In a curvature-coupled propagation framework for modified gravity, gravitational-wave lensing in wave optics shows persistent infrared interactions that prevent the amplification factor from approaching unity at zero frequency, requiring an interacting Green function and partial-wave treatment.
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The Confrontation between General Relativity and Experiment
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The status of experimental tests of general relativity and of theoretical frameworks for analyzing them are reviewed and updated. Einstein's equivalence principle (EEP) is well supported by experiments such as the Eotvos experiment, tests of local Lorentz invariance and clock experiments. Ongoing tests of EEP and of the inverse square law are searching for new interactions arising from unification or quantum gravity. Tests of general relativity at the post-Newtonian level have reached high precision, including the light deflection, the Shapiro time delay, the perihelion advance of Mercury, the Nordtvedt effect in lunar motion, and frame-dragging. Gravitational-wave damping has been detected in an amount that agrees with general relativity to better than half a percent using the Hulse-Taylor binary pulsar, and a growing family of other binary pulsar systems is yielding new tests, especially of strong-field effects. Current and future tests of relativity will center on strong gravity and gravitational waves.
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representative citing papers
In Ricci-coupled scalar-Gauss-Bonnet gravity, the change in scalar charge during binary black hole mergers generates a scalar memory contribution that modifies the total memory signal on observable timescales.
A master screening equation is derived for luminal Horndeski gravity that recovers Vainshtein and Chameleon mechanisms and introduces Phaedrus screening with screening radius scaling linearly with source mass.
A full-covariance formalism for PTA-astrometry ORF estimators forecasts graviton-mass upper limits of 4.41e-24 eV/c2 for current-like setups and 0.48e-24 eV/c2 for SKA/Theia-like future setups, with astrometry adding significant power in the latter case.
A reduction scheme transforms arbitrary N-term scalar and matrix recurrence relations from black hole perturbations in modified gravity into three-term relations solvable by continued fractions.
Multi-scalar-tensor gravity admits an exact covariant thermodynamic interpretation as an imperfect fluid whose heat flux involves a coupling-derived factor χ and a residual gradient sector, yielding multi-field thermal diagnostics and a GR-attractor criterion that is stricter than simple freezing of
Treating the baryogenesis operator as part of the action yields modified Friedmann and Raychaudhuri equations with an effective Planck mass M_eff² = M_Pl² - 2λ ∇_μ J^μ for the vector-density realization of the current.
RG-improved black hole spacetimes with scale-dependent gravitational coupling are derived as vacuum solutions to 2D Horndeski master field equations, embedding prior works and exposing implementation discrepancies.
Self-force theory is extended to compute merger and ringdown waveforms in beyond-GR black hole binaries under the extreme mass-ratio approximation, with first calculations of self-force corrections to the merger waveform.
Stable neutron-star configurations denser than black holes exist in quasi-topological gravity and may produce detectable gravitational-wave echoes.
Hydrodynamical simulations in f(R) gravity using Illustris-TNG find observable 20% effects on high-z HI and stellar power spectra exceeding SKA errors, plus changes in disc galaxy formation.
Quantum matter sources an operator-valued Shapiro delay that promotes causal boundaries to noncommuting observables and allows superpositions of causal relations between spacetime points.
Numerical simulations of collapsing scalarized neutron stars show scalar radiation energy of order 10^{-3} solar masses, orders of magnitude above the tensor quadrupolar emission, potentially observable to test modified gravity.
Kinetic screening non-monotonically suppresses or enhances scalar quadrupolar emission from equal-mass neutron star binaries depending on screening radius versus wavelength, with a dipole re-emerging linearly with mass asymmetry.
Unified post-Newtonian analysis reveals that Palatini scalar-tensor theories often face weaker Solar System bounds than metric versions due to stronger Yukawa suppression, with Palatini f(R) reproducing GR limits for point sources unlike metric f(R).
Leading-order cubic-curvature corrections to scalar quasinormal modes of black holes with spins up to 0.99M are computed numerically for modes up to l=5 with relative errors below 10^{-4}.
KiDS-Legacy weak lensing plus CMB data yields a 3 sigma deviation in light deflection from GR in a Lambda CDM background, with the signal driven by large-scale CMB lensing amplitudes.
Quadratic gravity with Weyl-squared and Ricci-squared terms produces PPN parameters that equal their GR values except for exponentially decaying corrections, with gamma identically 1 when the two mode masses are equal, yielding solar-system lower bounds m_R, m_W greater than or equal to 23 per AU.
Born-Infeld electrogravity yields a fundamental extremal dyonic black hole in the small-charge limit whose mass and horizon area depend only on the Born-Infeld constant, Newton’s constant, and the speed of light.
