S1-VL combines structured scientific reasoning with iterative image manipulation via code execution to reach state-of-the-art results on visual and scientific reasoning benchmarks.
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UI-TARS-2 Technical Report: Advancing GUI Agent with Multi-Turn Reinforcement Learning
Canonical reference. 80% of citing Pith papers cite this work as background.
33
Pith papers citing it
Background
80% of classified citations
abstract
The development of autonomous agents for graphical user interfaces (GUIs) presents major challenges in artificial intelligence. While recent advances in native agent models have shown promise by unifying perception, reasoning, action, and memory through end-to-end learning, open problems remain in data scalability, multi-turn reinforcement learning (RL), the limitations of GUI-only operation, and environment stability. In this technical report, we present UI-TARS-2, a native GUI-centered agent model that addresses these challenges through a systematic training methodology: a data flywheel for scalable data generation, a stabilized multi-turn RL framework, a hybrid GUI environment that integrates file systems and terminals, and a unified sandbox platform for large-scale rollouts. Empirical evaluation demonstrates that UI-TARS-2 achieves significant improvements over its predecessor UI-TARS-1.5. On GUI benchmarks, it reaches 88.2 on Online-Mind2Web, 47.5 on OSWorld, 50.6 on WindowsAgentArena, and 73.3 on AndroidWorld, outperforming strong baselines such as Claude and OpenAI agents. In game environments, it attains a mean normalized score of 59.8 across a 15-game suite-roughly 60% of human-level performance-and remains competitive with frontier proprietary models (e.g., OpenAI o3) on LMGame-Bench. Additionally, the model can generalize to long-horizon information-seeking tasks and software engineering benchmarks, highlighting its robustness across diverse agent tasks. Detailed analyses of training dynamics further provide insights into achieving stability and efficiency in large-scale agent RL. These results underscore UI-TARS-2's potential to advance the state of GUI agents and exhibit strong generalization to real-world interactive scenarios.
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representative citing papers
GUIGuard-Bench is a new benchmark with annotated GUI screenshots that measures privacy recognition, planning fidelity under protection, and utility impact for trajectory-based GUI agents.
BBCritic reframes GUI critique as continuous semantic alignment via contrastive learning in an affordance space, outperforming larger binary SOTA models on a new four-level hierarchical benchmark without extra annotations.
WinDeskGround is a parametrically generated benchmark of 1,356 instruction-target pairs that reveals accuracy declines in state-of-the-art MLLMs under partial occlusion in multi-window GUI settings.
Presents CUActSpot benchmark and renderer-LLM data synthesis that lets a 4B model outperform larger open-source models on complex computer interactions.
VLATIM benchmark reveals large VLMs excel at high-level planning in physics puzzles but struggle with precise visual grounding and mouse control, so they lack human-like problem-solving capabilities.
ReVision reduces visual token usage by 46% on average in agent trajectories via a learned patch selector and improves success rates by 3% on three benchmarks, showing that history saturation stems from inefficient representations rather than lack of utility.
Weblica scales RL training for visual web agents by building thousands of reproducible environments through HTTP caching for stable replays and LLM synthesis from real sites, yielding an 8B model that beats similar open baselines on navigation benchmarks.
Faithful-Agent raises Trap SR in GUI agents from 13.88% to 80.21% via faithfulness-oriented SFT and GuAE-enhanced RFT with consistency rewards while retaining general performance.
RiskWebWorld is the first realistic interactive benchmark for GUI agents in e-commerce risk management, revealing a large gap between generalist and specialized models plus RL gains.
Open 4B and 8B visual web agents achieve state-of-the-art results on browser benchmarks by predicting actions from screenshots and instructions, outperforming similar open models and some closed larger-model agents, with full release of data and code planned.
VF-Coder raises GUI code success rate from 21.68% to 28.29% and visual score from 0.4284 to 0.5584 on a new 984-task benchmark by adding direct visual perception and interaction.
VLMs and LAMs outperform RL baselines in voxel-wise brain encoding during gameplay, with LAMs showing prompt-asymmetric organization (27% unique action vs -5% unique reasoning) strongest in frontal-motor cortex.
ToolCUA introduces a trajectory scaling pipeline and staged RL to optimize GUI-tool switching, reaching 46.85% accuracy on OSWorld-MCP for a 66% relative gain over baseline.
SnapGuard detects prompt injection attacks on screenshot-based web agents via visual stability indicators and contrast-polarity textual signals, reaching F1 0.75 while running 8x faster than GPT-4o with no added memory cost.
VLAA-GUI adds mandatory visual verifiers, multi-tier loop breakers, and on-demand search to GUI agents, reaching 77.5% on OSWorld and 61.0% on WindowsAgentArena with some models exceeding human performance.
AgentLens adaptively deploys Full UI, Partial UI, and GenUI modalities with virtual display overlays for mobile GUI agents, yielding 85.7% user preference and best-in-study usability in a 21-participant evaluation.
