectral reasoning and perform better with visual PCA images than textual reports.
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LLaVA-NeXT-Interleave: Tackling Multi-image, Video, and 3D in Large Multimodal Models
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abstract
Visual instruction tuning has made considerable strides in enhancing the capabilities of Large Multimodal Models (LMMs). However, existing open LMMs largely focus on single-image tasks, their applications to multi-image scenarios remains less explored. Additionally, prior LMM research separately tackles different scenarios, leaving it impossible to generalize cross scenarios with new emerging capabilities. To this end, we introduce LLaVA-NeXT-Interleave, which simultaneously tackles Multi-image, Multi-frame (video), Multi-view (3D), and Multi-patch (single-image) scenarios in LMMs. To enable these capabilities, we regard the interleaved data format as a general template and compile the M4-Instruct dataset with 1,177.6k samples, spanning 4 primary domains with 14 tasks and 41 datasets. We also curate the LLaVA-Interleave Bench to comprehensively evaluate the multi-image performance of LMMs. Through extensive experiments, LLaVA-NeXT-Interleave achieves leading results in multi-image, video, and 3D benchmarks, while maintaining the performance of single-image tasks. Besides, our model also exhibits several emerging capabilities, e.g., transferring tasks across different settings and modalities. Code is available at https://github.com/LLaVA-VL/LLaVA-NeXT
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- abstract Visual instruction tuning has made considerable strides in enhancing the capabilities of Large Multimodal Models (LMMs). However, existing open LMMs largely focus on single-image tasks, their applications to multi-image scenarios remains less explored. Additionally, prior LMM research separately tackles different scenarios, leaving it impossible to generalize cross scenarios with new emerging capabilities. To this end, we introduce LLaVA-NeXT-Interleave, which simultaneously tackles Multi-image, Multi-frame (video), Multi-view (3D), and Multi-patch (single-image) scenarios in LMMs. To enable t
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representative citing papers
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VLMs across families and scales show anchoring to discrete slant angles in zero-shot and prompted settings rather than human-like graded texture-based slant perception.
SelfBootTok decomposes image tokens into global and local groups via self-bootstrapped learning, enabling generators to use only global tokens for ~40% less computation and a new SOTA gFID of 1.56 with 64 tokens.
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Video MLLMs show higher jailbreak rates with multi-clip videos than images or static videos, with success increasing alongside clip count and contextual diversity.
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VLMs show a resolution illusion on UHR Earth observation imagery where higher resolution does not improve micro-target perception; UHR-Micro benchmark and MAP-Agent address this via evidence-centered active inspection.
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FES-RAG reframes multimodal RAG as fragment-level selection using Fragment Information Gain to outperform document-level methods with up to 27% relative CIDEr gains on M2RAG while shortening context.
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ViVa turns a video generator into a value model for robot RL that jointly forecasts future states and task value, yielding better performance on real-world box assembly when integrated with RECAP.
A training-free Visual Chain-of-Thought framework reconstructs high-fidelity 3D meshes from single images and iteratively synthesizes optimal novel views to enhance MLLM spatial comprehension on benchmarks like 3DSRBench.
LVSpec introduces the first training-free loosely speculative decoding framework for Video-LLMs that identifies sparse visual-relevant tokens for strict verification while tolerating position shifts for semantic fillers, delivering 2.7-2.9x speedup with over 99.8% performance retention.
Omni-NegCLIP improves CLIP's negation understanding by up to 52.65% on presence-based and 12.50% on absence-based tasks through front-layer fine-tuning with specialized contrastive losses.
CamReasoner uses structured O-T-A reasoning and RL on 56k samples to lift camera movement classification from 73.8% to 78.4% and VQA from 60.9% to 74.5% on Qwen2.5-VL-7B.
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citing papers explorer
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HM-Bench: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Multimodal Large Language Models in Hyperspectral Remote Sensing
HM-Bench is the first benchmark for MLLMs on hyperspectral images, showing models struggle with complex spatial-spectral reasoning and perform better with visual PCA images than textual reports.
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MMMU-Pro: A More Robust Multi-discipline Multimodal Understanding Benchmark
MMMU-Pro is a stricter multimodal benchmark that removes text-only solvable questions, augments options, and requires reading text from images, yielding substantially lower model scores of 16.8-26.9%.