GW250114 data confirm the remnant is consistent with a Kerr black hole and bound the dominant quadrupolar mode frequency to within a few percent of the GR prediction, with constraints tighter than prior multi-event catalogs.
Quadratic curvature gravity on Einstein manifolds decouples into massless and non-Fierz-Pauli massive gravity sectors, enabling observational constraints on its parameters with noted tension for the Weyl term.
Binary black hole signals in GWTC-1 are consistent with general relativity predictions, with an improved graviton mass bound of mg ≤ 4.7 × 10^{-23} eV/c² at 90% credible level.
Generalized hybrid metric-Palatini gravity propagates a massless spin-2 mode and two massive scalars in the weak field; stability requires algebraic conditions on f derivatives at flat space, and planetary data constrain the scalar masses in a hierarchical regime.
In quasi-topological gravity, neutron stars can surpass black-hole compactness with universal high-density behavior and theory corrections that stabilize radially unstable configurations from general relativity.
citing papers explorer
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Wave-optics gravitational wave lensing in modified gravity
In a curvature-coupled propagation framework for modified gravity, gravitational-wave lensing in wave optics shows persistent infrared interactions that prevent the amplification factor from approaching unity at zero frequency, requiring an interacting Green function and partial-wave treatment.
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Scalar memory from compact binary coalescences
In Ricci-coupled scalar-Gauss-Bonnet gravity, the change in scalar charge during binary black hole mergers generates a scalar memory contribution that modifies the total memory signal on observable timescales.
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A Master Equation for Screening in Luminal Horndeski Gravity
A master screening equation is derived for luminal Horndeski gravity that recovers Vainshtein and Chameleon mechanisms and introduces Phaedrus screening with screening radius scaling linearly with source mass.
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Forecasting graviton-mass constraints from the full covariance of PTA-astrometry ORF estimators
A full-covariance formalism for PTA-astrometry ORF estimators forecasts graviton-mass upper limits of 4.41e-24 eV/c2 for current-like setups and 0.48e-24 eV/c2 for SKA/Theia-like future setups, with astrometry adding significant power in the latter case.
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Beyond Three Terms: Continued Fractions for Rotating Black Holes in Modified Gravity
A reduction scheme transforms arbitrary N-term scalar and matrix recurrence relations from black hole perturbations in modified gravity into three-term relations solvable by continued fractions.
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First-order thermodynamics of multi-scalar-tensor gravity
Multi-scalar-tensor gravity admits an exact covariant thermodynamic interpretation as an imperfect fluid whose heat flux involves a coupling-derived factor χ and a residual gradient sector, yielding multi-field thermal diagnostics and a GR-attractor criterion that is stricter than simple freezing of
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Gravitational baryogenesis beyond the spectator approximation
Treating the baryogenesis operator as part of the action yields modified Friedmann and Raychaudhuri equations with an effective Planck mass M_eff² = M_Pl² - 2λ ∇_μ J^μ for the vector-density realization of the current.
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Effective geometrodynamics for renormalization-group improved black-hole spacetimes in spherical symmetry
RG-improved black hole spacetimes with scale-dependent gravitational coupling are derived as vacuum solutions to 2D Horndeski master field equations, embedding prior works and exposing implementation discrepancies.
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Black hole mergers beyond general relativity: a self-force approach
Self-force theory is extended to compute merger and ringdown waveforms in beyond-GR black hole binaries under the extreme mass-ratio approximation, with first calculations of self-force corrections to the merger waveform.
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Neutron stars more compact than black holes as a probe of strong-field gravity
Stable neutron-star configurations denser than black holes exist in quasi-topological gravity and may produce detectable gravitational-wave echoes.
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Realistic simulations of galaxy formation in f(R) modified gravity
Hydrodynamical simulations in f(R) gravity using Illustris-TNG find observable 20% effects on high-z HI and stellar power spectra exceeding SKA errors, plus changes in disc galaxy formation.
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Quantum Matter Makes Lightcones Quantum
Quantum matter sources an operator-valued Shapiro delay that promotes causal boundaries to noncommuting observables and allows superpositions of causal relations between spacetime points.
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Rapidly Rotating Neutron Star Collapse in Massive Scalar-Tensor Theories
Numerical simulations of collapsing scalarized neutron stars show scalar radiation energy of order 10^{-3} solar masses, orders of magnitude above the tensor quadrupolar emission, potentially observable to test modified gravity.
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Scalar emission from binary neutron stars in scalar-tensor theories with kinetic screening
Kinetic screening non-monotonically suppresses or enhances scalar quadrupolar emission from equal-mass neutron star binaries depending on screening radius versus wavelength, with a dipole re-emerging linearly with mass asymmetry.
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Post-Newtonian Constraints on Scalar-Tensor Gravity
Unified post-Newtonian analysis reveals that Palatini scalar-tensor theories often face weaker Solar System bounds than metric versions due to stronger Yukawa suppression, with Palatini f(R) reproducing GR limits for point sources unlike metric f(R).
