Pith. sign in

REVIEW 3 major objections 5 minor 68 references

One RGB photo becomes a reusable, physics-stable simulation scene for robot learning and evaluation.

Reviewed by Pith at T0; open to challenge. T0 means a machine referee read the full paper against a public rubric. the ladder, T0–T4 →

Challenge this review Re-run · record.json Download PDF Read on arXiv ↗

T0 review · grok-4.5

2026-07-10 23:08 UTC pith:I73TBNG6

load-bearing objection Solid systems paper: single-image layered real-to-sim that actually ships robot-learning evidence and a 564-scene DROID companion, with the usual monocular-physics caveats. the 3 major comments →

arxiv 2607.06699 v1 pith:I73TBNG6 submitted 2026-07-07 cs.RO

RoboSnap: One-Shot Real-to-Sim Scene Generation for Generalizable Robot Learning and Evaluation

Shujie Zhang , Jingkun Yi , Weipeng Zhong , Zirui Zhou , Yangkun Zhu , Hanqing Wang , Xudong Xu , Weinan Zhang
show 1 more author
Chunhua Shen
This is my paper
classification cs.RO
keywords real-to-simrobot manipulationsingle-image scene generationsimulation-ready scenespolicy evaluationsynthetic data generation3D Gaussian splattingDROID-Sim
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 reserved

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

Robot learning needs lots of data and fair evaluation, but building interactive digital copies of real rooms is slow and costly. RoboSnap claims a single ordinary color photo is enough: it rebuilds the tabletop as collision-aware objects and support surfaces, then wraps the rest of the room in a re-renderable visual background. After a short physics cleanup that stops floating and interpenetrating objects, the scene can replay real robot motions, mint synthetic training demonstrations for user-defined tasks, and rank policies in simulation with numbers that track real success rates. The authors also ship DROID-Sim, 564 such scenes derived from an existing robot dataset, to turn one-off real captures into shared infrastructure rather than disposable visuals.

Core claim

From one RGB image, a layered real-to-sim pipeline can produce a simulation-ready scene whose physical layer is stable enough for open-loop trajectory replay, task-specific data generation that improves real-world policy fine-tuning, and closed-loop evaluation whose success rates correlate with real-world performance (Pearson r = 0.887, low rank violation).

What carries the argument

Layered scene reconstruction plus alternating SDF–physics refinement: monocular geometry and asset models build collision-aware foreground objects and a Gaussian-splat background; a VLM-derived support/contact graph then drives residual pose optimization that alternates geometric contact losses with gravity settling until the layout is simulation-stable.

Load-bearing premise

The method assumes that monocular object meshes, automatic support/contact relations, and generic mass/friction priors are accurate enough for contact events and policy ranking without extra real trajectories to repair the scene.

What would settle it

On a held-out set of real scenes and tasks, run the same real-only policies in RoboSnap scenes and check whether open-loop replay fails on most contact-critical demos or whether sim success rates no longer rank-order real success rates (Pearson r collapses and rank violations rise).

Watch this falsifier — get emailed when new claim-graph text bears on it.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

3 major / 5 minor

Summary. RoboSnap reconstructs a simulation-ready manipulation scene from a single RGB image via a layered design: monocular instance reconstruction (SAM 3 / SAM 3D / VGGT registration) yields collision-aware foreground objects and support surfaces that are gravity-aligned and refined by a VLM-inferred support/contact graph plus alternating SDF–physics optimization, while a completed Gaussian-splat background supplies novel-view visual context. The recovered scenes are claimed to support open-loop replay of real DROID trajectories, task-specific synthetic demonstration generation for π0/π0.5 fine-tuning, robustness under real perturbations, and closed-loop sim-real evaluation correlation. The authors also release DROID-Sim, a companion set of 564 reconstructed DROID scenes, and report multi-axis experiments including stability after 300 Isaac steps, visual metrics vs RoLA, 5/5 replay on a small subset, real Franka success rates under three data mixtures, perturbation degradation, and r/MMRV on ten tasks.

Significance. If the claims hold, the paper offers a practical one-shot real-to-sim pipeline that turns casual RGB captures into reusable interactive environments for data generation and evaluation—addressing a genuine bottleneck for generalist robot policies. Strengths include a clear layered formulation, an explicit simulation-readiness refinement procedure with reported losses and algorithm, systematic multi-axis validation on real Franka hardware (Tables 2–3, Fig. 6), and the DROID-Sim companion dataset as community infrastructure. The work is systems-empirical rather than theoretical; its value is in demonstrating that single-image recovered scenes can be more than visual digital twins and can enter training/evaluation loops with measurable real-world gains.

