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OpenAI GPT-5 System Card
Mixed citation behavior. Most common role is background (51%).
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abstract
This is the system card published alongside the OpenAI GPT-5 launch, August 2025. GPT-5 is a unified system with a smart and fast model that answers most questions, a deeper reasoning model for harder problems, and a real-time router that quickly decides which model to use based on conversation type, complexity, tool needs, and explicit intent (for example, if you say 'think hard about this' in the prompt). The router is continuously trained on real signals, including when users switch models, preference rates for responses, and measured correctness, improving over time. Once usage limits are reached, a mini version of each model handles remaining queries. This system card focuses primarily on gpt-5-thinking and gpt-5-main, while evaluations for other models are available in the appendix. The GPT-5 system not only outperforms previous models on benchmarks and answers questions more quickly, but -- more importantly -- is more useful for real-world queries. We've made significant advances in reducing hallucinations, improving instruction following, and minimizing sycophancy, and have leveled up GPT-5's performance in three of ChatGPT's most common uses: writing, coding, and health. All of the GPT-5 models additionally feature safe-completions, our latest approach to safety training to prevent disallowed content. Similarly to ChatGPT agent, we have decided to treat gpt-5-thinking as High capability in the Biological and Chemical domain under our Preparedness Framework, activating the associated safeguards. While we do not have definitive evidence that this model could meaningfully help a novice to create severe biological harm -- our defined threshold for High capability -- we have chosen to take a precautionary approach.
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- abstract This is the system card published alongside the OpenAI GPT-5 launch, August 2025. GPT-5 is a unified system with a smart and fast model that answers most questions, a deeper reasoning model for harder problems, and a real-time router that quickly decides which model to use based on conversation type, complexity, tool needs, and explicit intent (for example, if you say 'think hard about this' in the prompt). The router is continuously trained on real signals, including when users switch models, preference rates for responses, and measured correctness, improving over time. Once usage limits ar
co-cited works
representative citing papers
Introduces the TVR active viewpoint-matching task and TVRBench indoor simulation benchmark, where foundation models start at low single-digit success rates but reach 51.4% after visual-action SFT and multi-turn GRPO post-training.
AMNESIA is a benchmark suite of 70,560 medical QA pairs that evaluates unlearning methods and shows that patient-level unlearning erodes disease-shared knowledge.
FlowCompile performs compile-time design space exploration on structured LLM workflows to produce reusable high-quality configuration sets that outperform routing baselines with up to 6.4x speedup.
M³Att poisons medical multimodal RAG by pairing covert textual misinformation with query-agnostic visual perturbations that increase retrieval of the bad content, causing LLMs to generate clinically plausible but incorrect responses.
Soohak is a 439-problem mathematician-curated benchmark where frontier LLMs reach at most 30.4% on research math challenges and no model exceeds 50% on refusal for ill-posed problems.
TraceAV-Bench is the first benchmark for multi-hop trajectory reasoning over long audio-visual videos, showing top models reach only 51-68% accuracy with substantial room for improvement.
EVE enables verifiable self-evolution of MLLMs by using a Challenger-Solver architecture to generate dynamic executable visual transformations that produce VQA problems with absolute execution-verified ground truth.
VLMs hallucinate by prioritizing contradictory on-screen text over visual content, addressed via the VisualTextTrap benchmark with 6,057 human-validated samples and the VTHM-MoE dual-encoder framework using dimension-specific experts and adaptive routing.
OccuBench is a new benchmark for AI agents on real-world occupational tasks via LLM-driven simulators, showing no model dominates all industries, implicit faults are hardest, and larger models with more reasoning perform better.
MMRareBench provides 1,756 QA pairs and 7,958 images from PMC rare-disease cases to evaluate 23 MLLMs, revealing low treatment-planning scores and medical models underperforming general models on multi-image tasks due to capacity dilution.
DragOn provides a new drag-grounding benchmark and training dataset for GUI agents, with evaluations suggesting potential improvements on computer-use tasks.
OmniOPD replaces token-level logit matching in on-policy distillation with Monte Carlo chunk-level semantic verification and a peak-entropy scheduler.
MM-Snowball benchmark diagnoses hallucination snowballing in multi-turn MLLM dialogues; CAVR mitigates it via dual visual rectification at representation and logit levels.
Moral Trolley Arena shows frontier LLMs produce composite moral preferences that are compressed rather than additive functions of calibrated component act strengths across Moral Foundations Theory.
