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Microscopic Models for Ultrarelativistic Heavy Ion Collisions
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abstract
In this paper, the concepts of microscopic transport theory are introduced and the features and shortcomings of the most commonly used ansatzes are discussed. In particular, the Ultrarelativistic Quantum Molecular Dynamics (UrQMD) transport model is described in great detail. Based on the same principles as QMD and RQMD, it incorporates a vastly extended collision term with full baryon-antibaryon symmetry, 55 baryon and 32 meson species. Isospin is explicitly treated for all hadrons. The range of applicability stretches from $E_{lab}< 100$ MeV/nucleon up to $E_{lab}> 200$ GeV/nucleon, allowing for a consistent calculation of excitation functions from the intermediate energy domain up to ultrarelativistic energies. The main physics topics under discussion are stopping, particle production and collective flow.
Forward citations
Cited by 51 Pith papers
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Rapidity-even directed flow splitting of protons and antiprotons as a probe of baryon stopping in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
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Tilted geometry of the pion emission source in Au+Au collisions in the RHIC Beam Energy Scan
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Probing Late-Stage Hadronic Interactions at High Baryon Density via $K^{*0}$ Production in the RHIC Beam Energy Scan Program
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(3+1)D event-by-event pre-equilibrium dynamics in heavy-ion collisions
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Poincar\'e covariant quantum molecular dynamics: a covariant description of a system of interacting wave packets
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Topological analysis of scale-invariant spatial fluctuations in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions
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Flavor-Dependent QCD Critical Endpoint and Dual-Channel Fluctuations from Multi-Charge Holography
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Sensitivity of p_T Fluctuations to the QCD Equation of State
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Fluid Acceleration in Heavy-Ion Collisions
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Explaining higher-order correlations between elliptic and triangular flow
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Energy loss and theoretical uncertainties in small quark-gluon plasmas
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Collision energy dependence in heavy ion collisions from nonlinear QCD evolution
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Analytical Solution of the Nonlinear Relativistic Boltzmann Equation
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Search for ultra-high energy photons: observing the preshower effect with gamma-ray telescopes
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Investigation of hadronic effects on resonance productions in small collision systems using the EPOS4 model
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Measurements of charged-particle pseudorapidity and transverse momentum distributions in O+O and Ne+Ne collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_\text{NN}}} = 5.36$ TeV with the ATLAS detector
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When positive and negative pairs differ in femtoscopy: residual Coulomb and isospin effects
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Medium Characterization with Hard Probes: From Cherenkov Light in QED to Jet Drift in QCD
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Rapidity dependence of mean transverse momentum fluctuation and decorrelation in baryon-dense medium
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Nuclear Physics Confronts Relativistic Collisions Of Isobars
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Scaling of soft QGP signatures in relativistic lead, xenon and oxygen collisions in EPOS4
EPOS4 with UrQMD reproduces bulk yields, spectra, pT fluctuations and flow in Pb-Pb and Xe-Xe collisions, and predicts sizable elliptic flow in O-O collisions.
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Directed Flow of Protons and Deuterons in Xe+Cs(I) Collisions: Preliminary BM@N Data and THESEUS Modeling
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Understanding the Intermittency Signal in RHIC-STAR Data through Modeling
Hybrid model constrains STAR intermittency data to small, nearly energy-independent critical-like fractions, indicating limited critical-point contribution.
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Hadron polarization and equation of state at FAIR/RHIC-BES energies
Lambda polarization in low-energy heavy-ion collisions depends on the equation of state in UrQMD simulations and arises from shear in the baryon current due to stopping.
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Hidden-sectors search and probe of discrete symmetries at the REDTOP experiment
REDTOP targets O(10^14) eta and O(10^12) eta-prime decays to probe four hidden sector portals and test CP/T invariance plus lepton universality.
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CNN-Based Online Trigger for QGP Event Selection
CNN trigger for QGP events reaches 83.7% accuracy on reconstructed Au+Au events at 30 AGeV after training on PHSD and cross-validation on UrQMD, with deployment via lightweight C++ package.
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Phase transition of hot dense QCD Matter from a refined holographic EMD model
A holographic EMD model calibrated to lattice QCD predicts a kappa sigma squared peak at 3 to 5 GeV in heavy-ion collisions, provided the chemical freeze-out curve avoids the first-order transition line.
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Study of anisotropic flow of heavy hadrons in Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} =$ 200 GeV using HYDJET++ framework
A centrality-tuned HYDJET++ simulation matches STAR charm-hadron elliptic and triangular flow up to pT around 4 GeV/c and predicts v2-v4 for D± and Lambda_c.
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Model Comparisons of Transverse Energy and Charged-Particle Multiplicity in A+A Collisions at Midrapidity from $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ $=$ 7.7 to 200~GeV
A broad model-data comparison shows that PYTHIA, AMPT, HIJING, and SMASH all fail to reproduce PHENIX transverse energy and multiplicity at low beam energies and in peripheral collisions.
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Dynamical Electromagnetic fields and Dynamical Electromagnetic Anomaly in heavy ion collisions at intermediate energies
A UrQMD-based Maxwell simulation at intermediate collision energies finds longer-lived energy-weighted electromagnetic fields and an E·B anomaly whose centrality trend resembles the measured slope parameter r.
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Testing production scenarios for (anti-)(hyper-)nuclei with multiplicity-dependent measurements at the LHC
Multiplicity-dependent measurements of B_A for hyper-nuclei with extended wave functions like the hyper-triton in pp, pA, and AA collisions are predicted to show large differences between coalescence and thermal models.
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Hypernucleus production in p+Au reactions at the FAIR facility
UrQMD plus coalescence predicts measurable yields of hypernuclei such as 3_Lambda H, 4_Lambda H, Xi N and Xi NN in p+Au reactions at FAIR energies.
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$K^*(892)$ Resonance Suppression in Ar+Sc Collisions at SPS Energies
UrQMD model simulations of K* resonances in Ar+Sc collisions at SPS energies capture essential features but underpredict the strong suppression observed in central NA61/SHINE data.
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Perturbative high-energy evolution in the IP-Glasma initial state
JIMWLK evolution is added to IP-Glasma initial conditions, and the model is shown to capture the RHIC-to-LHC energy dependence of bulk observables.
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Search for the QCD Critical Point in High Energy Nuclear Collisions: A Status Report
Recent net-proton cumulant ratios from RHIC BES-II data are compared to non-critical models from Lattice QCD, HRG, hydrodynamics and UrQMD, with volume fluctuation effects noted at fixed-target energies.
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Toward a Unified Understanding of the Dense Matter Equation of State
A review of three Bayesian/computational frameworks for combining heavy-ion and astrophysical constraints on the dense-matter equation of state, plus a proposed unified integration workflow.
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Study on the equation-of-state with light clusters and hypernuclei
A review of transport-model constraints on the nuclear equation of state from flow of protons, light clusters, and hypernuclei, concluding that soft momentum-dependent potentials fit few-GeV data best.
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SMASH: Results from hadronic transport for heavy-ion collisions at high densities
A mini-review of the SMASH hadronic transport approach: setup, light-nucleus production, mean-field EoS constraints, electromagnetic probes, and hybrid hydrodynamics.
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