major comments (3)
  1. §4.2 and the success definition for trajectory replay: success is open-loop geometric (grasp intended object and move to target without interpenetration/collision) on only 5 scenes (5/5 vs RoLA 2/5). This does not isolate whether monocular contact geometry and VLM physics priors match real contact dynamics. Because Q2–Q5 rest on the premise that refined single-image assets are accurate enough for closed-loop data generation and ranking without demonstration-driven pose repair (§3.1–3.2; Limitations §6), the manuscript needs either a larger replay set with quantitative contact/pose error, or an ablation that freezes layout and varies only recovered contact/physics parameters.
  2. Table 2 (R3 vs Real vs R2): pure-sim fine-tuning (R3) yields ~15–17% average real success, below real-only (~29–33%), while mixed R2 reaches ~42%. This pattern is consistent with generic visual diversity / domain randomization rather than faithful recovered contact dynamics. The central claim that RoboSnap scenes are reusable evaluation and data infrastructure would be stronger if the authors ablated (i) recovered layout vs random/procedural layout in the same visual layer, and (ii) VLM-prior mass/friction vs randomized physics, and reported whether ranking or failure modes flip under those controls.
  3. §4.5 / Fig. 6: sim-real correlation (r=0.887, MMRV=0.0066) is reported for N=10 tasks on real-only π0.5 only. With ten points and no confidence intervals or leave-one-out sensitivity, the correlation is fragile as evidence that monocular scale/contact and prior friction preserve task-relevant dynamics. Please report uncertainty (bootstrap CI), results for π0 and for mixed-trained policies, and at least one stress case where wrong contact or friction would reverse relative ranking if the recovered physics were inaccurate.
minor comments (5)
  1. §3.2 / Appendix B: loss weights w_pen, w_sup, w_con, w_reg and the full hyperparameter schedule (N_round, N_sdf, N_sim, N_damp, ε) are only partially specified in the main text; a single table of defaults would improve reproducibility.
  2. Fig. 3: PSNR is slightly worse than RoLA while other metrics improve; a short discussion of why pixel metrics are secondary for interaction-area reconstruction would help readers interpret the visual comparison.
  3. §4.1: detailed quantitative evaluation uses a fixed 10-scene subset of DROID-Sim; state selection criteria and whether the 564-scene release will include the same quality filters.
  4. Limitations §6 correctly notes no dedicated physical-parameter estimation and rigid/articulated scope; cross-reference these limits more explicitly when interpreting Table 1 stability and Fig. 6 correlation.
  5. Minor presentation: repeated “Homepage:” in the header; ensure equation numbering and Appendix B.1.1 prompt formatting are consistent in the camera-ready version.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

Empirical systems paper: success rates, replay, and sim-real correlation are measured against real robots and held-out rollouts, not forced by construction from inputs.

full rationale

RoboSnap is a real-to-sim engineering pipeline (monocular assets, VLM scene graph, SDF–physics refinement, layered Gaussian background), not a first-principles derivation that defines its answers into its premises. Load-bearing claims—physical stability after 300 Isaac steps (Table 1), open-loop DROID trajectory replay (5/5 vs RoLA 2/5), real-world π0/π0.5 success under real/sim mixtures (Table 2), robustness under perturbations (Table 3), and Pearson r=0.887 / MMRV=0.0066 on real-only policies (Fig. 6)—are all external measurements against real hardware, real trajectories, or independent baselines. Refinement is designed to reduce floating/interpenetration and is then scored with separate stability metrics versus ablations; that is method evaluation, not self-definitional circularity. Use of InternDataEngine, SAPIEN, Isaac Sim, SAM 3D, and VGGT is ordinary tooling; none of those citations supply a uniqueness theorem or fitted parameter that is renamed as the reported r or success gains. No fitted-input-called-prediction, no load-bearing self-citation chain, and no renaming of a known empirical law as a derived result. Score 0 is the correct honest finding.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

5 free parameters · 5 axioms · 2 invented entities

The central claim rests on standard rigid-body simulation assumptions, monocular 3D foundation models, VLM scene understanding, and many engineering hyperparameters for refinement and data generation—not on a small closed-form theory. Invented entities are mainly the system and dataset packaging. Free parameters are numerous but typical of robotics systems papers; the load-bearing scientific risk is that approximate geometry + prior physics suffice for policy-level sim-real claims.

