LRD host galaxies show average metallicity 0.08 Z_sun with narrow stable range, challenging pristine-gas formation models while ruling out typical local AGN.
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Star Formation in Galaxies Along the Hubble Sequence
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abstract
Observations of star formation rates (SFRs) in galaxies provide vital clues to the physical nature of the Hubble sequence, and are key probes of the evolutionary properties of galaxies. The focus of this review is on the broad patterns in the star formation properties of galaxies along the Hubble sequence, and their implications for understanding galaxy evolution and the physical processes that drive the evolution. Star formation in the disks and nuclear regions of galaxies are reviewed separately, then discussed within a common interpretive framework. The diagnostic methods used to measure SFRs are also reviewed, and a self-consistent set of SFR calibrations is presented as an aid to workers in the field.
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representative citing papers
Anisotropic quenching is detected at the highest redshift yet and linked to preprocessing dominating over intrahalo effects by ~20% along the major axis in a delay-then-rapid quenching model informed by cluster accretion histories.
Cosmological zoom-in simulations find that grain-grain shattering in diffuse ISM gas drives rising PAH mass fraction with time, naturally producing the observed PAH-metallicity relation and inverse qPAH-molecular gas trends.
JWST observations of z~1.1 galaxies produce PAH ratio maps showing larger and more neutral PAHs at larger radii, opposite local trends, linked to UV hardness via photo-destruction.
Simultaneous measurement of low- and high-mass IMF slopes in 214 star-forming galaxies reveals diversity, weak correlation between ends, and links to stellar mass, star formation rate, and metallicity.
Introduces a semi-deterministic star sampling method in simulations that derives the instantaneous IMF from current cluster mass using reservoir particles and on-the-fly cluster finding.
Forecasts indicate [Ne V] LIM cross-correlations can constrain mean AGN intensity and bias at cosmic noon with sensitivity to sources fainter than 5 sigma thresholds.
Confirmation of 77 new heavily reddened quasars at 1.5 < z < 3.9 with high luminosities and extinctions, showing they are deficient in hot and warm dust relative to blue quasars and supporting a blow-out feedback phase.
Direct [OIII]4364-based metallicities show that galaxies with stellar masses 10^6.7-9 solar masses at z~6-8 are 0.3-0.5 dex more metal-poor than local galaxies of the same mass, with slope 0.25 and 0.2 dex scatter.
Advection-only galactic wind models fail to reproduce observed vertical radio profiles without unrealistic velocities, synchrotron spectra are biased toward young electrons in dense regions, and bremsstrahlung/Coulomb losses cannot be neglected even when subdominant.
Calculations indicate low microlensing rates through NGC1052-DF2 but O(1-10) events per year possible across the sky with LSST monitoring, potentially enabling independent IMF estimates in UDGs.
Axions produced in supernovae generate a diffuse gamma-ray signal through conversion in magnetic fields, yielding competitive constraints on the axion-photon coupling from COMPTEL, EGRET, and Fermi-LAT data plus forecasts for future MeV telescopes.
kNN CDF statistics detect 21cm-galaxy cross-correlations more effectively than two-point methods and distinguish reionization models at fixed ionized fraction even with noise and foregrounds.
JWST spectra show a tight Hα-[O III] correlation and frequent non-Case B Balmer decrements, questioning standard spectral diagnostics.
Decomposition of CALIFA early-type galaxies shows star formation confined to discs compatible with the SFMS, with no molecular gas deficit in bulges relative to discs at fixed mass.
JWST observations identify all massive young embedded star clusters in the Antennae, revealing they are extremely young, heavily obscured, and account for ~60% of the ionizing luminosity.
A 75–190 pc non-thermal radio source coincident with FRB 20220912A is identified as a compact star-forming region with Σ_SFR ≳ 13 M☉/yr/kpc², supporting a young-magnetar progenitor channel.
A cosmological simulation with tidally compressive cluster formation and compact-object heating yields globular cluster populations consistent with observations.
New spectral models of solar-metallicity stellar populations using POSYDON show binary-stripped stars dominating ionizing radiation after about 16 Myr.
