HABIT is a large-scale robot demonstration dataset for human-present environments that elicits spatiotemporal synchronization, yielding, and gesture grounding behaviors absent from robot-only training data.
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OpenVLA: An Open-Source Vision-Language-Action Model
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Large policies pretrained on a combination of Internet-scale vision-language data and diverse robot demonstrations have the potential to change how we teach robots new skills: rather than training new behaviors from scratch, we can fine-tune such vision-language-action (VLA) models to obtain robust, generalizable policies for visuomotor control. Yet, widespread adoption of VLAs for robotics has been challenging as 1) existing VLAs are largely closed and inaccessible to the public, and 2) prior work fails to explore methods for efficiently fine-tuning VLAs for new tasks, a key component for adoption. Addressing these challenges, we introduce OpenVLA, a 7B-parameter open-source VLA trained on a diverse collection of 970k real-world robot demonstrations. OpenVLA builds on a Llama 2 language model combined with a visual encoder that fuses pretrained features from DINOv2 and SigLIP. As a product of the added data diversity and new model components, OpenVLA demonstrates strong results for generalist manipulation, outperforming closed models such as RT-2-X (55B) by 16.5% in absolute task success rate across 29 tasks and multiple robot embodiments, with 7x fewer parameters. We further show that we can effectively fine-tune OpenVLA for new settings, with especially strong generalization results in multi-task environments involving multiple objects and strong language grounding abilities, and outperform expressive from-scratch imitation learning methods such as Diffusion Policy by 20.4%. We also explore compute efficiency; as a separate contribution, we show that OpenVLA can be fine-tuned on consumer GPUs via modern low-rank adaptation methods and served efficiently via quantization without a hit to downstream success rate. Finally, we release model checkpoints, fine-tuning notebooks, and our PyTorch codebase with built-in support for training VLAs at scale on Open X-Embodiment datasets.
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- abstract Large policies pretrained on a combination of Internet-scale vision-language data and diverse robot demonstrations have the potential to change how we teach robots new skills: rather than training new behaviors from scratch, we can fine-tune such vision-language-action (VLA) models to obtain robust, generalizable policies for visuomotor control. Yet, widespread adoption of VLAs for robotics has been challenging as 1) existing VLAs are largely closed and inaccessible to the public, and 2) prior work fails to explore methods for efficiently fine-tuning VLAs for new tasks, a key component for ado
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Introduces the TVR active viewpoint-matching task and TVRBench indoor simulation benchmark, where foundation models start at low single-digit success rates but reach 51.4% after visual-action SFT and multi-turn GRPO post-training.
FlowHijack is the first dynamics-aware backdoor attack on flow-matching VLAs that achieves high success rates with stealthy triggers while preserving benign performance and making malicious actions kinematically indistinguishable from normal ones.
EgoSafetyBench shows VLMs reliably spot hazard-containing videos but miss specific contextual hazards and are degraded by misleading in-scene text.
SARL optimizes language prompt inputs to generalist vision-language-action policies through online RL to solve complex long-horizon tasks by composing existing skills.
VLA models from VLM adaptation can be pruned 12-30% via multi-module joint scheme based on divergence signals while keeping ~90% performance on LIBERO without post-pruning recovery, unlike standard criteria that collapse.
Labimus is the first benchmark for humanoid dexterous manipulation in organic chemistry laboratories, exposing a gap between task completion and required experimental precision.
SWAM jointly generates intermediate RGB-D sequences and action trajectories from monocular RGB start/goal observations for embodied navigation.
SurgVLA-Bench supplies a hierarchical task taxonomy and multi-dimensional evaluation framework for VLA models in laparoscopic robotics simulation, showing autoregressive models excel at semantics while flow-matching models achieve higher precision but all fall short due to endoscopic view constraint
ForesightSafety-VLA creates a diagnostic benchmark for VLA safety with taxonomy across physical, language, and visual risks, showing perception and structure variations cause more safety degradation than language changes in tested models.