Closed-loop VLM agents using multi-view reasoning, object-centered visualization, and single-axis rotation prediction achieve superior text-guided 6D pose rearrangement for target objects in scenes.
Semantic-level UI Element Injection distracts GUI agents by overlaying safety-aligned UI elements, achieving up to 4.4x higher attack success rates that transfer across models and create persistent attractors.
WebChain supplies the largest open dataset of real human web trajectories with triple-modal alignment and a dual mid-training method that separates grounding from planning to improve web agents.
AgentProg reframes interaction history as a program with variables and control flow, plus a belief state for partial observability, achieving SOTA success rates on long-horizon GUI benchmarks while baselines degrade.
Presents CaptchaBench benchmark and CaptchaMind RL solver achieving 82.9% success on benchmark tasks and 71% on real-world CAPTCHAs via explicit reasoning process supervision.
A survey that organizes existing work on LLM-based agents around code as the central harness, structured in three layers of interfaces, mechanisms, and multi-agent scaling, with applications across domains and listed open challenges.
SE-GA combines Test-Time Memory Extension for dynamic context retrieval with Memory-Augmented Self-Evolution training to reach 89.0% on ScreenSpot and 75.8% on AndroidControl-High.
citing papers explorer
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S1-VL: Scientific Multimodal Reasoning Model with Thinking-with-Images
S1-VL combines structured scientific reasoning with iterative image manipulation via code execution to reach state-of-the-art results on visual and scientific reasoning benchmarks.
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GUIGuard-Bench: Toward a General Evaluation for Privacy-Preserving GUI Agents
GUIGuard-Bench is a new benchmark with annotated GUI screenshots that measures privacy recognition, planning fidelity under protection, and utility impact for trajectory-based GUI agents.
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Beyond Binary: Reframing GUI Critique as Continuous Semantic Alignment
BBCritic reframes GUI critique as continuous semantic alignment via contrastive learning in an affordance space, outperforming larger binary SOTA models on a new four-level hierarchical benchmark without extra annotations.
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WinDeskGround: A Benchmark for Robust GUI Grounding in Complex Multi-Window Desktop Environments
WinDeskGround is a parametrically generated benchmark of 1,356 instruction-target pairs that reveals accuracy declines in state-of-the-art MLLMs under partial occlusion in multi-window GUI settings.
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Covering Human Action Space for Computer Use: Data Synthesis and Benchmark
Presents CUActSpot benchmark and renderer-LLM data synthesis that lets a 4B model outperform larger open-source models on complex computer interactions.
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Do Vision-Language-Models show human-like logical problem-solving capability in point and click puzzle games?
VLATIM benchmark reveals large VLMs excel at high-level planning in physics puzzles but struggle with precise visual grounding and mouse control, so they lack human-like problem-solving capabilities.
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ReVision: Scaling Computer-Use Agents via Temporal Visual Redundancy Reduction
ReVision reduces visual token usage by 46% on average in agent trajectories via a learned patch selector and improves success rates by 3% on three benchmarks, showing that history saturation stems from inefficient representations rather than lack of utility.
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Weblica: Scalable and Reproducible Training Environments for Visual Web Agents
Weblica scales RL training for visual web agents by building thousands of reproducible environments through HTTP caching for stable replays and LLM synthesis from real sites, yielding an 8B model that beats similar open baselines on navigation benchmarks.
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Faithful Mobile GUI Agents with Guided Advantage Estimator
Faithful-Agent raises Trap SR in GUI agents from 13.88% to 80.21% via faithfulness-oriented SFT and GuAE-enhanced RFT with consistency rewards while retaining general performance.
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RiskWebWorld: A Realistic Interactive Benchmark for GUI Agents in E-commerce Risk Management
RiskWebWorld is the first realistic interactive benchmark for GUI agents in e-commerce risk management, revealing a large gap between generalist and specialized models plus RL gains.
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MolmoWeb: Open Visual Web Agent and Open Data for the Open Web
Open 4B and 8B visual web agents achieve state-of-the-art results on browser benchmarks by predicting actions from screenshots and instructions, outperforming similar open models and some closed larger-model agents, with full release of data and code planned.
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Coding with Eyes: Visual Feedback Unlocks Reliable GUI Code Generating and Debugging
VF-Coder raises GUI code success rate from 21.68% to 28.29% and visual score from 0.4284 to 0.5584 on a new 984-task benchmark by adding direct visual perception and interaction.
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Brain alignment of reasoning and action representations from vision-language and action models during naturalistic gameplay
VLMs and LAMs outperform RL baselines in voxel-wise brain encoding during gameplay, with LAMs showing prompt-asymmetric organization (27% unique action vs -5% unique reasoning) strongest in frontal-motor cortex.
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ToolCUA: Towards Optimal GUI-Tool Path Orchestration for Computer Use Agents
ToolCUA introduces a trajectory scaling pipeline and staged RL to optimize GUI-tool switching, reaching 46.85% accuracy on OSWorld-MCP for a 66% relative gain over baseline.