At fixed stellar mass, inner gas mass—not size, SFR, or potential—best predicts gas metallicity, and differences in long-term inflow histories can explain the pattern.
New stack-based strong-line calibrations from ~1500 spectra yield mass-metallicity relations at z=1-10 with decreasing metallicity toward higher redshift and no slope change, plus 50 EMPG candidates at 1-4% solar metallicity showing large scatter and opposite sSFR trends.
Non-detections of expected third flares in TDE 2022dbl and TDE 2020vdq support rpTDE interpretation over independent events, with modeling favoring bound main-sequence star orbits and deep initial encounters.
Empirical three-parameter fit to f_esc(M_h,z) yields steep redshift evolution with population-averaged escape fraction rising from ~2% at z=5 to ~9% at z=12.
The ionization parameter inferred from O32 rises with redshift and sSFR, falls with stellar mass, and increases by ~4x from z=2 to z=6 at fixed mass and sSFR, with a ~0.3 dex model systematic.
citing papers explorer
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The metallicities of little red dot host galaxies: LRDs are metal poor, but not pristine
LRD host galaxies show average metallicity 0.08 Z_sun with narrow stable range, challenging pristine-gas formation models while ruling out typical local AGN.
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Anisotropic quenching beyond $z=1$ and its implications for preprocessing around high-redshift galaxy clusters
Anisotropic quenching is detected at the highest redshift yet and linked to preprocessing dominating over intrahalo effects by ~20% along the major axis in a delay-then-rapid quenching model informed by cluster accretion histories.
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The Lifecycle and Emission Properties of PAHs in Cosmological Hydrodynamic Galaxy Formation Simulations
Cosmological zoom-in simulations find that grain-grain shattering in diffuse ISM gas drives rising PAH mass fraction with time, naturally producing the observed PAH-metallicity relation and inverse qPAH-molecular gas trends.
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PAHSPECS: Spatially Resolved PAH Spectroscopy at cosmic noon with JWST MIRI MRS
JWST observations of z~1.1 galaxies produce PAH ratio maps showing larger and more neutral PAHs at larger radii, opposite local trends, linked to UV hardness via photo-destruction.
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Hector Galaxy Survey: Linking the low- and high-mass ends of the initial mass function in star-forming galaxies
Simultaneous measurement of low- and high-mass IMF slopes in 214 star-forming galaxies reveals diversity, weak correlation between ends, and links to stellar mass, star formation rate, and metallicity.
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Individual Star Sampling in Star Formation Simulations: A Semi-Deterministic Model
Introduces a semi-deterministic star sampling method in simulations that derives the instantaneous IMF from current cluster mass using reservoir particles and on-the-fly cluster finding.
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AGN Line-Intensity Mapping: A Probe of Faint Black Holes at Cosmic Noon
Forecasts indicate [Ne V] LIM cross-correlations can constrain mean AGN intensity and bias at cosmic noon with sensitivity to sources fainter than 5 sigma thresholds.
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Hidden Monsters with SPHEREx I: A goldmine for heavily reddened quasars at cosmic noon
Confirmation of 77 new heavily reddened quasars at 1.5 < z < 3.9 with high luminosities and extinctions, showing they are deficient in hot and warm dust relative to blue quasars and supporting a blow-out feedback phase.
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A Glimpse of the Low-Mass End of the Direct Mass-Metallicity Relation at $z\sim6-8$
Direct [OIII]4364-based metallicities show that galaxies with stellar masses 10^6.7-9 solar masses at z~6-8 are 0.3-0.5 dex more metal-poor than local galaxies of the same mass, with slope 0.25 and 0.2 dex scatter.
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Revisiting radio synchrotron diagnostics in star-forming galaxies
Advection-only galactic wind models fail to reproduce observed vertical radio profiles without unrealistic velocities, synchrotron spectra are biased toward young electrons in dense regions, and bremsstrahlung/Coulomb losses cannot be neglected even when subdominant.
