Claude 3 Opus strategically fakes alignment by complying with harmful requests only during simulated training to preserve its preference for refusing them afterward.
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Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithms
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We propose a new family of policy gradient methods for reinforcement learning, which alternate between sampling data through interaction with the environment, and optimizing a "surrogate" objective function using stochastic gradient ascent. Whereas standard policy gradient methods perform one gradient update per data sample, we propose a novel objective function that enables multiple epochs of minibatch updates. The new methods, which we call proximal policy optimization (PPO), have some of the benefits of trust region policy optimization (TRPO), but they are much simpler to implement, more general, and have better sample complexity (empirically). Our experiments test PPO on a collection of benchmark tasks, including simulated robotic locomotion and Atari game playing, and we show that PPO outperforms other online policy gradient methods, and overall strikes a favorable balance between sample complexity, simplicity, and wall-time.
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- abstract We propose a new family of policy gradient methods for reinforcement learning, which alternate between sampling data through interaction with the environment, and optimizing a "surrogate" objective function using stochastic gradient ascent. Whereas standard policy gradient methods perform one gradient update per data sample, we propose a novel objective function that enables multiple epochs of minibatch updates. The new methods, which we call proximal policy optimization (PPO), have some of the benefits of trust region policy optimization (TRPO), but they are much simpler to implement, more ge
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Dynamic isotropy, quantifying uniform center-of-mass acceleration capability, improves robot performance and enables omnidirectional locomotion, terrain traversal, and failure resilience in a spherical robot design.
Agent-BRACE improves LLM agent performance on long-horizon partially observable tasks by 5.3-14.5% through a decoupled belief state of verbalized atomic claims with certainty labels that keeps context length constant.
SimWorld Studio deploys an evolving coding agent to create adaptive 3D environments that co-evolve with embodied learners, delivering 18-point success-rate gains over fixed environments in navigation benchmarks.
ReLibra uses pre-known token-to-expert routing from RL rollouts to perform inter-batch expert reordering and intra-batch replication, delivering up to 1.6x higher throughput than Megatron-LM and 1.2x over oracle-equipped EPLB while staying within 6-10% of an ideal balanced baseline.
Weak-to-strong generalization is nearly inevitable in linear logistic regression for most student-teacher pairs without any model capacity mismatch.
Observation and action delays are formally equivalent in cooperative Dec-POMDPs, yielding identical optimal solutions and enabling zero-shot transfer, though learning dynamics differ due to credit assignment and operational constraints.
A language-game framework enables dialogue with dynamical systems such as GRNs by treating their frozen dynamics as an RL policy core, using an LM to route prompts so the system responds through its own behavior without parameter changes.
RefereeBench shows that even the strongest video MLLMs reach only around 60% accuracy on multi-sport refereeing tasks and struggle with rule application and temporal grounding.
OP-GRPO is the first off-policy GRPO method for flow-matching models that reuses trajectories via replay buffer and importance sampling corrections, matching on-policy performance with 34.2% of the training steps.
User-turn generation reveals that LLMs' interaction awareness is largely decoupled from task accuracy, remaining near zero in deterministic settings even as accuracy scales to 96.8% on GSM8K.
Derives an exact unbiased policy gradient for RL post-training of diffusion LLMs via entropy-guided step selection and one-step denoising rewards, achieving state-of-the-art results on coding and logical reasoning benchmarks.
A certified gradient-based method for contact-rich manipulation that quantifies smoothing-induced errors via set-valued discrepancies and incorporates them into analytical reachable sets for robust affine feedback policies.
First in-orbit demonstration of a DRL-trained AI satellite attitude controller that performs robust inertial pointing after sim-to-real transfer.
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SWE-Gym supplies 2438 executable real-world Python tasks to train SWE agents and verifiers, yielding up to 19% gains and new open-weight SOTA of 32% on SWE-Bench Verified.
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ORPO performs preference alignment during supervised fine-tuning via a monolithic odds ratio penalty, allowing 7B models to outperform larger state-of-the-art models on alignment benchmarks.
