Discovery and characterization of the highest-redshift barred spiral galaxy candidate at z=5.102, with bar length ~4.5 kpc, stellar mass 10^10.45 solar masses, SFR 144 solar masses per year, and evidence for AGN and interaction.
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abstract
We describe a new program for determining photometric redshifts, dubbed EAZY. The program is optimized for cases where spectroscopic redshifts are not available, or only available for a biased subset of the galaxies. The code combines features from various existing codes: it can fit linear combinations of templates, it includes optional flux- and redshift-based priors, and its user interface is modeled on the popular HYPERZ code. A novel feature is that the default template set, as well as the default functional forms of the priors, are not based on (usually highly biased) spectroscopic samples, but on semi-analytical models. Furthermore, template mismatch is addressed by a novel rest-frame template error function. This function gives different wavelength regions different weights, and ensures that the formal redshift uncertainties are realistic. We introduce a redshift quality parameter, Q_z, that provides a robust estimate of the reliability of the photometric redshift estimate. Despite the fact that EAZY is not "trained" on spectroscopic samples, the code (with default parameters) performs very well on existing public datasets. For K-selected samples in CDF-South and other deep fields we find a 1-sigma scatter in dz/(1+z) of 0.034, and we provide updated photometric redshift catalogs for the FIRES, MUSYC, and FIREWORKS surveys.
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representative citing papers
JWST/NIRCam imaging and Keck/MOSDEF spectroscopy identify COSMOS-74706 as an unlensed barred spiral galaxy at z_spec=3.159, with the bar confirmed via residuals, ellipse fitting, and Fourier modes.
Anisotropic quenching is detected at the highest redshift yet and linked to preprocessing dominating over intrahalo effects by ~20% along the major axis in a delay-then-rapid quenching model informed by cluster accretion histories.
New template-fitting selection yields 241 BH*-dominated LRD candidates at z~1.7-9.3 with number density peaking at z~5-6, demonstrating persistence to lower redshifts.
JWST MIRI observations of 634 galaxies at 0.2<z<2 yield IR luminosity functions with faint-end slope α≈0.147, implying lower dust-obscured SFRD than previous ALMA/Herschel/Spitzer studies.
The W cloud is reinterpreted as a disrupting galaxy group with a dynamically coherent tidal tail delivering low-mass star-forming dwarfs to the Virgo cluster.
JWST difference imaging from COSMOS-Web and PRIMER has yielded 68 high-redshift supernovae including a core-collapse event at z>3 and a Type Ia at z>2, demonstrating the feasibility of wide-area time-domain searches in the early universe.
A new catalogue of bar lengths and widths from HST images of 8230 galaxies shows bars are about 13% weaker at higher redshift, with longer bars in higher-mass quiescent galaxies and trends consistent with slow quenching.
Resolved gas and dust maps in a z=2 quiescent galaxy reveal accreted material from tidal interactions and a past star-formation rejuvenation, indicating that gas content variations are not solely due to consumption timescales.
FC-ENZO is a new modeling tool that predicts ultra-cool dwarf contamination fractions in high-z galaxy samples, finding similar overall levels across HST, Roman, and JWST but with magnitude-dependent differences and higher predictions from the ELF OWL SED library.
Post-starburst galaxies show compact morphologies with minimal wavelength-dependent structural change and low overall disturbance levels, except for enhanced residual asymmetry in massive systems at z > 1, supporting two distinct quenching pathways.
Morphology-density and morphology-mass relations are present at z~1.6 in both cluster and field galaxies.
JWST measurements of pitch angles in 593 spiral galaxies to z=3.5 show no overall redshift evolution but reveal correlations with mass and sSFR only below z=1.25, implying a transition from locally driven to globally regulated spiral arms.
A beta-VAE analysis of pop-cosmos models finds that five latent dimensions capture the rest-frame optical SED, corresponding to stellar mass, recent star formation, dust, and two gas ionization states.
Medium-band imaging reveals red emission-line galaxies at z>5 including compact objects likely missed by classic Little Red Dot selection criteria.
Analysis of ~100 JWST LRDs finds redder, compact UV emission with Fe II/Mg II ~8-10 and correlations suggesting central red continuum (β_UV~0) beyond host galaxy contribution.