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Anchored, Not Graded: Vision-Language Models Fail at Slant-from-Texture Perception
VLMs across families and scales show anchoring to discrete slant angles in zero-shot and prompted settings rather than human-like graded texture-based slant perception.
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Balancing Image Compression and Generation with Bootstrapped Tokenization
SelfBootTok decomposes image tokens into global and local groups via self-bootstrapped learning, enabling generators to use only global tokens for ~40% less computation and a new SOTA gFID of 1.56 with 64 tokens.
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Differentiable Efficient Operator Search
Introduces Efficient Operator Search, a differentiable framework that jointly optimizes token reduction locations, retention budgets, and operator behaviors in multimodal models under cost constraints, recovering manual baselines and finding hybrid operators with competitive efficiency.
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Jailbreaking Multimodal Large Language Models using Multi-Clip Video
Video MLLMs show higher jailbreak rates with multi-clip videos than images or static videos, with success increasing alongside clip count and contextual diversity.
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CardioLens: Revealing the Clinical Reality Gap of MLLMs via Multi-Sequence Cardiac MRI Evaluations
CardioLens is a leakage-resistant CMR testbed of 473k slices and 13k QA pairs showing current MLLMs exhibit a large clinical reality gap with category-collapse failures on real workflows.
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CaMo: Camera Motion Grounded Evaluation and Training for Vision-Language Models
Proposes Spatial Narrative Score (SNS) evaluation for VLMs' camera motion understanding and introduces CaMo model achieving consistent performance on SNS and direct QA.
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UHR-Micro: Diagnosing and Mitigating the Resolution Illusion in Earth Observation VLMs
VLMs show a resolution illusion on UHR Earth observation imagery where higher resolution does not improve micro-target perception; UHR-Micro benchmark and MAP-Agent address this via evidence-centered active inspection.
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VEBench:Benchmarking Large Multimodal Models for Real-World Video Editing
VEBENCH is the first benchmark with 3.9K videos and 3,080 human-verified QA pairs that measures LMMs on video editing technique recognition and operation simulation, revealing a large gap to human performance.
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Purifying Multimodal Retrieval: Fragment-Level Evidence Selection for RAG
FES-RAG reframes multimodal RAG as fragment-level selection using Fragment Information Gain to outperform document-level methods with up to 27% relative CIDEr gains on M2RAG while shortening context.
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Don't Pause! Every prediction matters in a streaming video
SPOT-Bench tests real-time streaming video perception with timeliness metrics, exposing limitations in current models and introducing AsynKV as an improved baseline.
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X-PCR: A Benchmark for Cross-modality Progressive Clinical Reasoning in Ophthalmic Diagnosis
X-PCR is a new benchmark of 26,415 images and 177,868 expert VQA pairs that evaluates MLLMs on six-stage progressive reasoning and cross-modality integration in ophthalmology.
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SurgCoT: Advancing Spatiotemporal Reasoning in Surgical Videos through a Chain-of-Thought Benchmark
SurgCoT is a new benchmark that evaluates chain-of-thought spatiotemporal reasoning in multimodal large language models on surgical videos using five defined dimensions and an annotation protocol of Question-Option-Knowledge-Clue-Answer.
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DUALVISION: RGB-Infrared Multimodal Large Language Models for Robust Visual Reasoning
DUALVISION is a new lightweight fusion module using localized cross-attention to integrate infrared with RGB data in MLLMs, improving robustness to degradations and supported by the new DV-204K training dataset and DV-500 benchmark.
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ViVa: A Video-Generative Value Model for Robot Reinforcement Learning
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Enhancing MLLM Spatial Understanding via Active 3D Scene Exploration for Multi-Perspective Reasoning
A training-free Visual Chain-of-Thought framework reconstructs high-fidelity 3D meshes from single images and iteratively synthesizes optimal novel views to enhance MLLM spatial comprehension on benchmarks like 3DSRBench.
