Introduces the TVR active viewpoint-matching task and TVRBench indoor simulation benchmark, where foundation models start at low single-digit success rates but reach 51.4% after visual-action SFT and multi-turn GRPO post-training.
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GPT-4o System Card
Mixed citation behavior. Most common role is background (53%).
abstract
GPT-4o is an autoregressive omni model that accepts as input any combination of text, audio, image, and video, and generates any combination of text, audio, and image outputs. It's trained end-to-end across text, vision, and audio, meaning all inputs and outputs are processed by the same neural network. GPT-4o can respond to audio inputs in as little as 232 milliseconds, with an average of 320 milliseconds, which is similar to human response time in conversation. It matches GPT-4 Turbo performance on text in English and code, with significant improvement on text in non-English languages, while also being much faster and 50\% cheaper in the API. GPT-4o is especially better at vision and audio understanding compared to existing models. In line with our commitment to building AI safely and consistent with our voluntary commitments to the White House, we are sharing the GPT-4o System Card, which includes our Preparedness Framework evaluations. In this System Card, we provide a detailed look at GPT-4o's capabilities, limitations, and safety evaluations across multiple categories, focusing on speech-to-speech while also evaluating text and image capabilities, and measures we've implemented to ensure the model is safe and aligned. We also include third-party assessments on dangerous capabilities, as well as discussion of potential societal impacts of GPT-4o's text and vision capabilities.
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- abstract GPT-4o is an autoregressive omni model that accepts as input any combination of text, audio, image, and video, and generates any combination of text, audio, and image outputs. It's trained end-to-end across text, vision, and audio, meaning all inputs and outputs are processed by the same neural network. GPT-4o can respond to audio inputs in as little as 232 milliseconds, with an average of 320 milliseconds, which is similar to human response time in conversation. It matches GPT-4 Turbo performance on text in English and code, with significant improvement on text in non-English languages, while
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representative citing papers
VideoFDB is a new benchmark and LM-as-judge framework for evaluating full-duplex audio-visual-to-audio-visual conversational agents on nonverbal dynamics from real video calls.
M³Att poisons medical multimodal RAG by pairing covert textual misinformation with query-agnostic visual perturbations that increase retrieval of the bad content, causing LLMs to generate clinically plausible but incorrect responses.
MLLMs exhibit a Mirage effect by bypassing circuit diagrams in favor of header semantics for Verilog generation; VeriGround with identifier anonymization and D-ORPO training reaches 46% Functional Pass@1 while refusing blank images at >92%.
CHASM is a new benchmark dataset showing that existing multimodal large language models fail to reliably detect covert advertisements on Chinese social media even after fine-tuning.
HalluAudio is the first large-scale benchmark spanning speech, environmental sound, and music that uses human-verified QA pairs, adversarial prompts, and mixed-audio tests to measure hallucinations in large audio-language models.
EVE enables verifiable self-evolution of MLLMs by using a Challenger-Solver architecture to generate dynamic executable visual transformations that produce VQA problems with absolute execution-verified ground truth.
Harmful skills in open agent ecosystems raise average harm scores from 0.27 to 0.76 across six LLMs by lowering refusal rates when tasks are presented via pre-installed skills.
ReConText3D is the first replay-memory framework for continual text-to-3D generation that prevents catastrophic forgetting on new textual categories while preserving quality on previously seen classes.
MMRareBench provides 1,756 QA pairs and 7,958 images from PMC rare-disease cases to evaluate 23 MLLMs, revealing low treatment-planning scores and medical models underperforming general models on multi-image tasks due to capacity dilution.
DialBGM is a new benchmark dataset revealing that existing AI models fall far short of human performance when recommending fitting background music for open-domain conversations.
EgoSound is a new benchmark with 7315 QA pairs across seven tasks to evaluate egocentric sound understanding in multimodal large language models.
VLRS-Bench is the first benchmark dedicated to complex vision-language reasoning in remote sensing, with 2000 QA pairs across 14 tasks in cognition, decision, and prediction dimensions.