free parameters (5)
  • SDF–physics refinement schedule (N_round, N_sdf, N_sim, N_damp, ε)
    Hand-chosen iteration counts and convergence threshold (Appendix B.2) that determine whether poses settle; not derived from data but required for reported stability.
  • Loss weights w_pen, w_sup, w_con, w_reg and λ_r=5
    Relative weighting of penetration/support/contact/regularization terms controls refined layouts; values are design choices affecting simulation-readiness metrics.
  • Simulation material priors (density 3000 kg/m³, friction 0.5/5.0, restitution 0)
    Uniform physical parameters used in SAPIEN settling; Limitations admit no dedicated parameter estimation—VLM priors for mass/friction in deployment.
  • Data mixture ratios R1–R3 for real/sim/sim-aug streaming
    Chosen mixture weights that drive the headline fine-tuning gains; R2 is selected as best after comparison.
  • Fixed 15k-step fine-tuning checkpoint
    Checkpoint chosen from loss plateau diagnostic; all comparisons use this hand-fixed budget.
axioms (5)
  • domain assumption Rigid-body contact dynamics in Isaac/SAPIEN with convex V-HACD hulls adequately model the tabletop manipulation contacts of interest.
    Stated scope excludes deformables/fluids (Limitations); all stability, replay, and policy results assume this regime.
  • domain assumption A single RGB view plus monocular geometry (VGGT) and image-conditioned meshes (SAM 3D) suffice to recover interaction layout up to residual SE(3) refinement.
    Core of §3.1; failures under occlusion/extreme lighting are acknowledged but not quantified as a failure rate on DROID-Sim.
  • domain assumption VLM Set-of-Mark majority vote yields a usable support/contact scene graph for SDF constraints.
    §3.2 scene graph extraction; graph errors would mis-specify which objects are roots vs free.
  • domain assumption Depth compositing of physical-layer render and Gaussian-splat background preserves task-relevant appearance for VLA policies.
    Eq. (3) layered rendering; policies are vision-conditioned, so composite artifacts could confound sim-real claims.
  • standard math Standard SE(3) pose composition, ICP registration, and RANSAC plane fitting behave as usual.
    Eq. (1)–(2) and alignment steps rely on ordinary geometric estimators.
invented entities (2)
  • RoboSnap layered scene S* (physical layer + Gaussian visual layer + refined poses) independent evidence
    purpose: Package a single image into an editable, simulation-ready robot environment.
    The system-level object of the paper; evaluated via stability, replay, data gen, and correlation, not as a new physical particle.
  • DROID-Sim companion dataset (564 scenes) no independent evidence
    purpose: Provide reusable sim assets linked to DROID scene IDs for real-to-sim research.
    New dataset contribution; independent usefulness depends on public release completeness beyond the paper narrative.

pith-pipeline@v1.1.0-grok45 · 26233 in / 3959 out tokens · 48127 ms · 2026-07-10T23:08:14.931516+00:00 · methodology