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See the Forest for the Trees: Loosely Speculative Decoding via Visual-Semantic Guidance for Efficient Inference of Video LLMs
LVSpec introduces the first training-free loosely speculative decoding framework for Video-LLMs that identifies sparse visual-relevant tokens for strict verification while tolerating position shifts for semantic fillers, delivering 2.7-2.9x speedup with over 99.8% performance retention.
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Omni-NegCLIP: Enhancing CLIP with Front-Layer Contrastive Fine-Tuning for Comprehensive Negation Understanding
Omni-NegCLIP improves CLIP's negation understanding by up to 52.65% on presence-based and 12.50% on absence-based tasks through front-layer fine-tuning with specialized contrastive losses.
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CamReasoner: Reinforcing Camera Movement Understanding via Structured Spatial Reasoning
CamReasoner uses structured O-T-A reasoning and RL on 56k samples to lift camera movement classification from 73.8% to 78.4% and VQA from 60.9% to 74.5% on Qwen2.5-VL-7B.
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Visual-TableQA: Open-Domain Benchmark for Reasoning over Table Images
Visual-TableQA is a new open-domain benchmark of rendered table images and complex QA pairs created via multi-LLM collaborative generation, with fine-tuned models showing robust generalization to external tests.
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OpenLifelogQA: An Open-Ended Multi-Modal Lifelog Question-Answering Dataset
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VLM2Vec: Training Vision-Language Models for Massive Multimodal Embedding Tasks
VLM2Vec converts state-of-the-art vision-language models into universal multimodal embedders via contrastive training on the new MMEB benchmark, delivering 10-20% absolute gains over prior models on both in-distribution and out-of-distribution tasks.
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MathVerse: Does Your Multi-modal LLM Truly See the Diagrams in Visual Math Problems?
MathVerse is a benchmark that tests multi-modal LLMs on visual math by providing each problem in six versions with progressively less diagram and text information to measure true visual understanding.
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Infinity-Parser2 Technical Report
An end-to-end document parser trained on 5M synthetic and mined pages with multi-task RL reaches 87.6% on olmOCR-Bench and 74.3% on ParseBench.
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AeroVerse-SatAgent: UAV-Satellite Collaborative Spatial Reasoning Inspired by the Dual Visual Pathway Theory of Cognitive Neuroscience
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ReGRPO: Reflection-Augmented Policy Optimization for Tool-Using Agents
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Kamera: Unified Position-Invariant Multimodal KV Cache for Training-Free Reuse
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Benchmarking Vision-Language Models for Microscopic Plant Image Understanding
PlantMicro benchmark shows current VLMs achieve low accuracy (e.g. GPT-5 at 34.93% on pathogen classification) on fine-grained microscopic plant image tasks.
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AMALIA-VL: A Native European Portuguese Open-Source Vision and Language Model
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Unification of Closed-Open Industrial Detection Scenarios: New Large-Scale Benchmarks,Challenges and Baselines
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MLingualFC: Evaluating Jailbreak Vulnerabilities in Multilingual Vision-Language Models
MLingualFC benchmark finds flowchart jailbreaks succeed at high rates for Latin-script languages but much lower rates for Punjabi in multilingual VLMs, pointing to language-dependent safety gaps.
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MotionEnhancer: Leveraging Video Diffusion for Motion-Enhanced Vision-Language Models
MotionEnhancer distills motion priors from video diffusion models into VLMs via parameter-free attention alignment modules to improve motion-level video understanding.
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GOPAgen: Motion-Aware and Efficient Agentic Long-Video Understanding with Structural Memory and Hierarchical Reasoning
GOPAgen proposes integrating video codec GOPs with a motion agent, GOP tree reasoning, structural memory, and motion vector database to improve efficiency and motion detail in agentic long-video VQA, reporting gains on MotionBench and EgoSchema.
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InfoMerge: Information-aware Token Compression for Efficient Video Large Language Models
InfoMerge proposes a training-free visual token compression method for Video-LLMs that uses Temporal Fingerprint Difference for redundancy estimation and Content-Aware Budget Allocation to retain 98.8% performance with 85% fewer tokens.
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Zamba2-VL Technical Report
Zamba2-VL is a family of 1.2B–7B hybrid Mamba2-transformer vision-language models that match leading transformer VLMs on image, reasoning, OCR, grounding and counting benchmarks while delivering roughly 10x lower time-to-first-token.