SwissGov-RSD is the first naturalistic cross-lingual document-level benchmark with human token-level semantic difference annotations, on which both LLMs and encoders show a large performance gap relative to simpler settings.
CritPt benchmark shows state-of-the-art LLMs reach only 5.7% average accuracy on full-scale unpublished physics research tasks, rising to about 10% with coding tools.
Flow-GRPO is the first online RL method for flow matching models, raising GenEval accuracy from 63% to 95% and text-rendering accuracy from 59% to 92% with little reward hacking.
Molmo VLMs trained on newly collected PixMo open datasets achieve state-of-the-art performance among open-weight models and surpass multiple proprietary VLMs including Claude 3.5 Sonnet and Gemini 1.5 Pro.
LiveBench is a contamination-limited LLM benchmark with auto-scored challenging tasks from recent sources across math, coding, reasoning and more, where top models score below 70%.
CrypFormBench is a new benchmark jointly covering symbolic and computational security to evaluate LLMs on five formal analysis capabilities, with results showing top model Claude-3.5 scores 48.7/100 and most models struggling on generation, transformation, and correction.
SafeGen-Bench is a benchmark with 10 malicious categories that evaluates conditional T2V models on paired start frames and text prompts, finding unsafety scores up to 44.5 and 80% guardrail failure rate.
PolySpeech-100 is a new benchmark for native-level speech comprehension across 110 linguistic variants that evaluates 22 models and reports E2E advantages on dialects, robustness gaps on low-resource languages, and degradation from Chain-of-Thought prompting.
DeepLatent introduces a parallel latent visual reasoning framework with learnable 2D tokens and continuous RL, trained via distillation then RL, plus a new 180K dataset, claiming SOTA benchmark results.
SelSkill applies dual-granularity preference learning to selective skill-or-skip decisions, improving task success by 10.9 points and execution precision by 29.1 points on ALFWorld with Qwen3-8B.
The paper delivers the first theoretical analysis and practical zeroth-order framework for algorithmic recourse under in-context learning for tabular prediction.
citing papers explorer
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ReConText3D: Replay-based Continual Text-to-3D Generation
ReConText3D is the first replay-memory framework for continual text-to-3D generation that prevents catastrophic forgetting on new textual categories while preserving quality on previously seen classes.
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Which Way Did It Move? Diagnosing and Overcoming Directional Motion Blindness in Video-LLMs
Video-LLMs exhibit directional motion blindness from a direction binding gap; DeltaDirect projector objective lifts synthetic accuracy to 85.4% and real accuracy by 21.9 points while preserving other video capabilities.
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Omni-DuplexEval: Evaluating Real-time Duplex Omni-modal Interaction
Omni-DuplexEval creates a new benchmark and LLM-as-a-Judge framework for real-time duplex omni-modal interaction, revealing that current models score below 40% overall and struggle especially with proactive responses.
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MHGraphBench: Knowledge Graph-Grounded Benchmarking of Mental Health Knowledge in Large Language Models
MHGraphBench is a new PrimeKG-derived benchmark that exposes a recognition-to-judgment gap in 15 LLMs on mental health tasks while stressing that results measure KG agreement under constrained interfaces, not clinical capability.
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MultiEmo-Bench: Multi-label Visual Emotion Analysis for Multi-modal Large Language Models
MultiEmo-Bench supplies 10,344 images with aggregated multi-label emotion votes from 20 annotators each to evaluate MLLMs on dominant emotion and full distribution prediction.
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OpenSGA: Efficient 3D Scene Graph Alignment in the Open World
OpenSGA fuses vision-language, textual, and geometric features via a distance-gated attention encoder and minimum-cost-flow allocator to outperform prior methods on both frame-to-scan and subscan-to-subscan 3D scene graph alignment, backed by a new 700k-sample ScanNet-SG dataset.