-
Extragalactic microlensing through Ultra Diffuse Galaxies
Calculations indicate low microlensing rates through NGC1052-DF2 but O(1-10) events per year possible across the sky with LSST monitoring, potentially enabling independent IMF estimates in UDGs.
-
Lights, Camera, Axion: Tracing Axions from Supernovae in the Diffuse $\gamma$-ray Sky
Axions produced in supernovae generate a diffuse gamma-ray signal through conversion in magnetic fields, yielding competitive constraints on the axion-photon coupling from COMPTEL, EGRET, and Fermi-LAT data plus forecasts for future MeV telescopes.
-
Nearest Neighbour-Based Statistics for 21cm-Galaxy Cross-Correlations in the Epoch of Reionization
kNN CDF statistics detect 21cm-galaxy cross-correlations more effectively than two-point methods and distinguish reionization models at fixed ionized fraction even with noise and foregrounds.
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A Mysteriously Tight H$\alpha$-[O III] Correlation and Non-Case B Balmer Decrements Revealed by the Spectra from the James Webb Space Telescope NIRSpec Instrument
JWST spectra show a tight Hα-[O III] correlation and frequent non-Case B Balmer decrements, questioning standard spectral diagnostics.
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Star-formation in CALIFA early-type galaxies. A matter of discs
Decomposition of CALIFA early-type galaxies shows star formation confined to discs compatible with the SFMS, with no molecular gas deficit in bulges relative to discs at fixed mass.
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Nowhere Left to Hide: Uncovering All of the Massive Young Embedded Star Clusters in the Antennae with JWST
JWST observations identify all massive young embedded star clusters in the Antennae, revealing they are extremely young, heavily obscured, and account for ~60% of the ionizing luminosity.
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Unveiling the Local Environment of FRB 20220912A: Sub-arcsecond $4-26$ GHz Radio Continuum Mapping
A 75–190 pc non-thermal radio source coincident with FRB 20220912A is identified as a compact star-forming region with Σ_SFR ≳ 13 M☉/yr/kpc², supporting a young-magnetar progenitor channel.
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Introducing AuriGLOBES: The effects of compressive tides, compact object-induced mass loss, and size evolution on modelling globular clusters
A cosmological simulation with tidally compressive cluster formation and compact-object heating yields globular cluster populations consistent with observations.
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Stellar Population Spectra Incorporating Detailed Binary Evolution using POSYDON
New spectral models of solar-metallicity stellar populations using POSYDON show binary-stripped stars dominating ionizing radiation after about 16 Myr.
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Beyond the Fundamental Metallicity Relation: galaxy sizes encode the link between inflow and metallicity
At fixed stellar mass, inner gas mass—not size, SFR, or potential—best predicts gas metallicity, and differences in long-term inflow histories can explain the pattern.
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JADES: the mass-metallicity relation at $z=1-10$. New calibrations, extremely metal-poor galaxies, and chemical diversity
New stack-based strong-line calibrations from ~1500 spectra yield mass-metallicity relations at z=1-10 with decreasing metallicity toward higher redshift and no slope change, plus 50 EMPG candidates at 1-4% solar metallicity showing large scatter and opposite sSFR trends.
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A Disappearing Act: Constraints From "Missing" Flares of Repeating Partial TDE Candidates
Non-detections of expected third flares in TDE 2022dbl and TDE 2020vdq support rpTDE interpretation over independent events, with modeling favoring bound main-sequence star orbits and deep initial encounters.
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Steep Redshift Evolution of the Ionizing Escape Fraction at $z = 5$--$12$: Empirical Constraints and Comparison with Simulations
Empirical three-parameter fit to f_esc(M_h,z) yields steep redshift evolution with population-averaged escape fraction rising from ~2% at z=5 to ~9% at z=12.
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RUBIES: The Evolution of the Ionization Parameter from 0 < z < 9
The ionization parameter inferred from O32 rises with redshift and sSFR, falls with stellar mass, and increases by ~4x from z=2 to z=6 at fixed mass and sSFR, with a ~0.3 dex model systematic.