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Learning to Adapt: Self-Improving Web Agent via Cognitive-Aware Exploration
SCALE introduces three adversarial roles (Selector, Predictor, Judger) and a graph exploration method (SCALE-Hop) to enable MLLM-based web agents to self-discover limitations and improve, backed by the SCALE-20k dataset from 19 websites.
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Learning from Fine-Grained Visual Discrepancies: Mitigating Multimodal Hallucinations via In-Context Visual Contrastive Optimization
IC-VCO places contrastive images in one context for a consistent DPO-style objective, adds Visual Contrast Distillation, and uses semantic perturbation for hard negatives, reporting best results on five benchmarks.
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ROVER: Routing Object-Centric Visual Evidence for Grounded Multi-Image Reasoning
ROVER introduces a learnable routing plugin for object-centric visual evidence in MLLMs via token triplets and differential attention, reporting gains on MM-GCoT and VideoEspresso when integrated into Qwen2.5-VL-7B.
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Correcting Visual Blur Induced by Attention Distraction to Reduce Hallucinations: Algorithm and Theory
AFIP is a training-free attention-correction method that cuts object hallucination rates in multimodal LLMs by concentrating cross-head attention and restoring faded visual attention.
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EgoProx: Evaluating MLLMs on Egocentric 3D Proximity Reasoning Across a Cognitive Hierarchy
EgoProx benchmark shows MLLMs have some spatial knowledge but struggle to leverage it for egocentric 3D proximity reasoning VQA.
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EgoExoMem: Cross-View Memory Reasoning over Synchronized Egocentric and Exocentric Videos
EgoExoMem introduces the first cross-view ego–exo video memory benchmark (2.6K MCQs, eight QA types) and E²-Select, a training-free dual-view frame selector scoring 58.2%.
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Learning to See What You Need: Gaze Attention for Multimodal Large Language Models
Gaze Attention groups visual embeddings into selectable regions and dynamically restricts attention to task-relevant ones, matching dense baselines with up to 90% fewer visual KV entries via added context tokens.
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VISOR: A Vision-Language Model-based Test Oracle for Testing Robots
VISOR is a VLM-based automated test oracle that evaluates robot task correctness and quality from videos while reporting its own uncertainty, tested on GPT and Gemini across four tasks and over 1000 videos with Gemini showing higher recall and GPT higher precision but low uncertainty-correctness tie
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Make Each Token Count: Towards Improving Long-Context Performance with KV Cache Eviction
A unified learnable KV eviction policy with cross-layer calibration reduces memory and matches or exceeds full-cache performance on long-context tasks by retaining useful tokens and limiting attention dilution.
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NICE FACT: Diagnosing and Calibrating VLMs in Quantitative Reasoning for Kinematic Physics
VLMs fail to identify visual preconditions or apply physical laws in kinematic physics tasks, as shown by new FACT diagnostics and NICE calibration methods evaluated on six state-of-the-art models.
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MEG-RAG: Quantifying Multi-modal Evidence Grounding for Evidence Selection in RAG
MEG-RAG defines a new MEG metric based on Semantic Certainty Anchoring and trains a multimodal reranker to select evidence aligned with ground-truth semantic anchors, yielding higher accuracy and consistency on the M²RAG benchmark.
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ChangeQuery: Advancing Remote Sensing Change Analysis for Natural and Human-Induced Disasters from Visual Detection to Semantic Understanding
ChangeQuery is a new multimodal framework for semantic disaster change analysis that combines optical and SAR data with a custom dataset and annotation pipeline to support interactive damage assessment.
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V-tableR1: Process-Supervised Multimodal Table Reasoning with Critic-Guided Policy Optimization
V-tableR1 uses a critic VLM for dense step-level feedback and a new PGPO algorithm to shift multimodal table reasoning from pattern matching to verifiable logical steps, achieving SOTA accuracy with a 4B open-source model.
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Mitigating Multimodal Hallucination via Phase-wise Self-reward
PSRD mitigates visual hallucinations in LVLMs via phase-wise self-reward decoding, cutting rates by 50% on LLaVA-1.5-7B and outperforming prior methods on five benchmarks.