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EpiGraph: Building Generalists for Evidence-Intensive Epilepsy Reasoning in the Wild
EpiGraph creates a heterogeneous epilepsy knowledge graph that boosts LLM performance on clinical reasoning tasks by 30-41% in pharmacogenomics when used with Graph-RAG.
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LLM-guided Semi-Supervised Approaches for Social Media Crisis Data Classification
LG-CoTrain, an LLM-guided co-training method, outperforms classical semi-supervised baselines for crisis tweet classification in low-resource settings with 5-25 labeled examples per class.
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Prefill-Time Intervention for Mitigating Hallucination in Large Vision-Language Models
Prefill-Time Intervention (PTI) reduces hallucinations in large vision-language models by applying a one-time modality-aware steering correction to the initial KV cache at the prefill stage rather than during autoregressive decoding.
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Benchmarking Layout-Guided Diffusion Models through Unified Semantic-Spatial Evaluation in Closed and Open Settings
Introduces closed-set C-Bench and open-set O-Bench for layout-guided diffusion models, a unified semantic-spatial scoring protocol, and ranks six models after generating and evaluating 319,086 images.
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TimeSeriesExamAgent: Creating Time Series Reasoning Benchmarks at Scale
TimeSeriesExamAgent combines templates and LLM agents to generate scalable time series reasoning benchmarks, demonstrating that current LLMs have limited performance on both abstract and domain-specific tasks.
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Sell More, Play Less: Benchmarking LLM Realistic Selling Skill
SalesLLM provides an automatic evaluation framework for LLM sales dialogues that correlates 0.98 with human experts and shows top models approaching human performance while weaker ones lag.
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JAMMEval: A Refined Collection of Japanese Benchmarks for Reliable VLM Evaluation
JAMMEval delivers refined Japanese VQA benchmarks that produce evaluation scores more reflective of true model capability, with lower run-to-run variance and stronger separation between models of differing ability.
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CFMS: Towards Explainable and Fine-Grained Chinese Multimodal Sarcasm Detection Benchmark
CFMS is the first fine-grained Chinese multimodal sarcasm benchmark with detailed annotations, paired with a PGDS reinforcement learning strategy that improves model results on sarcasm tasks.
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ProactiveMobile: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Boosting Proactive Intelligence on Mobile Devices
ProactiveMobile is a new benchmark for proactive mobile agents that tests latent intent inference from context and executable API generation, where a fine-tuned 7B model reaches 19.15% success versus 15.71% for o1 and 7.39% for GPT-5.
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AnomalyVFM -- Transforming Vision Foundation Models into Zero-Shot Anomaly Detectors
AnomalyVFM converts vision foundation models into zero-shot anomaly detectors via three-stage synthetic dataset generation plus low-rank adapters and weighted pixel loss, reaching 94.1% average image AUROC across nine datasets.
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Weather-R1: Logically Consistent Reinforcement Fine-Tuning for Multimodal Reasoning in Meteorology
Weather-R1 is a multimodal reasoning model for meteorology that uses logical consistency rewards during reinforcement fine-tuning to cut self-contradictory outputs and raises benchmark accuracy by 9.8 points over baselines.
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AirNav: A Large-Scale UAV Vision-and-Language Navigation Dataset with Natural and Diverse Instructions
AirNav delivers a new 137K-sample UAV VLN benchmark with diverse natural instructions and reports AirVLN-R1 reaching 51.82% success on test-unseen data plus preliminary sim-to-real results.
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IBISAgent: Reinforcing Pixel-Level Visual Reasoning in MLLMs for Universal Biomedical Object Referring and Segmentation
IBISAgent enables MLLMs to perform iterative pixel-level visual reasoning for biomedical object referring and segmentation via text-based clicks and agentic RL, outperforming prior SOTA methods without model modifications.
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dMLLM-TTS: Self-Verified and Efficient Test-Time Scaling for Diffusion Multi-Modal Large Language Models
dMLLM-TTS delivers up to 6x more efficient test-time scaling for diffusion MLLMs via O(N+T) hierarchical search and self-verified feedback, improving generation quality on GenEval across three models.