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Ringing of rapidly rotating black holes in effective field theory
Leading-order cubic-curvature corrections to scalar quasinormal modes of black holes with spins up to 0.99M are computed numerically for modes up to l=5 with relative errors below 10^{-4}.
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Evidence for deviation in gravitational light deflection from general relativity at cosmological scales with KiDS-Legacy and CMB lensing
KiDS-Legacy weak lensing plus CMB data yields a 3 sigma deviation in light deflection from GR in a Lambda CDM background, with the signal driven by large-scale CMB lensing amplitudes.
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Parameterized Post-Newtonian Analysis of Quadratic Gravity and Solar System Constraints
Quadratic gravity with Weyl-squared and Ricci-squared terms produces PPN parameters that equal their GR values except for exponentially decaying corrections, with gamma identically 1 when the two mode masses are equal, yielding solar-system lower bounds m_R, m_W greater than or equal to 23 per AU.
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Born-Infeld Electrogravity and Dyonic Black Holes
Born-Infeld electrogravity yields a fundamental extremal dyonic black hole in the small-charge limit whose mass and horizon area depend only on the Born-Infeld constant, Newton’s constant, and the speed of light.
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Black Hole Spectroscopy and Tests of General Relativity with GW250114
GW250114 data confirm the remnant is consistent with a Kerr black hole and bound the dominant quadrupolar mode frequency to within a few percent of the GR prediction, with constraints tighter than prior multi-event catalogs.
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Non-Fierz-Pauli bimetric theory from quadratic curvature gravity on Einstein manifolds
Quadratic curvature gravity on Einstein manifolds decouples into massless and non-Fierz-Pauli massive gravity sectors, enabling observational constraints on its parameters with noted tension for the Weyl term.
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Tests of General Relativity with the Binary Black Hole Signals from the LIGO-Virgo Catalog GWTC-1
Binary black hole signals in GWTC-1 are consistent with general relativity predictions, with an improved graviton mass bound of mg ≤ 4.7 × 10^{-23} eV/c² at 90% credible level.
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Another Look at the Weak-Field Limit of Generalized Hybrid Metric-Palatini Gravity
Generalized hybrid metric-Palatini gravity propagates a massless spin-2 mode and two massive scalars in the weak field; stability requires algebraic conditions on f derivatives at flat space, and planetary data constrain the scalar masses in a hierarchical regime.
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Neutron stars more compact than black holes in quasi-topological gravity: Equilibrium configurations and radial stability
In quasi-topological gravity, neutron stars can surpass black-hole compactness with universal high-density behavior and theory corrections that stabilize radially unstable configurations from general relativity.
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Dynamic Aspects of Bumblebee Gravity: Post-Newtonian Approach
Bumblebee gravity is self-consistent in PPN up to 1.5PN order only for λ = −ξ/2, producing non-zero α1, α2, a logarithmic U_B potential, and a pulsar-timing bound |ℓ| ≲ 1.6×10^{-9}.
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Can wormholes have vanishing Love numbers?
For a specific R=0 wormhole, the magnetic Love number for ℓ=2 vanishes to linear order in the regularization parameter under static axial gravitational perturbations.
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A note on methods for computing the critical curve of Kerr-like black holes
Bardeen's definition of black hole critical curves deviates from de Vries and Grenzebach definitions in homogeneous plasma by contracting with increasing density, contrary to prior expectations.
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Generalizing the CPL Parametrization through Dark Sector Interaction
Generalized interacting dark energy models with constant or dynamical couplings yield analytical density expressions but are not preferred over LambdaCDM by Bayesian evidence from DESI, Pantheon+, and CMB data.
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The properties and predictions of quasi-periodic oscillations around a black hole in nonlocal gravity
Nonlocal gravity shrinks the ISCO radius, boosts QPO frequencies, and constrains α/M ≤ 0.452 with M ≲ 43.6 M_⊙ for observed high-frequency QPOs under resonance models.
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Observational constraints on nonlocal black holes via gravitational lensing
Nonlocal black holes remain consistent with general relativity at the 1.13-sigma level after joint lensing and quasinormal-mode constraints.
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Prompt Response from Plunging Sources in Schwarzschild Spacetime
The prompt response is ~1.2 times stronger than quasinormal mode excitation during inspiral and enables 99% accurate reconstruction of the full inspiral-merger-ringdown waveform when combined with other components.
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Revisiting black holes and their thermodynamics in Einstein-Kalb-Ramond gravity
Exact black hole solutions with topological horizons are found in EKR gravity and their thermodynamics are analyzed using the Wald formalism for mass and entropy.