0 comments
read the original abstract

Recovering real-world scenes as interactive simulation environments can enable generalizable robot learning and reproducible policy evaluation. However, constructing scenes that are both physically stable and visually faithful remains slow and expensive. In this work, we present RoboSnap, a real-to-sim framework that turns a single RGB image into a simulation-ready scene. The key idea is a layered design that separates the physics-critical interaction area from the surrounding visual context: collision-aware foreground assets are refined for stable robot interaction, while a 3D Gaussian splatting visual layer preserves faithful background appearance under novel views. Experiments on DROID scenes and real-robot tasks show that RoboSnap achieves reliable trajectory replay in the recovered scenes, supports task-specific synthetic data generation for policy training, and yields meaningful sim-real correlation for policy evaluation. To further support real-to-sim research, we introduce DROID-Sim, a real-to-sim companion dataset constructed from 564 real-world scenes in DROID. Extensive experiments suggest that the value of real-to-sim methods lies not only in high-fidelity visual reconstruction, but in turning real environments into reusable infrastructure for robot learning and evaluation.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2607.06699 by Chunhua Shen, Hanqing Wang, Jingkun Yi, Shujie Zhang, Weinan Zhang, Weipeng Zhong, Xudong Xu, Yangkun Zhu, Zirui Zhou.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: From a single RGB image, ROBOSNAP reconstructs a reusable simulation-ready scene with interactive physical assets and visual context. The recovered scenes support trajectory replay (top-left), task-specific data generation and augmentation (top-right, bottom-left), and policy eval￾uation with meaningful sim-real correlation (bottom-right). Abstract: Recovering real-world scenes as interactive simulation en… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Overview of ROBOSNAP. (1) From a single RGB image, ROBOSNAP decomposes the scene into an interactive physical layer and a re-renderable visual context layer. (2) The resulting layered scene is refined to resolve severe physical instabilities. (3) The simulation-ready scene supports task-specific synthetic data generation and closed-loop policy evaluation. 3.1 Layered Scene Reconstruction from a Single Imag… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Quantitative and qualitative results. Top: averages over 10 scenes. Bottom: visualizations under extrinsic camera settings. Simulation Readiness. We define a scene as simulation-ready if it remains physically stable with￾out severe floating or interpenetration after being loaded into a simulator. We import each recon￾struction into Isaac Sim [58] and run the physics simulation for 300 frames. ROBOSNAP sub￾… view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Replay examples visualization. Full replay results are provided in the supplementary video. This evaluation differs from demonstration￾driven real-to-sim pipelines such as ReBot [37] and RialTo [15]. These methods use demon￾stration signals, such as gripper trajectories or real-policy rollouts, to place objects or collect privileged trajectories in simulation. In con￾trast, our replay experiment evaluates … view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Real-world evaluation setups and tasks. Left: four real world scene setups. Right: task suite for each real-world scene. Tasks 3.1 and 3.2 are consecutive stages of a long-horizon task. Across four real setups, we fine-tune π0.5 [5] and π0 [4] under a real-only baseline and three streamed data-mixture settings over (real demonstrations, ROBOSNAP-generated demon￾strations, simulation-augmented demonstration… view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Sim-real correlation. Real and sim￾ulated success rates (%) of real-only fine-tuned π0.5 policies. Generative evaluation (Q5) refers to flexible policy evaluation through synthetic environ￾ments. This is challenging for manipulation since embodied evaluation depends on both vi￾sual realism and contact dynamics. To assess whether ROBOSNAP scenes can serve as a gen￾erative evaluation harness, we run the real… view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Simulation-readiness under gravity. We compare reconstructed scenes after loading them into IsaacLab and rolling out physics under gravity. ROBOSNAP-refined scene remains physi￾cally stable while preserving the recovered object arrangement. Falling is flagged if the tilt angle of the object’s local up exceeds 45◦ : ϕi = cos−1 u ⊤ i,0ui,T ∥ui,0∥2∥ui,T ∥2 , ui,t = R(qi,t)(0, 0, 1)⊤. Collision/pop-out failure… view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Replay of real DROID trajectories. We replay the same recorded gripper trajectory in scenes reconstructed by RoLA and ROBOSNAP. Dashed boxes mark key contact regions. Franka Research 3 7 DoF Robot Arm Robotiq 2F-85 Gripper Fixed Robot Base Real-world Scenes RealSense D435i Wrist Camera RealSense D435i Exterior Camera Experiment Settings Real Sim Scene04 Scene01 Scene02 Scene03 Task Task description 1.1 Put… view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: Real-world evaluation setups and tasks. Left: four real world scene setups. Right: task suite for each real-world scene. Tasks 3.1 and 3.2 are consecutive stages of a long-horizon task [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p016_9.png] view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: Training diagnostic. We plot the fine-tuning loss, i.e., the conditional flow￾matching objective averaged over action di￾mensions, action horizon, and mini-batch samples. The loss largely plateaus near 15k steps; we therefore use the same 15k-step checkpoint for all settings to avoid unfair checkpoint selection. For each task, we convert both real and gen￾erated trajectories into the RLDS format used by t… view at source ↗
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: Synthetic trajectories augmentation. Object poses, viewpoints, lighting, and appear￾ance are uniformly perturbed to produce diverse task-consistent simulated demonstrations. A.3.3 Real World Evaluation We evaluate all policies on the physical Franka Research 3 setup with a Robotiq 2F-85 gripper. The robot model used in simulation is the standard Franka–Robotiq asset rather than a reconstructed or Gaussian… view at source ↗
Figure 12
Figure 12. Figure 12: Real-world perturbations for robustness evaluation. In the background condition (BG), additional distractor objects, including cubes and fruit, are placed on the table. In the lighting condition (Light), the room light is turned off to change image illumination. In the texture condi￾tion (Tex.), the table appearance is changed by covering it with the same tablecloth across trials. In the camera condition … view at source ↗
Figure 13
Figure 13. Figure 13: Behavior-space sim-real compari￾son. Left: end-effector displacement trajectories. Right: normalized per-joint distributions of exe￾cuted joint increments ∆q j t . Behavior-Space Diagnostics for Generative Evaluation. Beyond success-rate correlation, we analyze whether the generated scenes in￾duce similar policy behavior in task space and action space. For each task, we execute the same real-only fine-tun… view at source ↗
Figure 14
Figure 14. Figure 14 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p020_14.png] view at source ↗
Figure 15
Figure 15. Figure 15: DROID-scale scene construction. We parse DROID raw-data identifiers, extract rep￾resentative RGB frames, generate per-scene object and support-surface prompts, and run open￾vocabulary grounding and segmentation before downstream asset generation and simulation refine￾ment. Our processing is automated after metadata parsing. For each retained scene folder, we extract one RGB frames (usually the first frame… view at source ↗
Figure 16
Figure 16. Figure 16: Interactive scene construction GUI. Our Gradio-based interface covers the full scene construction pipeline from 2D mask annotation to 3D articulated asset preparation. We implement an interactive GUI to simplify the construction of articulated 3D scenes from monoc￾ular images or videos. The interface is built with Gradio and integrates the complete workflow, including prompt-based mask initialization, cli… view at source ↗

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

68 extracted references · 68 canonical work pages · 30 internal anchors

  1. [1]

    RT-1: Robotics Transformer for Real-World Control at Scale

    A. Brohan, N. Brown, J. Carbajal, Y . Chebotar, J. Dabis, C. Finn, K. Gopalakrishnan, K. Haus- man, A. Herzog, et al. Rt-1: Robotics transformer for real-world control at scale. InarXiv preprint arXiv:2212.06817, 2022

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2022

  2. [2]

    Ghosh, H

    Octo Model Team, D. Ghosh, H. Walke, K. Pertsch, K. Black, O. Mees, S. Dasari, J. Hejna, C. Xu, J. Luo, T. Kreiman, Y . Tan, L. Y . Chen, P. Sanketi, Q. Vuong, T. Xiao, D. Sadigh, C. Finn, and S. Levine. Octo: An open-source generalist robot policy. InProceedings of Robotics: Science and Systems, Delft, Netherlands, 2024

    work page 2024

  3. [3]

    M. Kim, K. Pertsch, S. Karamcheti, T. Xiao, A. Balakrishna, S. Nair, R. Rafailov, E. Foster, G. Lam, P. Sanketi, Q. Vuong, T. Kollar, B. Burchfiel, R. Tedrake, D. Sadigh, S. Levine, P. Liang, and C. Finn. Openvla: An open-source vision-language-action model.arXiv preprint arXiv:2406.09246, 2024

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2024

  4. [4]