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UniGeoSeg: Towards Unified Open-World Segmentation for Geospatial Scenes
UniGeoSeg releases the first million-scale dataset for instruction-driven remote sensing segmentation and a unified model that achieves state-of-the-art results with strong zero-shot generalization.
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High-Resolution Visual Reasoning via Multi-Turn Grounding-Based Reinforcement Learning
MGPO elicits grounding in LMMs via multi-turn RL with binary rewards, yielding 5.4% and 5.2% gains on MME-Realworld and V* Bench and surpassing GPT-4o on the latter after training on 21K samples.
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LingoLoop Attack: Trapping MLLMs via Linguistic Context and State Entrapment into Endless Loops
LingoLoop traps MLLMs into generating up to 367 times more tokens by applying POS-aware attention adjustments to postpone EOS tokens and pruning generative paths to sustain repetitive loops.
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SIV-Bench: A Video Benchmark for Social Interaction Understanding and Reasoning
SIV-Bench is a new video benchmark with 2,792 clips and 5,455 QA pairs that evaluates MLLMs on social scene understanding, state reasoning, and dynamics prediction using social relation theory.
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Prompt Injection Attack to Tool Selection in LLM Agents
ToolHijacker optimizes malicious tool documents via a two-phase strategy to hijack LLM agents' tool selection in no-box settings.
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Video-R1: Reinforcing Video Reasoning in MLLMs
Video-R1 uses temporal-aware RL and mixed datasets to boost video reasoning in MLLMs, with a 7B model reaching 37.1% on VSI-Bench and surpassing GPT-4o.
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R1-VL: Learning to Reason with Multimodal Large Language Models via Step-wise Group Relative Policy Optimization
R1-VL uses StepGRPO with rule-based StepRAR and StepRVR rewards to let MLLMs learn step-by-step reasoning beyond imitation of positive paths.
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Monitoring Reasoning Models for Misbehavior and the Risks of Promoting Obfuscation
Chain-of-thought monitoring detects reward hacking in frontier reasoning models, but strong optimization against the monitor produces obfuscated misbehavior that remains hard to detect.
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Revisiting Parameter-Based Knowledge Editing in Large Language Models: Theoretical Limits and Empirical Evidence
Parameter-based knowledge editing in LLMs induces reasoning collapse via dimensional collapse and is consistently outperformed by a retrieval baseline across varied edit counts, knowledge complexity, and evaluation metrics.
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Harnessing LLM Agents with Skill Programs
HASP upgrades textual skills into executable Program Functions that intervene in LLM agent loops at inference, post-training, or self-evolution, delivering 25% gains over ReAct and 30.4% over Search-R1 on reasoning benchmarks.
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LPG: Balancing Efficiency and Policy Reasoning in Latent Policy Guardrails
LPG compresses policy deliberation into 10 latent tokens to reach 84.5% safety accuracy and 11x speedup over explicit reasoning baselines on guardrail benchmarks.
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Contexting as Recommendation: Evolutionary Collaborative Filtering for Context Engineering
NCCE reframes context engineering as instance-level recommendation via bootstrapped anchor contexts and a co-evolving neural collaborative filtering router that assigns specialized contexts per input.
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Understanding and Accelerating the Training of Masked Diffusion Language Models
Bell-shaped time sampling accelerates masked diffusion language model training by roughly 4x on LM1B by countering locality bias in language data.
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SEIF: Self-Evolving Reinforcement Learning for Instruction Following
SEIF creates a self-reinforcing loop in which an LLM alternately generates increasingly difficult instructions and learns to follow them better using reinforcement learning signals from its own judgments.
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Measuring and Mitigating Persona Distortions from AI Writing Assistance
AI writing distorts perceived writer personas across 29 dimensions in large experiments, and reward-model mitigation reduces but does not eliminate user preference for the AI.