LRDs transition from underdense low-halo-mass environments at z>4 to typical galaxy conditions by z~3.5, with halo growth leading to larger sizes and SED changes that explain their disappearance at lower redshifts.
Massive galaxies at z>3.5 assembled stars earlier than theoretical models predict and exhibit gray dust attenuation, especially at the highest masses.
ASTERIS, a self-supervised spatiotemporal denoising algorithm, improves astronomical detection limits by 1 magnitude at 90% completeness while identifying three times more redshift >9 galaxy candidates in JWST images.
PITA, a new semi-supervised deep learning algorithm, outperforms prior photo-z methods by using a triple-task loss on images, colors, and available redshifts to produce a smooth latent space.
UV-bright companions to Little Red Dots provide Lyman-Werner fluxes of J21 ~ 10^2.5-10^5 that can suppress H2 cooling and enable direct collapse to massive black holes.
Neural network classification with CRPS optimization produces calibrated photometric redshift PDFs for DESI Legacy and Pan-STARRS data, achieving σ_NMAD of 0.0153 on LSDR10 and outperforming regression methods.
A source 660 million years after the Big Bang is interpreted as a black hole star with a dust-free dense gas atmosphere, implying Little Red Dots have black hole masses overestimated by orders of magnitude.
Milky Way abundance trends act as effective empirical proxies for nucleosynthetic yields, recovering alpha and Fe-peak abundances in quiescent galaxies with 0.05 dex median offset versus 0.23 dex for theory, indicating largely universal yields.
citing papers explorer
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A massive barred spiral galaxy at z = 5.102 discovered by JWST
Discovery and characterization of the highest-redshift barred spiral galaxy candidate at z=5.102, with bar length ~4.5 kpc, stellar mass 10^10.45 solar masses, SFR 144 solar masses per year, and evidence for AGN and interaction.
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Discovery of a Barred-Spiral Galaxy at $z_{spec}$ = 3.16 I: Bar Identification and Properties
JWST/NIRCam imaging and Keck/MOSDEF spectroscopy identify COSMOS-74706 as an unlensed barred spiral galaxy at z_spec=3.159, with the bar confirmed via residuals, ellipse fitting, and Fourier modes.
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Anisotropic quenching beyond $z=1$ and its implications for preprocessing around high-redshift galaxy clusters
Anisotropic quenching is detected at the highest redshift yet and linked to preprocessing dominating over intrahalo effects by ~20% along the major axis in a delay-then-rapid quenching model informed by cluster accretion histories.
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Black Hole Stars Across the Universe: Identifying Central Engine Dominated Little Red Dots at $z\sim1.5-9.5$
New template-fitting selection yields 241 BH*-dominated LRD candidates at z~1.7-9.3 with number density peaking at z~5-6, demonstrating persistence to lower redshifts.
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MEGA and SMILES Find Fewer Dusty Galaxies than Expected at Cosmic Noon
JWST MIRI observations of 634 galaxies at 0.2<z<2 yield IR luminosity functions with faint-end slope α≈0.147, implying lower dust-obscured SFRD than previous ALMA/Herschel/Spitzer studies.
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Hierarchical assembly in action: a galaxy tail from a disrupting group in the Virgo cluster outskirts
The W cloud is reinterpreted as a disrupting galaxy group with a dynamically coherent tidal tail delivering low-mass star-forming dwarfs to the Virgo cluster.
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Expanding the High-z Supernova Frontier: "Wide-Area" JWST Discoveries from the First Two Years of COSMOS-Web
JWST difference imaging from COSMOS-Web and PRIMER has yielded 68 high-redshift supernovae including a core-collapse event at z>3 and a Type Ia at z>2, demonstrating the feasibility of wide-area time-domain searches in the early universe.
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Galaxy Zoo Bar Lengths: A Catalogue of Measurements from Hubble Space Telescope Images and the Evolution of Galactic Bar Structure at z < 1
A new catalogue of bar lengths and widths from HST images of 8230 galaxies shows bars are about 13% weaker at higher redshift, with longer bars in higher-mass quiescent galaxies and trends consistent with slow quenching.
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Resolved Maps of Gas and Dust in a Massive Quiescent Galaxy at z=2 from INQUEST-JWST: Evidence of Accretion and Rejuvenation
Resolved gas and dust maps in a z=2 quiescent galaxy reveal accreted material from tidal interactions and a past star-formation rejuvenation, indicating that gas content variations are not solely due to consumption timescales.