    $\pi_0$: A Vision-Language-Action Flow Model for General Robot Control

    K. Black, N. Brown, D. Driess, A. Esmail, M. Equi, C. Finn, et al.π0: A vision-language- action flow model for general robot control.arXiv preprint arXiv:2410.24164, 2024

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2024

  5. [5]

    $\pi_{0.5}$: a Vision-Language-Action Model with Open-World Generalization

    P. Intelligence.π0.5: A vision-language-action model with open-world generalization.arXiv preprint arXiv:2504.16054, 2025

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2025

  6. [6]

    DROID: A Large-Scale In-The-Wild Robot Manipulation Dataset

    A. Khazatsky, K. Pertsch, S. Nair, A. Balakrishna, S. Dasari, S. Karamcheti, S. Nasiriany, M. K. Srirama, L. Y . Chen, K. Ellis, et al. Droid: A large-scale in-the-wild robot manipulation dataset.arXiv preprint arXiv:2403.12945, 2024

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2024

  7. [7]

    Walke, K

    H. Walke, K. Black, A. Lee, M. J. Kim, M. Du, C. Zheng, T. Zhao, P. Hansen-Estruch, Q. Vuong, A. He, V . Myers, K. Fang, C. Finn, and S. Levine. Bridgedata v2: A dataset for robot learning at scale. InConference on Robot Learning (CoRL), 2023

    work page 2023

  8. [8]

    O. X.-E. Collaboration, A. O’Neill, A. Rehman, and et al. Open X-Embodiment: Robotic learning datasets and RT-X models.https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.08864, 2023

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2023

  9. [9]

    J. Gu, F. Xiang, X. Li, Z. Ling, X. Liu, T. Mu, Y . Tang, S. Tao, X. Wei, Y . Yao, X. Yuan, P. Xie, Z. Huang, R. Chen, and H. Su. Maniskill2: A unified benchmark for generalizable manipulation skills. InInternational Conference on Learning Representations, 2023

    work page 2023

  10. [10]

    Raistrick, L

    A. Raistrick, L. Lipson, Z. Ma, L. Mei, M. Wang, Y . Zuo, K. Kayan, H. Wen, B. Han, Y . Wang, A. Newell, H. Law, A. Goyal, K. Yang, and J. Deng. Infinite photorealistic worlds using procedural generation. InProceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pages 12630–12641, 2023. 9

    work page 2023

  11. [11]

    J. Hao, N. Liang, Z. Luo, X. Xu, W. Zhong, R. Yi, Y . Jin, Z. Lyu, F. Zheng, L. Ma, and J. Pang. Mesatask: Towards task-driven tabletop scene generation via 3d spatial reasoning, 2025

    work page 2025

  12. [12]

    Y . Yang, B. Jia, P. Zhi, and S. Huang. Physcene: Physically interactable 3d scene synthesis for embodied ai. InProceedings of Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2024

    work page 2024

  13. [13]

    Z. Wang, Y . He, L. Yang, W. Zou, H. Ma, L. Liu, W. Sui, Y . Guo, and H. Su. Tabletopgen: Instance-level interactive 3d tabletop scene generation from text or single image.arXiv preprint arXiv:2512.01204, 2025

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2025

  14. [14]

    A. Choi, X. Wang, Z. Su, and W. Xu. Scaling sim-to-real reinforcement learning for robot vlas with generative 3d worlds, 2026. URLhttps://arxiv.org/abs/2603.18532

    work page arXiv 2026

  15. [15]

    Torne, A

    M. Torne, A. Simeonov, Z. Li, A. Chan, T. Chen, A. Gupta, and P. Agrawal. Reconciling reality through simulation: A real-to-sim-to-real approach for robust manipulation.Robotics: Science and Systems (RSS), 2024

    work page 2024

  16. [16]

    X. Han, J. Yu, M. Liu, Y . Chen, X. Lyu, Y . Tian, B. Wang, W. Zhang, W. Zhang, and J. Pang. Re3sim: Generating high-fidelity simulation data via 3d-photorealistic real-to-sim for robotic manipulation. InIEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), 2026

    work page 2026

  17. [17]

    M. N. Qureshi, S. Garg, F. Yandun, D. Held, G. Kantor, and A. Silwal. Splatsim: Zero-shot sim2real transfer of rgb manipulation policies using gaussian splatting, 2024. URLhttps: //arxiv.org/abs/2409.10161

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2024

  18. [18]

    H. Yu, B. Jia, Y . Chen, Y . Yang, P. Li, R. Su, J. Li, Q. Li, W. Liang, Z. Song-Chun, T. Liu, and S. Huang. Metascenes: Towards automated replica creation for real-world 3d scans. In Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition(CVPR), 2025

    work page 2025

  19. [19]

    A. Jain, M. Zhang, K. Arora, W. Chen, M. Torne, M. Z. Irshad, S. Zakharov, Y . Wang, S. Levine, C. Finn, W.-C. Ma, D. Shah, A. Gupta, and K. Pertsch. Polaris: Scalable real-to- sim evaluations for generalist robot policies, 2025. URLhttps://arxiv.org/abs/2512. 16881

    work page 2025

  20. [20]