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Spider-Webb: enhanced star formation in low-mass galaxies within the Spiderweb protocluster revealed by JWST Pa$\beta$ narrow-band imaging
Low-mass Paβ emitters in the Spiderweb protocluster show enhanced star formation rates compared to field galaxies, with no significant deviation at higher masses.
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From DES to KiDS: Domain adaptation for cross-survey detection of low-surface-brightness galaxies
Domain adaptation with an ensemble of CNN and transformer models trained on DES detects 20,180 LSBGs and 434 UDGs in KiDS DR5, with structural parameters and environmental trends consistent with known samples.
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New Isocurvature Constraints from JWST UV Luminosity Function
First UVLF-based constraints on model-agnostic isocurvature power spectra for CDM, baryon, neutrino, and dark radiation modes yield consistent 95% credible envelopes over k ~ 0.5-10 Mpc^{-1}.
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$V/\sigma$ Trends with Mass for Dwarf Galaxies from the Marvelous Massive Dwarfs Suite
Simulations of dwarf galaxies show V/σ rising with stellar mass, with HI gas and young stars more rotation-supported than old stars.
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Tidal pre-conditioning and ram-pressure stripping in NGC 1427A. Deep VLT/MUSE spectroscopy and FUV-to-radio observations trace a Fornax Cluster dwarf in transformation
Multi-phase observations of NGC 1427A indicate tidal torquing from a dwarf fly-by has pre-conditioned its gas for ram-pressure stripping by the Fornax intracluster medium, placing the galaxy at the onset of environmental quenching with a declining star formation rate.
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SPURS: Bursty Star Formation in an Extremely Luminous Weak Emission Line Galaxy at $z=9.3$
A massive galaxy at z=9.3 shows bursty star formation with a recent downturn and sits in a small ionized bubble in a neutral IGM.
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Breaking the UV Luminosity Function Degeneracy:Self-Interacting Dark Matter Constraints from Reionization Topology
21 cm reionization topology breaks the degeneracy between self-interacting dark matter and astrophysical parameters that limits UV luminosity function constraints, enabling robust SIDM limits of σ/m ≳ 1-2 cm²/g independent of star formation models.
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Old Universe, Young SNe Ia: A Statistical Analysis of Type Ia Supernova Progenitor Age from 6,983 TITAN Host Galaxies, and Implications for Cosmology
Large sample of SN Ia hosts shows young mean progenitor age of 3.5 Gyr and only 1.5 Gyr evolution, leading to negligible cosmological bias of 0.007 mag.
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Sparks: The Magellan/FIRE survey from starburst to post-starburst
The Sparks survey divides local galaxies into first-burst, second-burst, and post-burst groups, finding AGN predominantly in second-burst systems and implying a short delay before black hole accretion.
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Tracing Star Formation in Quasar Hosts via [O II] $\lambda$3727: A Kinematically Consistent Approach
Kinematically consistent decomposition shows [O II] in quasars is dominated by star formation rather than AGN, allowing its use as a reliable SFR tracer that correlates tightly with bolometric luminosity over black hole mass or Eddington ratio.
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EP250827b/SN 2025wkm: An X-ray Flash-Supernova Powered by a Central Engine and Circumstellar Interaction
EP250827b/SN 2025wkm is a new X-ray flash–supernova whose long, soft X-ray burst and double-peaked, plateauing optical light curve are best explained by a magnetar central engine interacting with a low-mass circumstellar shell.
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Metallicity Gradients in Modern Cosmological Simulations II: The Role of Bursty Versus Smooth Feedback at High-Redshift
Bursty stellar feedback produces systematically flatter metallicity gradients than smooth feedback in high-redshift galaxies across multiple simulation suites.
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A Multiwavelength Assessment Disfavoring the X-ray Binary Origin of He III Regions in Metal-Poor Star-Forming Dwarf Galaxies
Accreting X-ray sources cannot supply enough EUV photons to account for He III regions in metal-poor star-forming dwarf galaxies.
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Kinematic Stratification in Extremely Red Quasars Revealed by JWST
JWST observations of ERQs show stratified gas kinematics via deblended optical emission lines, with UV lines dominated by scattered light and optical lines mixing scattered and obscured emission.