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Imaging and Polarimetric Signatures of Konoplya-Zhidenko Black Holes with Various Thick Disk
Horizon-scale synchrotron images and polarization maps of Konoplya-Zhidenko black holes with thick disks show expanded photon rings, darker centers, and viewing-angle-dependent asymmetries that vary with the deformation parameter.
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Neural Post-Einsteinian Test of General Relativity with the Third Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog
Neural post-Einsteinian analysis of GWTC-3 finds no GR violation and sets constraints covering both post-Newtonian and beyond-post-Newtonian deviations in a single theory-agnostic setup.
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GW250114: testing Hawking's area law and the Kerr nature of black holes
GW250114 data confirm the remnant black hole ringdown frequencies lie within 30% of Kerr predictions and that the final horizon area is larger than the sum of the progenitors' areas to high credibility.
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Probing modified gravitational-wave dispersion with bursts from eccentric black-hole binaries
Applies parameterized dispersion to eccentric BBH burst waveforms, deriving a 2.5PN time-delay correction and Bessel amplitude modulation, then uses Fisher matrix to project LIGO constraints that are stronger than current bounds for Hořava-Lifschitz and extra-dimension models.
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Echoes and quasinormal modes of asymmetric black bounces
Computes quasinormal modes and echoes for black bounce solutions, finding echoes only in certain symmetric horizonless cases and none in asymmetric models that recover Reissner-Nordström externally.
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Tests of General Relativity with GW230529: a neutron star merging with a lower mass-gap compact object
Parameterized inspiral tests on GW230529 find consistency with GR, with |δφ̂_{-2}| ≲ 8×10^{-5} and ℓ_GB ≲ 0.51 M_⊙ in ESGB theories.
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Tests of General Relativity with Binary Black Holes from the second LIGO-Virgo Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog
No evidence for deviations from general relativity is found in LIGO-Virgo binary black hole events, with improved constraints on waveform parameters, graviton mass, and ringdown properties.
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GRMHD and GRRT Simulations of Black Hole Accretion: Flares, Precession, and Complex Spacetimes
Simulations of accreting black holes in standard and complex spacetimes indicate that magnetic geometry, quantum corrections, and binary dynamics influence flares, precession, photon rings, and multi-wavelength variability, with potential EHT constraints.
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Polarization Birefringence and Waveform Systematics in GW231123
Analysis of GW231123 with IMRPhenomXPHM, IMRPhenomXO4a and NRSur7dq4 yields no waveform-independent evidence for polarization birefringence, with 90% upper limits on the derived coefficient of 0.378, 0.097 and 0.273 respectively.
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Constraints on Einstein-aether gravity from the precision timing of PSR J1738+0333
Precision timing of PSR J1738+0333 from EPTA and NANOGrav data yields the tightest strong-field constraints on Einstein-aether parameters from any single binary pulsar.
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Tests of scalar polarizations with multi-messenger events
Bayesian analysis of GW170817 with PPE framework and EM polarization constraints shows mild preference for scalar mode in quadrupole harmonics and improves bounds on non-GR parameters by up to 60%.
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Investigating the interplay of the braneworld gravity and the plasma environment on the black hole shadow
Negative tidal charge enlarges the shadow of rotating braneworld black holes while inhomogeneous plasma shrinks it and homogeneous plasma enlarges it; EHT data limits q to roughly -1.15 to 0.45 for M87* in the low-density limit.
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Redshifted civilizations, galactic empires, and the Fermi paradox
Civilizations can achieve galaxy-spanning reach within biological lifetimes via time-dilated orbits near black hole photon spheres using classical general relativity, with a Type II civilization enabling 10^4 dilation factors.
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Constraining the scalar-tensor gravity theories with and without screening mechanisms by combined observations
Combined Cassini, LLR, and pulsar observations tighten bounds on scalar-tensor gravity with and without screening, with LLR improving SMG limits by over seven orders of magnitude.
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Probing Kalb-Ramond gravity with charged rotating black holes: constraints from EHT observations
EHT shadow observations constrain the Lorentz-violating parameter ℓ in Kalb-Ramond gravity for charged rotating black holes to roughly |ℓ| ≲ 0.1-0.2, with an upper bound ℓ ≲ 0.19 from Sgr A*.
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Lectures on the Bondi--Metzner--Sachs group and related topics in infrared physics
Lecture notes that build the BMS group from prerequisites to applications in soft theorems, memory effects, and new material on asymptotic conformal Killing horizons.
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Tests of General Relativity with GWTC-3
No evidence for physics beyond general relativity is found in the analysis of 15 GW events from GWTC-3, with consistency in residuals, PN parameters, and remnant properties.
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Testing the nature of dark compact objects: a status report
Current and future observations can test whether dark compact objects are Kerr black holes or exotic alternatives, with null results strengthening the black hole paradigm.