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Assessing Ultra-Cool Dwarf Contamination in Photometrically Selected High-Redshift Galaxy Samples
FC-ENZO is a new modeling tool that predicts ultra-cool dwarf contamination fractions in high-z galaxy samples, finding similar overall levels across HST, Roman, and JWST but with magnitude-dependent differences and higher predictions from the ELF OWL SED library.
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The multiwavelength structure of post-starburst galaxies at 0.5 < z < 3 with JWST PRIMER: compact morphologies and residual disturbances
Post-starburst galaxies show compact morphologies with minimal wavelength-dependent structural change and low overall disturbance levels, except for enhanced residual asymmetry in massive systems at z > 1, supporting two distinct quenching pathways.
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Cluster vs Field: Clear Evidence for a Morphology-Density Relation in All Environments at $z\sim1.6$
Morphology-density and morphology-mass relations are present at z~1.6 in both cluster and field galaxies.
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Spiral arms across cosmic time: JWST measurements of the pitch angles of spiral galaxies at $z<3.5$
JWST measurements of pitch angles in 593 spiral galaxies to z=3.5 show no overall redshift evolution but reveal correlations with mass and sSFR only below z=1.25, implying a transition from locally driven to globally regulated spiral arms.
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pop-cosmos: Disentangling galaxy properties from observables using data-driven approaches
A beta-VAE analysis of pop-cosmos models finds that five latent dimensions capture the rest-frame optical SED, corresponding to stellar mass, recent star formation, dust, and two gas ionization states.
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A Population of Red Galaxies with Very Strong Emission Lines at $z > 5$ Revealed by the NIRCam Medium Bands: ''Classic'' LRDs, Dusty Star-Forming Galaxies, and a Missing Population of LRDs
Medium-band imaging reveals red emission-line galaxies at z>5 including compact objects likely missed by classic Little Red Dot selection criteria.
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The UV Side of Little Red Dots: Red, Compact, and Iron-Enhanced Rest-UV Emission with a Strong Downturn around Ly$\alpha$
Analysis of ~100 JWST LRDs finds redder, compact UV emission with Fe II/Mg II ~8-10 and correlations suggesting central red continuum (β_UV~0) beyond host galaxy contribution.
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Why Little Red Dots Disappear at z < 3: Evolution of Number Density and Halo Mass
LRDs transition from underdense low-halo-mass environments at z>4 to typical galaxy conditions by z~3.5, with halo growth leading to larger sizes and SED changes that explain their disappearance at lower redshifts.
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Massive Galaxies Form Early and Gray: Stellar Assembly and Dust Attenuation at $\mathbf{z>3.5}$ from CAPERS
Massive galaxies at z>3.5 assembled stars earlier than theoretical models predict and exhibit gray dust attenuation, especially at the highest masses.
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Deeper detection limits in astronomical imaging using self-supervised spatiotemporal denoising
ASTERIS, a self-supervised spatiotemporal denoising algorithm, improves astronomical detection limits by 1 magnitude at 90% completeness while identifying three times more redshift >9 galaxy candidates in JWST images.
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Optimizing Deep Learning Photometric Redshifts for the Roman Space Telescope with HST/CANDELS
PITA, a new semi-supervised deep learning algorithm, outperforms prior photo-z methods by using a triple-task loss on images, colors, and available redshifts to produce a smooth latent space.
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Connecting the Dots: UV-Bright Companions of Little Red Dots as Lyman-Werner Sources Enabling Direct Collapse Black Hole Formation
UV-bright companions to Little Red Dots provide Lyman-Werner fluxes of J21 ~ 10^2.5-10^5 that can suppress H2 cooling and enable direct collapse to massive black holes.
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Photometric Redshift PDFs via Neural Network Classification for DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys and Pan-STARRS
Neural network classification with CRPS optimization produces calibrated photometric redshift PDFs for DESI Legacy and Pan-STARRS data, achieving σ_NMAD of 0.0153 on LSDR10 and outperforming regression methods.
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A "Black Hole Star" Reveals the Remarkable Gas-Enshrouded Hearts of the Little Red Dots
A source 660 million years after the Big Bang is interpreted as a black hole star with a dust-free dense gas atmosphere, implying Little Red Dots have black hole masses overestimated by orders of magnitude.