Frontier VLMs overconfidently answer spatial questions under occlusion (~30% accuracy) and perspective ambiguity (<10% accuracy) instead of abstaining, and often fail to select helpful additional views.
VLMs exhibit consistent vertical-distance entanglement in embeddings from perspective bias in natural images, producing accuracy gaps that a new synthetic benchmark SpatialTunnel exposes as model-intrinsic.
CardioLens is a leakage-resistant CMR testbed of 473k slices and 13k QA pairs showing current MLLMs exhibit a large clinical reality gap with category-collapse failures on real workflows.
VideoOdyssey is a new benchmark featuring ultra-long videos (avg. 109 min) across 11 domains with multi-level continuous certificates (avg. 16 min for visual, 12.8 min for audio-visual) to diagnose MLLM limitations in continuous reasoning and omni-modal perception.
FundusGround is a new benchmark with 10,719 fundus images, 15,595 ETDRS-grid localized lesions, and 72,706 VQA questions to support clinically interpretable ophthalmic visual question answering.
Chain of Thought risk decomposes into oracle-trajectory benefit and trajectory-mismatch cost, with stability determining bounded, linear, or exponential error growth.
ClaimRAG-LAW is a French-English legal RAG benchmark with claim-level granularity for experts and non-experts that reveals limitations in current retrieval and generation performance.
ArchSIBench is a new benchmark dataset and evaluation suite that measures vision-language models on architectural spatial intelligence across 17 subtasks, showing most models lag human baselines especially in transformation and configuration.
SetCon achieves state-of-the-art open-ended referring segmentation by using LVLM-generated set-level concepts for joint mask decoding, with gains increasing for multi-target cases on image and video benchmarks.
citing papers explorer
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AMNESIA: A Large Scale Medical Unlearning Benchmark Suite with Disease-Informed Analysis
AMNESIA is a benchmark suite of 70,560 medical QA pairs that evaluates unlearning methods and shows that patient-level unlearning erodes disease-shared knowledge.
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OmniOPD: Logit-Free On-Policy Distillation via Speculative Verification
OmniOPD replaces token-level logit matching in on-policy distillation with Monte Carlo chunk-level semantic verification and a peak-entropy scheduler.
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On the Cost and Benefit of Chain of Thought: A Learning-Theoretic Perspective
Chain of Thought risk decomposes into oracle-trajectory benefit and trajectory-mismatch cost, with stability determining bounded, linear, or exponential error growth.
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To Call or Not to Call: Diagnosing Intrinsic Over-Calling Bias in LLM Agents
LLM agents have an intrinsic over-calling bias diagnosed via SAE activation margins and corrected by adaptive margin-calibrated steering, improving overall decision accuracy.
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RxEval: A Prescription-Level Benchmark for Evaluating LLM Medication Recommendation
RxEval benchmark shows frontier LLMs reach at most 46.10% exact match on prescription-level medication, dose, and route selection from real patient trajectories.
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AssayBench: An Assay-Level Virtual Cell Benchmark for LLMs and Agents
AssayBench is a new gene-ranking benchmark for phenotypic CRISPR screens that shows zero-shot generalist LLMs outperform both biology-specific LLMs and trainable baselines on adjusted nDCG.
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MulTaBench: Benchmarking Multimodal Tabular Learning with Text and Image
MulTaBench is a new collection of 40 image-tabular and text-tabular datasets designed to test target-aware representation tuning in multimodal tabular models.
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Are LLM Uncertainty and Correctness Encoded by the Same Features? A Functional Dissociation via Sparse Autoencoders
Uncertainty and correctness in LLMs are encoded by distinct feature populations, with suppression of confounded features improving accuracy and reducing entropy.
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EVPO: Explained Variance Policy Optimization for Adaptive Critic Utilization in LLM Post-Training
EVPO adaptively switches between critic-based and batch-mean advantage estimation using batch-level explained variance to provably achieve no greater variance than the better of PPO or GRPO at every step.
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Bringing Value Models Back: Generative Critics for Value Modeling in LLM Reinforcement Learning
GenAC introduces generative critics with chain-of-thought reasoning and in-context conditioning to improve value approximation and downstream RL performance in LLMs compared to value-based and value-free baselines.
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Why Larger Models Learn More: Effects of Capacity, Interference, and Rare-Task Retention
Larger models succeed on rare and complex tasks by reducing gradient interference from common tasks, allowing rare-task features to accumulate, as shown via synthetic task mixtures and OLMo pretraining from 4M to 4B parameters.