    T. Dai, J. Wong, Y . Jiang, C. Wang, C. Gokmen, R. Zhang, J. Wu, and L. Fei-Fei. Automated creation of digital cousins for robust policy learning. InConference on Robot Learning (CoRL), 2024

    work page 2024

  21. [21]

    K. Yao, L. Zhang, X. Yan, Y . Zeng, Q. Zhang, L. Xu, W. Yang, J. Gu, and J. Yu. Cast: Component-aligned 3d scene reconstruction from an rgb image.ACM Transactions on Graph- ics (TOG), 44(4):1–19, 2025

    work page 2025

  22. [22]

    S. Zhao, J. Mao, W. Chow, Z. Shangguan, T. Shi, R. Xue, Y . Zheng, Y . Weng, Y . You, D. Seita, et al. Robot learning from any images. InConference on Robot Learning, pages 4226–4245. PMLR, 2025

    work page 2025

  23. [23]

    J. Wang, M. Chen, N. Karaev, A. Vedaldi, C. Rupprecht, and D. Novotny. Vggt: Visual geometry grounded transformer. InProceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2025

    work page 2025

  24. [24]

    J. Wang, M. Chen, S. Zhang, N. Karaev, J. Sch¨onberger, P. Labatut, P. Bojanowski, D. Novotny, A. Vedaldi, and C. Rupprecht. VGGT-Ω. InProceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2026

    work page 2026

  25. [25]

    S. D. Team, X. Chen, F.-J. Chu, P. Gleize, K. J. Liang, A. Sax, H. Tang, W. Wang, M. Guo, T. Hardin, X. Li, A. Lin, J. Liu, Z. Ma, A. Sagar, B. Song, X. Wang, J. Yang, B. Zhang, P. Doll´ar, G. Gkioxari, M. Feiszli, and J. Malik. Sam 3d: 3dfy anything in images. 2025. URL https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.16624. 10

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2025

  26. [26]

    Structured 3D Latents for Scalable and Versatile 3D Generation

    J. Xiang, Z. Lv, S. Xu, Y . Deng, R. Wang, B. Zhang, D. Chen, X. Tong, and J. Yang. Structured 3d latents for scalable and versatile 3d generation.arXiv preprint arXiv:2412.01506, 2024

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2024

  27. [27]

    Nasiriany, A

    S. Nasiriany, A. Maddukuri, L. Zhang, A. Parikh, A. Lo, A. Joshi, A. Mandlekar, and Y . Zhu. Robocasa: Large-scale simulation of everyday tasks for generalist robots. InRobotics: Science and Systems (RSS), 2024

    work page 2024

  28. [28]

    Nasiriany, S

    S. Nasiriany, S. Nasiriany, A. Maddukuri, and Y . Zhu. Robocasa365: A large-scale simulation framework for training and benchmarking generalist robots. InInternational Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR), 2026

    work page 2026

  29. [29]

    Y . Yang, B. Jia, S. Zhang, and S. Huang. Sceneweaver: All-in-one 3d scene synthesis with an extensible and self-reflective agent. InAdvances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS), 2025

    work page 2025

  30. [30]

    Zhong, P

    W. Zhong, P. Cao, Y . Jin, L. Luo, W. Cai, J. Lin, H. Wang, Z. Lyu, T. Wang, B. Dai, X. Xu, and J. Pang. Internscenes: A large-scale simulatable indoor scene dataset with realistic layouts,

    work page

  31. [31]

    URLhttps://arxiv.org/abs/2509.10813

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv

  32. [32]

    Depth Pro: Sharp Monocular Metric Depth in Less Than a Second

    A. Bochkovskii, A. Delaunoy, H. Germain, M. Santos, Y . Zhou, S. R. Richter, and V . Koltun. Depth pro: Sharp monocular metric depth in less than a second. InInternational Conference on Learning Representations, 2025. URLhttps://arxiv.org/abs/2410.02073

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2025

  33. [33]

    T. H. Team. Hunyuan3d 2.0: Scaling diffusion models for high resolution textured 3d assets generation, 2025

    work page 2025

  34. [34]

    H. Lou, Y . Liu, Y . Pan, Y . Geng, J. Chen, W. Ma, C. Li, L. Wang, H. Feng, L. Shi, L. Luo, and Y . Shi. Robo-gs: A physics consistent spatial-temporal model for robotic arm with hybrid representation, 2024. URLhttps://arxiv.org/abs/2408.14873

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2024

  35. [35]

    H. Fan, H. Dai, J. Zhang, J. Li, Q. Yan, Y . Zhao, M. Gao, J. Wu, H. Tang, and H. Dong. Twinaligner: Visual-dynamic alignment empowers physics-aware real2sim2real for robotic manipulation. 2025. URLhttps://arxiv.org/abs/2512.19390

    work page arXiv 2025

  36. [36]

    Pfaff, E

    N. Pfaff, E. Fu, J. Binagia, P. Isola, and R. Tedrake. Scalable real2sim: Physics-aware asset generation via robotic pick-and-place setups. 2025. URLhttps://arxiv.org/abs/2503. 00370

    work page 2025

  37. [37]