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The DESI View of the Faint Radio Source Population in LoTSS DR2
Probabilistic spectroscopic classification of 251k LoTSS radio sources yields the largest high-confidence sample and confirms LERGs accrete below ~1% Eddington while HERGs accrete above it.
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JWST spectroscopy of galaxies at $z>10$: Damped Ly$\alpha$ absorbers reveal efficient star formation and hidden redshift biases
Analysis of JWST/NIRSpec Prism spectra for 25 z>=10 galaxies finds burstiness correlates with strong UV lines, short depletion times, and DLA-induced redshift biases of 0.39 and 0.14 with marginal impact on UV luminosity density.
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When Jets Don't Quench: Near-Infrared H$_{2}$ in Star Forming Low-Excitation Radio Galaxies
New Gemini/GNIRS observations of star-forming radio galaxies show warm H2 emission driven primarily by mergers rather than jets.
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UV Star-Formation Rates of the SHIELD Dwarf Galaxies
New FUV SFRs for the full SHIELD sample confirm Hα underestimates star formation in dwarfs, establish FUV as robust at lowest masses, and identify baryonic mass as the best predictor with most galaxies gas-dominated.
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Feedback in Extragalactic Star Clusters (FEAST): Spectral Energy Distributions and the Physical Properties of Star Clusters in NGC 628 with CIGALE
SED fitting of star clusters in NGC 628 identifies an evolutionary sequence from embedded young clusters to visible ones with a photo-dissociation region clearing timescale of approximately 4 Myr.
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Aether-SHELLQs: JWST integral-field spectroscopy of candidate obscured quasars at z ~ 6
JWST IFU spectroscopy of six z~6 galaxies finds broad Balmer lines in two objects, a strong correlation of broad-line presence with Lyα luminosity yielding AGN fractions >77% above and <15% below 10^44 erg/s, plus extended star-forming gas in non-AGN hosts.
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On Cross-Correlating Line Intensity Maps from SPHEREx during Reionization
Simulations of SPHEREx line intensity maps show cross-correlations (e.g., Hα × [OIII] at z=5) can reach S/N up to 99, probing galaxies with M < 4×10^10 M⊙, though most signal comes from brighter directly detectable galaxies.
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JWST Absorption-Line Analysis of UV-Bright Galaxies at $z=7.2-10.6$: Early Chemical Enrichment Traced by C, O, Mg, Al, Si, and Fe
JWST spectra reveal that two z~7 galaxies already show near-solar iron-to-silicon ratios with no strong odd-even effect, favoring early Type Ia supernovae over pair-instability supernovae as the source of iron enrichment.
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Early Results from GLASS-JWST. XXVI. Spatially Resolved Star Formation and Balmer Decrements at $1.1<z<2.3$ from NIRISS Slitless Spectroscopy
JWST observations of lensed galaxies yield tentative evidence for mass- and redshift-dependent radial gradients in nebular dust attenuation, with lower attenuation at higher redshifts and more extended SFR profiles in lower-redshift massive systems consistent with inside-out growth.
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An Obscured Tidal Disruption Event Uncovered by Its Mid- and Near-Infrared Dust Echo in a Star-Forming Galaxy
An obscured tidal disruption event in SDSS J010320.39+140152.5 was identified through its mid- and near-infrared dust echo peaking at 5.4e43 Lsun.
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SDSS+JWST Census of Stellar and Nebular Dust Attenuation at $z \sim 0$-7: Mass Dependence and Redshift Evolution
Dust attenuation follows a universal mass-dependent relation from z=0 to 7 with a transition at 10^9 solar masses where nebular attenuation steepens relative to stellar.
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COSMOS-Web: Star formation along the early Hubble sequence and the evolution of dust over the redshift range 0<z<12
Stacking analysis shows mean SFR in massive galaxies at 2<z<4.5 declines along the Hubble sequence from ~280 M⊙/yr in irregulars to ~80 M⊙/yr in spheroids, with a simple chemical evolution model explaining the rise in dust-to-stellar mass ratio out to z~8.