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Hard to Be Heard: Phoneme-Level ASR Analysis of Phonologically Complex, Low-Resource Endangered Languages
Phoneme-level analysis of ASR on Archi and Rutul shows data scarcity explains recognition errors better than phonological complexity, with language-specific adaptations improving wav2vec2 performance.
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Characterizing Model-Native Skills
Recovering an orthogonal basis from model activations yields a model-native skill characterization that improves reasoning Pass@1 by up to 41% via targeted data selection and supports inference steering, outperforming human-characterized alternatives.
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MapTab: Are MLLMs Ready for Multi-Criteria Route Planning in Heterogeneous Graphs?
MapTab is a new multimodal benchmark with 328 images and nearly 200k queries that shows current MLLMs have substantial difficulty with multi-criteria route planning when visual and tabular information must be combined.
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LinMU: Multimodal Understanding Made Linear
LinMU achieves linear-complexity multimodal understanding by swapping self-attention for an M-MATE dual-branch block and distilling from a frozen teacher VLM, matching accuracy with up to 2.7x faster TTFT and 9x higher throughput.
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LLaDA2.0: Scaling Up Diffusion Language Models to 100B
LLaDA2.0 scales discrete diffusion language models to 100B parameters via systematic conversion from autoregressive models using a 3-phase WSD training scheme and releases open-source 16B and 100B MoE variants.
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Detector-Empowered Video Large Language Model for Efficient Spatio-Temporal Grounding
DEViL offloads spatial grounding to a detector via a distilled reference-semantic token and temporal consistency regularization, reaching 43.1% m_vIoU at 14.33 FPS on HC-STVG.
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MedGRPO: Multi-Task Reinforcement Learning for Heterogeneous Medical Video Understanding
MedGRPO applies cross-dataset reward normalization and a clinical LLM judge within multi-task RL to improve vision-language models on heterogeneous medical video understanding tasks using the new MedVidBench dataset.
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PhotoFramer: Multi-modal Image Composition Instruction
PhotoFramer is a multi-modal model that jointly produces textual composition instructions and illustrative corrected images from poorly framed inputs.
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Look, Zoom, Understand: The Robotic Eyeball for Embodied Perception
EyeVLA transfers open-world VLM understanding to a PTZ camera control policy via hierarchical action tokens and GRPO reinforcement learning, reaching 96% task completion on 50 real scenes with only 500 training samples.
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StableSketcher: Enhancing Diffusion Model for Pixel-based Sketch Generation via Visual Question Answering Feedback
StableSketcher improves text-to-sketch generation by fine-tuning a diffusion VAE and adding a VQA-based RL reward, while releasing the SketchDUO dataset of sketches with captions and QA pairs.
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Can Old Tests Do New Tricks for Resolving SWE Issues?
TestPrune minimizes regression test suites to improve bug reproduction and patch validation in LLM-based agentic repair pipelines, delivering 6-13% relative gains on SWE-Bench benchmarks at low API cost.
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Multi-LLM Orchestration for High-Quality Code Generation: Exploiting Complementary Model Strengths
PerfOrch is a four-agent multi-LLM system that uses offline profiling to build language-and-category rankings for routing tasks, achieving 97.19% and 95.83% pass@1 on HumanEval-X and EffiBench-X with generalization across benchmarks.
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ChatInject: Abusing Chat Templates for Prompt Injection in LLM Agents
ChatInject exploits LLM chat template structures to boost indirect prompt injection success rates on agents from ~5-15% to 32-52% across benchmarks, with multi-turn persuasion variants performing best.
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Mitigating Object Hallucinations via Sentence-Level Early Intervention
SENTINEL reduces MLLM object hallucinations by over 90% via sentence-level early intervention with detector-bootstrapped preference data and C-DPO loss, outperforming prior SOTA on hallucination and capability benchmarks.
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Does Math Reasoning Improve General LLM Capabilities? Understanding Transferability of LLM Reasoning
Math reasoning gains in LLMs rarely transfer to general domains; RL tuning generalizes while SFT causes forgetting and representation drift.