    Zook, F.-Y

    A. Zook, F.-Y . Sun, J. Spjut, V . Blukis, S. Birchfield, and J. Tremblay. GRS: Generating robotic simulation tasks from real-world images. InProceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops, pages 594–603, 2025

    work page 2025

  38. [38]

    Y . Fang, Y . Yang, X. Zhu, K. Zheng, G. Bertasius, D. Szafir, and M. Ding. Rebot: Scaling robot learning with real-to-sim-to-real robotic video synthesis.arXiv preprint arXiv:2503.14526, 2025

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2025

  39. [39]

    C. Yuan, S. Joshi, S. Zhu, H. Su, H. Zhao, and Y . Gao. Roboengine: Plug-and-play robot data augmentation with semantic robot segmentation and background generation.arXiv preprint arXiv:2503.18738, 2025

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2025

  40. [40]

    J. Yu, L. Fu, H. Huang, K. El-Refai, R. A. Ambrus, R. Cheng, M. Z. Irshad, and K. Goldberg. Real2render2real: Scaling robot data without dynamics simulation or robot hardware, 2025. URLhttps://arxiv.org/abs/2505.09601

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2025

  41. [41]

    S. Yang, W. Yu, J. Zeng, J. Lv, K. Ren, C. Lu, D. Lin, and J. Pang. Novel demonstra- tion generation with gaussian splatting enables robust one-shot manipulation.arXiv preprint arXiv:2504.13175, 2025. 11

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2025

  42. [42]

    B. Wang, H. Zhang, S. Zhang, J. Hao, M. Jia, Q. Lv, Y . Mao, Z. Lyu, J. Zeng, X. Xu, et al. Robovip: Multi-view video generation with visual identity prompting augments robot manip- ulation.arXiv preprint arXiv:2601.05241, 2026

    work page arXiv 2026

  43. [43]

    Y . Zhao, H. Fan, D. Chen, S. Chen, L. Chen, X. Li, G. Ren, and H. Dong. Real2edit2real: Generating robotic demonstrations via a 3d control interface. 2025. URLhttps://arxiv. org/abs/2512.19402

    work page arXiv 2025

  44. [44]

    Mandlekar, S

    A. Mandlekar, S. Nasiriany, B. Wen, I. Akinola, Y . Narang, L. Fan, Y . Zhu, and D. Fox. Mimicgen: A data generation system for scalable robot learning using human demonstrations. In7th Annual Conference on Robot Learning, 2023

    work page 2023

  45. [45]

    Jiang, Y

    Z. Jiang, Y . Xie, K. Lin, Z. Xu, W. Wan, A. Mandlekar, L. Fan, and Y . Zhu. Dexmimicgen: Automated data generation for bimanual dexterous manipulation via imitation learning. In 2025 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), 2025

    work page 2025

  46. [46]

    Y . Wang, Z. Xian, F. Chen, T.-H. Wang, Y . Wang, K. Fragkiadaki, Z. Erickson, D. Held, and C. Gan. Robogen: Towards unleashing infinite data for automated robot learning via generative simulation.arXiv preprint arXiv:2311.01455, 2023

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2023

  47. [47]

    Y . Tian, Y . Yang, Y . Xie, Z. Cai, X. Shi, N. Gao, H. Liu, X. Jiang, Z. Qiu, F. Yuan, et al. Interndata-a1: Pioneering high-fidelity synthetic data for pre-training generalist policy.arXiv preprint arXiv:2511.16651, 2025

    work page arXiv 2025

  48. [48]

    B. Liu, Y . Zhu, C. Gao, Y . Feng, Q. Liu, Y . Zhu, and P. Stone. Libero: Benchmarking knowl- edge transfer for lifelong robot learning.arXiv preprint arXiv:2306.03310, 2023

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2023

  49. [49]

    C. Li, R. Zhang, J. Wong, C. Gokmen, S. Srivastava, R. Mart ´ın-Mart´ın, C. Wang, G. Levine, W. Ai, B. Martinez, H. Yin, M. Lingelbach, M. Hwang, A. Hiranaka, S. Garlanka, A. Ay- din, S. Lee, J. Sun, M. Anvari, M. Sharma, D. Bansal, S. Hunter, K.-Y . Kim, A. Lou, C. R. Matthews, I. Villa-Renteria, J. H. Tang, C. Tang, F. Xia, Y . Li, S. Savarese, H. Gweon...

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2024

  50. [50]

    T. Chen, Z. Chen, B. Chen, Z. Cai, Y . Liu, Z. Li, Q. Liang, X. Lin, Y . Ge, Z. Gu, et al. Robotwin 2.0: A scalable data generator and benchmark with strong domain randomization for robust bimanual robotic manipulation.arXiv preprint arXiv:2506.18088, 2025

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2025

  51. [51]

    X. Li, K. Hsu, J. Gu, K. Pertsch, O. Mees, H. R. Walke, C. Fu, I. Lunawat, I. Sieh, S. Kir- mani, S. Levine, J. Wu, C. Finn, H. Su, Q. Vuong, and T. Xiao. Evaluating real-world robot manipulation policies in simulation.arXiv preprint arXiv:2405.05941, 2024

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2024

  52. [52]