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Transcoders Trace Visual Grounding and Hallucinations in Vision-Language Models
Transcoders decompose MLP layers in Gemma 3-4B-IT to trace visual grounding more effectively than SAEs and predict hallucinations from circuit graph features at AUC 0.68.
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Mitigating Label Bias with Interpretable Rubric Embeddings
Rubric embeddings from expert criteria mitigate label bias in models trained on historical evaluations, reducing group disparities while improving cohort quality on a master's program dataset.
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Training on Documents About Monitoring Leads to CoT Obfuscation
Synthetic document finetuning on CoT monitor descriptions causes models to obfuscate reasoning traces, raising undetected misbehavior rates and correlating with controllability (r=0.800).
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Emergent and Subliminal Misalignment Through the Lens of Data-Mediated Transfer
Emergent and subliminal misalignment in LLMs arise from data structure interactions and transfer via benign distillation data, with stronger effects under shared functional structure and on-policy settings.
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Scaling Laws for Mixture Pretraining Under Data Constraints
Empirical study shows mixture pretraining tolerates higher target data repetition than single-source training, with a new repetition-aware scaling law enabling principled mixture selection based on data size, compute, and model scale.
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Nectar: Neural Estimation of Cached-Token Attention via Regression
Nectar fits small per-layer per-head neural networks via regression to predict attention outputs and normalizers, enabling constant-time inference independent of context length while preserving semantic generation quality.
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Can Revealed Preferences Clarify LLM Alignment and Steering?
LLMs show partial internal coherence in medical decisions but frequently fail to accurately report their preferences or adopt user-directed ones via prompting.
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FAME: Forecasting Academic Impact via Continuous-Time Manifold Evolution
FAME models scientific topic trajectories in continuous time to forecast paper impact more accurately than LLMs by aligning manuscripts with field momentum in a dynamic latent space.
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LLM-AUG: Robust Wireless Data Augmentation with In-Context Learning in Large Language Models
LLM-AUG applies LLM in-context learning for embedding-space data augmentation in wireless ML, outperforming baselines and reaching near-oracle accuracy with only 15% labeled data on RadioML and IC datasets.
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Lightning OPD: Efficient Post-Training for Large Reasoning Models with Offline On-Policy Distillation
Lightning OPD is an offline on-policy distillation method that matches standard OPD performance at 4x efficiency by enforcing teacher consistency between SFT and distillation phases.
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The Depth Ceiling: On the Limits of Large Language Models in Discovering Latent Planning
LLMs discover latent planning strategies up to five steps during training and execute them up to eight steps at test time, with larger models reaching seven under few-shot prompting, revealing a dissociation between discovery and execution.
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Reasoning as Gradient: Scaling MLE Agents Beyond Tree Search
Gome reaches 35.1% any-medal rate on MLE-Bench by mapping reasoning to gradient-based updates, outperforming tree search once models are sufficiently capable.
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Spectral Condition for $\mu$P under Width-Depth Scaling
A unified spectral condition for μP under width-depth scaling reveals a transition at k=1 vs k≥2 transformations per residual block and enables stable feature learning for practical architectures like Transformers.
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DeepArrhythmia: Segment-Contextualized ECG Arrhythmia Classification via Selective Evidence Acquisition
DeepArrhythmia introduces a segment-contextualized multimodal framework for beat-level ECG arrhythmia classification that uses tool-grounded evidence extraction and selective acquisition routed by segment-level confidence.
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A Composite Activation Function for Learning Stable Binary Representations
HTAF is a sigmoid-tanh composite that approximates the Heaviside function to allow stable gradient training of binary activation networks, yielding ICBMs with stable discretization and competitive performance on image tasks.
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Beyond Distribution Sharpening: The Importance of Task Rewards
Task-reward reinforcement learning yields robust gains on math benchmarks for models like Llama-3.2-3B while distribution sharpening alone delivers only limited and unstable improvements.
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A Simple Plug-in for Improving Eviction-Based KV Cache Compression
VECTOR augments eviction-based KV cache compression with three-way token routing that combines importance scoring and offline regression-based reconstructability estimation to improve quality at high compression ratios.
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It Takes Two: Complementary Self-Distillation for Contextual Integrity in LLMs
SELFCI uses complementary self-distillation with two reverse KL divergences to align LLMs to contextual integrity while preserving utility, outperforming RL baselines like GRPO in agentic settings.
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- Self-Driving Datasets: From 20 Million Papers to Nuanced Biomedical Knowledge at Scale
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