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SnapGuard: Lightweight Prompt Injection Detection for Screenshot-Based Web Agents
SnapGuard detects prompt injection attacks on screenshot-based web agents via visual stability indicators and contrast-polarity textual signals, reaching F1 0.75 while running 8x faster than GPT-4o with no added memory cost.
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VLAA-GUI: Knowing When to Stop, Recover, and Search, A Modular Framework for GUI Automation
VLAA-GUI adds mandatory visual verifiers, multi-tier loop breakers, and on-demand search to GUI agents, reaching 77.5% on OSWorld and 61.0% on WindowsAgentArena with some models exceeding human performance.
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AgentLens: Adaptive Visual Modalities for Human-Agent Interaction in Mobile GUI Agents
AgentLens adaptively deploys Full UI, Partial UI, and GenUI modalities with virtual display overlays for mobile GUI agents, yielding 85.7% user preference and best-in-study usability in a 21-participant evaluation.
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Text-Guided 6D Object Pose Rearrangement via Closed-Loop VLM Agents
Closed-loop VLM agents using multi-view reasoning, object-centered visualization, and single-axis rotation prediction achieve superior text-guided 6D pose rearrangement for target objects in scenes.
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Are GUI Agents Focused Enough? Automated Distraction via Semantic-level UI Element Injection
Semantic-level UI Element Injection distracts GUI agents by overlaying safety-aligned UI elements, achieving up to 4.4x higher attack success rates that transfer across models and create persistent attractors.
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WebChain: A Large-Scale Human-Annotated Dataset of Real-World Web Interaction Traces
WebChain supplies the largest open dataset of real human web trajectories with triple-modal alignment and a dual mid-training method that separates grounding from planning to improve web agents.
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AgentProg: Empowering Long-Horizon GUI Agents with Program-Guided Context Management
AgentProg reframes interaction history as a program with variables and control flow, plus a belief state for partial observability, achieving SOTA success rates on long-horizon GUI benchmarks while baselines degrade.
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CaptchaMind: Training CAPTCHA Solvers via Reinforcement Learning with Explicit Reasoning Supervision
Presents CaptchaBench benchmark and CaptchaMind RL solver achieving 82.9% success on benchmark tasks and 71% on real-world CAPTCHAs via explicit reasoning process supervision.
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Code as Agent Harness
A survey that organizes existing work on LLM-based agents around code as the central harness, structured in three layers of interfaces, mechanisms, and multi-agent scaling, with applications across domains and listed open challenges.
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SE-GA: Memory-Augmented Self-Evolution for GUI Agents
SE-GA combines Test-Time Memory Extension for dynamic context retrieval with Memory-Augmented Self-Evolution training to reach 89.0% on ScreenSpot and 75.8% on AndroidControl-High.
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Towards Generalist Game Players: An Investigation of Foundation Models in the Game Multiverse
The paper organizes research on generalist game AI into Dataset, Model, Harness, and Benchmark pillars and charts a five-level progression from single-game mastery to agents that create and live inside game multiverses.
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Learning to Explore: Scaling Agentic Reasoning via Exploration-Aware Policy Optimization
An exploration-aware policy optimization method lets LLM agents explore selectively via a variational-inference reward and action grouping, yielding consistent gains on text and GUI agent benchmarks.
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On Training Large Language Models for Long-Horizon Tasks: An Empirical Study of Horizon Length
Longer action horizons bottleneck LLM agent training through instability, but training with reduced horizons stabilizes learning and enables better generalization to longer horizons.
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GUI Agents with Reinforcement Learning: Toward Digital Inhabitants
The paper delivers the first comprehensive overview of RL for GUI agents, organizing methods into offline, online, and hybrid strategies while analyzing trends in rewards, efficiency, and deliberation to outline a future roadmap.
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HalluClear: Diagnosing, Evaluating and Mitigating Hallucinations in GUI Agents
HalluClear supplies a taxonomy, calibrated evaluation, and lightweight post-training mitigation that reduces hallucinations in GUI agents using only 9K samples.
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UI-Oceanus: Scaling GUI Agents with Synthetic Environmental Dynamics
UI-Oceanus shows that continual pre-training on forward dynamics predictions from synthetic GUI exploration improves agent success rates by 7% offline and 16.8% online, with gains scaling by data volume.
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How Mobile World Model Guides GUI Agents?
World models trained on delta text, full text, diffusion images, and renderable code achieve SoTA on two benchmarks and improve downstream GUI agent performance on three mobile datasets with modality-specific strengths.
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Securing Computer-Use Agents: A Unified Architecture-Lifecycle Framework for Deployment-Grounded Reliability
The paper develops a unified framework that organizes computer-use agent reliability around perception-decision-execution layers and creation-deployment-operation-maintenance stages to map security and alignment interventions.
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Agent Skills for Large Language Models: Architecture, Acquisition, Security, and the Path Forward
The paper surveys agent skills for LLMs across architecture, acquisition, deployment, and security, proposing a four-tier Skill Trust and Lifecycle Governance Framework to address vulnerabilities in community skills.