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Are Nucleosynthetic Yields Universal? Interpreting the Multi-Elemental Abundances of Quiescent Galaxies over Cosmic Time Using Milky Way Stars
Milky Way abundance trends act as effective empirical proxies for nucleosynthetic yields, recovering alpha and Fe-peak abundances in quiescent galaxies with 0.05 dex median offset versus 0.23 dex for theory, indicating largely universal yields.
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A GLIMPSE of the 99%: a census of the faintest galaxies during the epoch reionization and its implications for galaxy formation models
The UV luminosity function at z~7 rises steeply with slope alpha=-1.98 to M_UV=-12.3 with no turnover, indicating faint galaxies dominate the ionizing photon budget during reionization.
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SPURS: Bursty Star Formation in an Extremely Luminous Weak Emission Line Galaxy at $z=9.3$
A massive galaxy at z=9.3 shows bursty star formation with a recent downturn and sits in a small ionized bubble in a neutral IGM.
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DeepDISC-Euclid: Source Classification and Photometric Redshifts in Euclid Deep Field North With a Pixel-Level Deep Learning Approach
Pixel-level deep learning models trained on Euclid and DESI data deliver high-completeness source classification and accurate photo-z estimates for 13 million objects in Euclid Deep Field North.
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Tilting at the Turnover: Modeling the Faint-End of the UV Luminosity Function Behind Abell s1063 with JWST
Using lensed JWST data behind Abell S1063, the UVLF at z~6-11 is fit with gradual quadratic turnover, yielding no evidence for turnover to M_UV=-13.5 at z=6, exclusion limits on turnover models, and lower bounds showing faint galaxies contribute >50% of UV luminosity density and ~64% of ionizing pho
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JWST spectroscopy of galaxies at $z>10$: Damped Ly$\alpha$ absorbers reveal efficient star formation and hidden redshift biases
Analysis of JWST/NIRSpec Prism spectra for 25 z>=10 galaxies finds burstiness correlates with strong UV lines, short depletion times, and DLA-induced redshift biases of 0.39 and 0.14 with marginal impact on UV luminosity density.
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pop-cosmos: Galaxy size evolution across structural and star-formation classifications in COSMOS-Web
Galaxy size-mass relations exhibit double power-law breaks at different pivot masses for quiescent versus bulge-dominated samples, coinciding with AGN activity scales.
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A Strongly Lensed Ultra-faint Arc at $z \approx 10$ with an F200W excess in Abell S1063
Identification of a strongly lensed ultra-faint galaxy at z≈10 with F200W excess, interpreted via SED modeling as either an extremely metal-poor stellar population or a young high-ionization system with emission lines.
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No hidden monsters: Probing recently-quenched galaxies for obscured AGN with JWST-PRIMER MIRI and NIRCam
JWST MIRI observations of post-starburst galaxies find no mid-IR excess in high-mass systems, constraining hidden AGN to Eddington ratios below 1 percent, with low-mass systems showing residual star formation instead.
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Exploring the Relationship Between Bars, Star Formation Activity, and Host Galaxy Properties from $\mathbf{z \sim 0}$ to $\mathbf{z \sim 2}$
Barred galaxies transition from actively star-forming at z~1-2 to quiescent at z~0, with the fraction of quiescent galaxies hosting bars increasing steeply over cosmic time.
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Between Degeneracy and Evolution: UV-to-optical Insights into the BH$^*$ Model in Little Red Dots
Bayesian continuum fitting of 66 LRDs shows the BH* model fits ~6% best, rising to ~40% under AGN-disfavoring priors, with most objects stellar/AGN-dominated and possible evolutionary trends.
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NEXUS: Abundance, Environments, and Spectral Diversity of Little Red Dots from the NIRSpec MSA Sample
A sample of 36 spectroscopically confirmed LRDs shows broad-line detections in >90%, spectral variety including Balmer breaks and blackbody fits, H-alpha to 5100A continuum correlation, no redshift evolution, declining space density toward z~2 opposite normal AGNs, and clustering in ~10^11 solar mas
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Metal-Poor Gas Accretion Drives Giant Clump Formation at 0.6 < z < 2.6
Clumpy galaxies at cosmic noon show systematically lower metallicities than the mass-metallicity relation, with clump properties indicating metal-poor gas accretion as the driver rather than mergers.