    GPT-4 Technical Report

    J. Achiam, S. Adler, S. Agarwal, L. Ahmad, I. Akkaya, F. L. Aleman, D. Almeida, J. Altenschmidt, S. Altman, S. Anadkat, et al. Gpt-4 technical report.arXiv preprint arXiv:2303.08774, 2023

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2023

  53. [53]

    SAM 3: Segment Anything with Concepts

    N. Carion, L. Gustafson, Y .-T. Hu, S. Debnath, R. Hu, D. Suris, C. Ryali, K. V . Alwala, H. Khedr, A. Huang, J. Lei, T. Ma, B. Guo, A. Kalla, M. Marks, J. Greer, M. Wang, P. Sun, R. R¨adle, T. Afouras, E. Mavroudi, K. Xu, T.-H. Wu, Y . Zhou, L. Momeni, R. Hazra, S. Ding, S. Vaze, F. Porcher, F. Li, S. Li, A. Kamath, H. K. Cheng, P. Doll ´ar, N. Ravi, K. ...

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2025

  54. [54]

    Marble.https://docs.worldlabs.ai/, 2026

    World Labs. Marble.https://docs.worldlabs.ai/, 2026

    work page 2026

  55. [55]

    C. Ma, Y . Li, X. Yan, J. Xu, Y . Yang, C. Wang, Z. Zhao, Y . Guo, Z. Chen, and C. Guo. P3-sam: Native 3d part segmentation, 2025. URLhttps://arxiv.org/abs/2509.06784. 12

    work page arXiv 2025

  56. [56]

    Xiang, Y

    F. Xiang, Y . Qin, K. Mo, Y . Xia, H. Zhu, F. Liu, M. Liu, H. Jiang, Y . Yuan, H. Wang, L. Yi, A. X. Chang, L. J. Guibas, and H. Su. SAPIEN: A simulated part-based interactive environ- ment. InThe IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), June 2020

    work page 2020

  57. [57]

    J. Yang, H. Zhang, F. Li, X. Zou, C. Li, and J. Gao. Set-of-mark prompting unleashes extraor- dinary visual grounding in gpt-4v.arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.11441, 2023

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2023

  58. [58]

    Mamou, E

    K. Mamou, E. Lengyel, and A. Peters. V olumetric hierarchical approximate convex decompo- sition.Game engine gems, 3:141–158, 2016

    work page 2016

  59. [59]

    Isaac Sim

    NVIDIA. Isaac Sim. URLhttps://github.com/isaac-sim/IsaacSim

    work page

  60. [60]

    H.-S. Fang, C. Wang, H. Fang, M. Gou, J. Liu, H. Yan, W. Liu, Y . Xie, and C. Lu. Anygrasp: Robust and efficient grasp perception in spatial and temporal domains.IEEE Transactions on Robotics (T-RO), 2023

    work page 2023

  61. [61]

    Sundaralingam, A

    B. Sundaralingam, A. Murali, and S. Birchfield. curobov2: Dynamics-aware motion generation with depth-fused distance fields for high-dof robots, 2026

    work page 2026

  62. [62]

    The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Deep Features as a Perceptual Metric

    R. Zhang, P. Isola, A. A. Efros, E. Shechtman, and O. Wang. The unreasonable effectiveness of deep features as a perceptual metric.arXiv preprint arXiv:1801.03924, 2018

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2018

  63. [63]

    B. Wen, W. Yang, J. Kautz, and S. Birchfield. FoundationPose: Unified 6d pose estimation and tracking of novel objects. InCVPR, 2024

    work page 2024

  64. [64]

    Gemini 2.5 flash image (nano banana).https://ai.google

    Google AI for Developers. Gemini 2.5 flash image (nano banana).https://ai.google. dev/gemini-api/docs/models/gemini-2.5-flash-image, 2026. Model documenta- tion. Accessed: 2026-05-16

    work page 2026

  65. [65]

    Q.-Y . Zhou, J. Park, and V . Koltun. Open3D: A modern library for 3D data processing. arXiv:1801.09847, 2018

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2018

  66. [66]

    S. Liu, Z. Zeng, T. Ren, F. Li, H. Zhang, J. Yang, C. Li, J. Yang, H. Su, J. Zhu, et al. Grounding dino: Marrying dino with grounded pre-training for open-set object detection.arXiv preprint arXiv:2303.05499, 2023

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2023

  67. [67]

    B. Xiao, H. Wu, W. Xu, X. Dai, H. Hu, Y . Lu, M. Zeng, C. Liu, and L. Yuan. Florence-2: Ad- vancing a unified representation for a variety of vision tasks.arXiv preprint arXiv:2311.06242, 2023

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2023

  68. [68]

    B. Li, D. Wu, J. Li, S. Zhou, Z. Zeng, L. Li, and H. Zha. Mv-sam3d: Adaptive multi-view fusion for layout-aware 3d generation.arXiv preprint arXiv:2603.11633, 2026. 13 A Experiment A.1 Metrics A.1.1 Visual-alignment metrics We evaluate visual alignment by comparing each method’s rendered RGB image ˆIto the original DROID frameI, resizing rendered images t...

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2026