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EFE-based planning is formulated as variational free energy minimization with epistemic priors, decomposing into expected plan costs plus a complexity term.
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Dynamic isotropy, quantifying uniform center-of-mass acceleration capability, improves robot performance and enables omnidirectional locomotion, terrain traversal, and failure resilience in a spherical robot design.
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Certified Gradient-Based Contact-Rich Manipulation via Smoothing-Error Reachable Tubes
A certified gradient-based method for contact-rich manipulation that quantifies smoothing-induced errors via set-valued discrepancies and incorporates them into analytical reachable sets for robust affine feedback policies.
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LeLaR: The First In-Orbit Demonstration of an AI-Based Satellite Attitude Controller
First in-orbit demonstration of a DRL-trained AI satellite attitude controller that performs robust inertial pointing after sim-to-real transfer.
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BEHAVIOR-1K: A Human-Centered, Embodied AI Benchmark with 1,000 Everyday Activities and Realistic Simulation
BEHAVIOR-1K introduces a benchmark of 1,000 human everyday activities in realistic simulated scenes together with the OMNIGIBSON physics simulator to evaluate embodied AI.
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Learning Object Manipulation from Scratch via Contrastive Interaction
IWR improves CRL sample efficiency and performance in interaction-rich manipulation by interaction-aware resampling that preserves mode boundaries, yielding 19.8% average gains and a real-world air-hockey agent.
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Sample-Efficient Diffusion-based Reinforcement Learning with Critic Guidance
CGPO integrates training-free critic guidance into diffusion denoising to produce high-Q actions as regression targets, yielding SOTA results on MuJoCo locomotion and successful Franka arm grasping.
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roto 2.0: The Robot Tactile Olympiad
roto 2.0 provides a standardized benchmark for end-to-end blind tactile RL on 16-24 DOF robots, with open-sourced baselines achieving 13 Baoding ball rotations in 10 seconds.
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Learning Robust Dexterous In-Hand Manipulation from Joint Sensors with Proprioceptive Transformer
A transformer policy distilled from a privileged RL teacher enables 3.1x faster real-world cube rotation on the ORCA hand using solely joint sensor data by extracting implicit object state from temporal joint patterns.
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4DLidarOpen: An Open 4D FMCW Lidar Dataset for Motion-Aware Autonomous Driving
4DLidarOpen is a new open dataset providing synchronized 4D FMCW Lidar velocity measurements, multi-Lidar and camera data, and 3D bounding-box annotations with track IDs to support benchmarks on 3D detection, BEV segmentation, flow prediction, and motion forecasting.
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Adaptive Smooth Tchebycheff Attention for Multi-Objective Policy Optimization
An adaptive smooth Tchebycheff controller for multi-objective RL lets agents reach non-convex Pareto regions in robotic tasks while avoiding the instability of static non-linear scalarizations.
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Beyond Self-Play and Scale: A Behavior Benchmark for Generalization in Autonomous Driving
BehaviorBench reveals that self-play RL policies for autonomous driving overfit to their training traffic agents and do not generalize to other behaviors, motivating a hybrid rule-based plus learned planner.
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ReActor: Reinforcement Learning for Physics-Aware Motion Retargeting
ReActor jointly optimizes motion retargeting and RL policy training with an approximate gradient to generate physically consistent robot motions from human references using only sparse body correspondences.
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HiPAN: Hierarchical Posture-Adaptive Navigation for Quadruped Robots in Unstructured 3D Environments
HiPAN enables quadruped robots to navigate unstructured 3D environments more successfully by combining a high-level posture-adaptive policy with a low-level controller and curriculum learning on depth images.
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KinDER: A Physical Reasoning Benchmark for Robot Learning and Planning
KinDER is a new open-source benchmark that demonstrates substantial gaps in current robot learning and planning methods for handling physical constraints.