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Unbreaking the Universe: MINERVA Measurements of Color Gradients in Massive Quiescent Galaxies Can Help Ease Too-Early Star Formation Tensions
Resolved photometry of four high-redshift quiescent galaxies reveals negative color gradients that lower estimated stellar masses by 0.1 dex relative to slit measurements, reducing model tensions under an age-driven interpretation.
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Revealing the high redshift host galaxy of the short GRB 061201 with JWST
GRB 061201 originates from a host at z~1.2 rather than the previously claimed z=0.111, supported by photometric redshift, afterglow AIC modeling, energy relation consistency, and reduced merger rate implications.
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Probing the faint end of simulated galaxy counts at z>3
TNG100 and EAGLE hydrodynamical simulations underproduce faint compact galaxies at z>3 relative to CANDELS observations even after forward modeling and completeness corrections, with the mismatch linked to both detection effects and simulation physics.
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JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) Data Release 5: Photometrically Selected Galaxy Candidates at z > 8
JADES DR5 delivers 2081 z_phot > 8 galaxy candidates with UV slope trends, morphological evidence of clumpy growth, and improved photo-z methods tested on a spectroscopic subsample.
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The NIRISS PASSAGE Spectroscopic Redshift Catalog in COSMOS
PASSAGE releases 2183 spectroscopic redshifts (0.08<z<4.7) from JWST NIRISS observations in COSMOS, with strong agreement to photometric redshifts for multi-line sources and a quantified ~18% misidentification rate for single-line emitters.
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Transition from Outside-in to Inside-Out at $z\sim 2$: Evidence from Radial Profiles of Specific Star Formation Rate based on JWST/HST
Star-forming galaxies show a transition from negative to positive sSFR radial gradients around z~2, implying a change from outside-in to inside-out growth.
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The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: stellar mass growth in massive galaxy clusters from DR5 over the past 7 billion years
Composite cluster stellar mass functions show marginal M* evolution at high z and a factor of 2.5 growth in stellar mass fraction from z=0.8 to 0.2 after accounting for halo mass growth.
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The evolution of the galaxy stellar mass function and star formation rates in the COLIBRE simulations from redshift 17 to 0
COLIBRE simulations match observed galaxy stellar mass functions, star formation rates, and quenched fractions from z=17 to z=0, including JWST massive quiescent galaxies at high redshift.
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Tracing Radio AGN-Driven Quenching in Post-Starburst Galaxies at Cosmic Noon
Post-starburst galaxies at cosmic noon show very low radio detection rates and compact weak sources, consistent with short-lived low-luminosity AGN, while older quiescent galaxies exhibit stronger extended radio emission.
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Unraveling the Imprints of Fluctuation-dynamo on the Intracluster Medium with the SKA
MHD simulations indicate that SKA-Mid Band 5a can detect filamentary polarized emission from ICM magnetic fields at high resolution and sensitivity, allowing inference of turbulence driving scales.
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Resolved Ages and Stellar Metallicities in Progenitors of Milky Way Analogs: A Closer Look at their Star Formation Histories since $z=5$
Resolved stellar property gradients in Milky Way analog progenitors show inside-out assembly with minor, temporary disruption from major mergers.
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Globular Clusters in the Time of the JWST. I. Survey Design and First Results on Multiple Populations and Beyond
JWST NIRCam survey of 11 globular clusters detects multiple populations in low-mass stars, showing discrete sequences in some clusters and continuous distributions or helium/oxygen variations in others, plus an M-dwarf gap in NGC 104.
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The SPHEREx View of Galaxy Clusters: A Simulation-based Validation of the Forced Photometry Pipeline for Extended Sources
Simulations show SPHEREx photometry is generally unbiased but source blending drives outliers; with brightness selection, photometric redshifts reach σ_NMAD ≈ 0.003-0.01 and cluster redshifts are recovered to |Δz|/(1+z) < 0.002 at z ≲ 0.5.
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Morphology, sizes, and scatter in a large sample of distant quiescent galaxies
New high-redshift quiescent galaxy sample shows size decreasing with redshift and wavelength, with stellar mass plus redshift sufficient to predict size but large residual scatter.