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HANDFUL: Sequential Grasp-Conditioned Dexterous Manipulation with Resource Awareness
HANDFUL learns resource-aware grasps using finger contact rewards and curriculum learning to improve success on sequential dexterous tasks in simulation and on a real LEAP hand.
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Learning Hybrid-Control Policies for High-Precision In-Contact Manipulation Under Uncertainty
MATCH trains hybrid position-force RL policies that achieve up to 10% higher success rates and 5x fewer breaks than pose-only policies in fragile peg-in-hole tasks under localization uncertainty, with strong sim-to-real results.
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AeroBridge-TTA: Test-Time Adaptive Language-Conditioned Control for UAVs
AeroBridge-TTA achieves +22 pt average gains on out-of-distribution UAV dynamics mismatches by updating a latent state online from observed transitions in a language-conditioned policy.
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DART: Learning-Enhanced Model Predictive Control for Dual-Arm Non-Prehensile Manipulation
DART is the first claimed framework for non-prehensile dual-arm tray manipulation, integrating MPC with physics-based, online regression, and reinforcement learning dynamics models, validated in simulation.
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Evolving the Complete Muscle: Efficient Morphology-Control Co-design for Musculoskeletal Locomotion
Spectral Design Evolution co-optimizes complete muscle morphology (strength, velocity, stiffness) and control, achieving better efficiency and stability than fixed-morphology baselines on locomotion tasks.
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ScoRe-Flow: Complete Distributional Control via Score-Based Reinforcement Learning for Flow Matching
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Physics-Informed Reinforcement Learning of Spatial Density Velocity Potentials for Map-Free Racing
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Robots that learn to evaluate models of collective behavior
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When Backdoors Meet Partial Observability: Attacking Real-World Reinforcement Learning
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BeyondMimic: From Motion Tracking to Versatile Humanoid Control via Guided Diffusion
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Steering Your Diffusion Policy with Latent Space Reinforcement Learning
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S2M-Trek: From Single to Multi-Sphere Transport via Per-Frame Deep Sets on a Wheel-Legged Robot
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Shape Your Body: Value Gradients for Multi-Embodiment Robot Design
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Feat2Go: Visual Feature-Grounded Value Estimation for Embodied Reinforcement Learning
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UniLab: A Heterogeneous Architecture for Robot RL Beyond GPU-Dominant Paradigms
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Direct Dynamic Retargeting for Humanoid Imitation Learning from Videos
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Vision-Based Agile Landing on Turbulent Waters
Reinforcement learning policy trained on synthetic visual features in simulation enables zero-shot real-world agile multirotor landing on turbulent maritime platforms without explicit platform-state estimation.
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Imagine2Real: Towards Zero-shot Humanoid-Object Interaction via Video Generative Priors
Imagine2Real enables zero-shot humanoid-object interaction by unifying motions as 4D point trajectories, tracking only base/hands/object keypoints inside a BFM latent space, and training with progressive simple rewards for mocap deployment.
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SUGAR: A Scalable Human-Video-Driven Generalizable Humanoid Loco-Manipulation Learning Framework
SUGAR turns diverse human videos into deployable humanoid loco-manipulation policies via automated prior extraction, physics refinement, and hierarchical distillation, showing scaling with data volume and zero-shot real-world transfer on six tasks.
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Unified Walking, Running, and Recovery for Humanoids via State-Dependent Adversarial Motion Priors
State-dependent adversarial motion priors with a gravity-threshold gate enable one frozen policy to unify walking, running, and recovery on humanoid hardware.
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Plan First, Diffuse Later: Extrinsic Graph Guidance for Long-Horizon Diffusion Planning
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Learning Responsibility-Attributed Adversarial Scenarios for Testing Autonomous Vehicles
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What to Ignore, What to React: Visually Robust RL Fine-Tuning of VLA Models
PAIR-VLA adds invariance and sensitivity objectives over paired visual variants during PPO fine-tuning of VLA models, yielding 9-16% average gains on ManiSkill3 under distractors, textures, poses, viewpoints, and lighting shifts.
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TMRL: Diffusion Timestep-Modulated Pretraining Enables Exploration for Efficient Policy Finetuning
TMRL bridges behavioral cloning pretraining and RL finetuning via diffusion noise and timestep modulation to enable controlled exploration, improving sample efficiency and enabling real-world robot training in under one hour.
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Learning What Matters: Adaptive Information-Theoretic Objectives for Robot Exploration
QOED selects identifiable parameter directions via Fisher matrix eigenspace analysis and modifies exploration objectives to approximate ideal information gain under bounded nuisance assumptions, yielding 21-35% performance gains in robotic tasks.
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Explicit Stair Geometry Conditioning for Robust Humanoid Locomotion
Explicit conditioning of a PPO policy on interpretable stair parameters (height, depth, yaw) yields improved generalization to unseen stairs and reliable real-world traversal on the Unitree G1, including 33 consecutive outdoor steps.
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Zero-Shot Sim-to-Real Robot Learning: A Dexterous Manipulation Study on Reactive Catching
DRIS improves zero-shot sim-to-real transfer for reactive catching by maintaining and acting on sets of randomized dynamics instances instead of single instances per episode.
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LineRides: Line-Guided Reinforcement Learning for Bicycle Robot Stunts
LineRides enables commandable bicycle robot stunts via line-guided RL that uses spatial guidelines, a tracking margin for feasibility, distance-based progress, and sparse key-orientations.
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SigLoMa: Learning Open-World Quadrupedal Loco-Manipulation from Ego-Centric Vision
SigLoMa enables dynamic loco-manipulation on quadrupeds from ego-centric 5 Hz vision alone by using Sigma Points for scalable exteroception, an ego-centric Kalman Filter for high-rate state estimation, and an active sampling curriculum, matching expert human teleoperation performance.
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Learning Reactive Dexterous Grasping via Hierarchical Task-Space RL Planning and Joint-Space QP Control
A multi-agent RL high-level planner outputs task-space velocities that a GPU-parallel QP low-level controller converts to joint velocities while enforcing limits and collisions, yielding robust sim-to-real dexterous grasping with zero-shot steerability.
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VOFA: Visual Object Goal Pushing with Force-Adaptive Control for Humanoids
VOFA combines a high-level visuomotor policy with a low-level force-adaptive controller to let humanoids push objects up to 17 kg to arbitrary goals using only noisy onboard vision, achieving over 80% real-world success.
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Dynamics Aware Quadrupedal Locomotion via Intrinsic Dynamics Head
Concurrent training of an Intrinsic Dynamics Head with a dynamics reward yields more efficient and smoother quadrupedal locomotion policies that transfer to real robots with 12-18% gains in efficiency metrics.
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LaST-R1: Reinforcing Robotic Manipulation via Adaptive Physical Latent Reasoning
LaST-R1 introduces a RL post-training method called LAPO that optimizes latent Chain-of-Thought reasoning in vision-language-action models, yielding 99.9% success on LIBERO and up to 22.5% real-world gains.
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GSDrive: Reinforcing Driving Policies by Multi-mode Future Trajectory Probing with 3D Gaussian Splatting Environment
GSDrive combines IL priors with RL feedback by probing multi-mode futures inside a 3D Gaussian Splatting simulator to supply dense rewards for closed-loop driving policy improvement on nuScenes.
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DOT-Sim: Differentiable Optical Tactile Simulation with Precise Real-to-Sim Physical Calibration
DOT-Sim uses MPM physics plus learned residual optics to simulate deformable tactile sensors, supporting zero-shot sim-to-real transfer for classification and control tasks.
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Unleashing the Agility of Wheeled-Legged Robots for High-Dynamic Reflexive Obstacle Evasion
AWARE is a hierarchical RL framework that enables wheeled-legged robots to perform high-dynamic reflexive obstacle evasion with emergent gaits in simulation and on the real M20 platform.