LIBERO-Safety supplies a scalable benchmark, data-generation pipeline, and 19,664-demonstration dataset that exposes a generalization-safety tension in current VLA models where diverse training improves collision avoidance but task success stays limited by trajectory quality and semantic understandi
PROBEACT is a plug-and-play intervention framework that combines hidden-state probing, kinematic failure detection, and CBF-based correction to boost success rates of pre-trained VLA models on the LIBERO-plus benchmark from 69.6% to 74.1%.
ReCoVLA improves VLA policy reliability by using a VLM as a semantic reward selector to train residual recovery policies in simulation, raising average success from 36.7% to 66.7% in sim and achieving 61.7% in zero-shot sim-to-real physical tests.
World models introduce a stealthy poisoning vector into robot learning pipelines where malicious prompts or dynamics in teleoperated data activate only during synthetic trajectory generation, enabling backdoors in downstream policies.
B2FF pre-generates a milestone bank of familiar future states from the clean initial observation and uses a recoverability-aware selector to guide VLA policies back from deviations, raising average success rate from 56.3% to 74.0% on failure-injected LIBERO.
PhysAgent is a simulator-in-the-loop multi-agent system that automates physically grounded 4D synthesis from multimodal prompts by using trajectory feedback from vision models and LLM reasoning to optimize force fields.
X-Tokenizer creates semantic action tokens via asymmetric residual quantization and contrastive pretraining on large trajectory data, outperforming prior methods like FAST on robotic tasks.
ActProbe is an action-space detector that uses temporal consistency error and action chunk magnitude from policy outputs, mapped via LSTM-MLP, to predict failures earlier than baselines across policies and real-robot tasks.
Q-VGM introduces value-gradient matching via VGG-Flow to improve flow-matching VLA policies with a Cal-QL critic, achieving success rate lifts on LIBERO, RoboTwin, and real-robot tasks.
ChronoPhyBench is a new benchmark and dataset for chronological physical dynamics reasoning that combines video-conditioned next-state prediction with VQA to reduce language bias in MLLM evaluation.
VoLoAgent uses a VLM to steer heterogeneous robot capabilities as interruptible tools for long-horizon manipulation and introduces the RoboVoLo benchmark, claiming substantial outperformance over single VLA/VLM or tool-based systems with real-robot validation.
PiL-World introduces a chunk-wise world model for closed-loop VLA policy evaluation that reduces the gap between simulated and real success rates from 63.2% to 12.0% on three dual-arm manipulation tasks by conditioning on action-derived visual control and latent histories while training on both succ
HapTile introduces a visuotactile dataset with haptic-informed teleoperation for language-conditioned contact-rich manipulation tasks and provides baseline policy benchmarks.
NextMotionQA benchmark reveals VLMs have critical gaps in fine-grained human motion understanding and align with experts on coarse judgment (κ=0.70) but not fine-grained (κ=0.10).
citing papers explorer
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Overcoming Dynamics-Blindness: Training-Free Pace-and-Path Correction for VLA Models
Pace-and-Path Correction decomposes a quadratic cost minimization into orthogonal pace and path channels to correct chunked actions in VLA models, raising success rates by up to 28.8% in dynamic settings.
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SABER: A Scalable Action-Based Embodied Dataset for Real-World VLA Adaptation
SABER provides 44.8K multi-representation action samples from unscripted retail environments that raise a VLA model's mean success rate on ten manipulation tasks from 13.4% to 29.3%.
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ECHO: Continuous Hierarchical Memory for Vision-Language-Action Models
ECHO organizes VLA experiences into a hierarchical memory tree in hyperbolic space via autoencoder and entailment constraints, delivering a 12.8% success-rate gain on LIBERO-Long over the pi0 baseline.
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NoiseGate: Learning Per-Latent Timestep Schedules as Information Gating in World Action Models
NoiseGate learns per-latent timestep schedules as an information-gating policy in diffusion-based world action models, yielding consistent gains on RoboTwin manipulation tasks.
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AT-VLA: Adaptive Tactile Injection for Enhanced Feedback Reaction in Vision-Language-Action Models
AT-VLA proposes adaptive tactile injection and a dual-stream tactile reaction mechanism to enhance VLA models for contact-rich robotic manipulation with real-time responses.
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Being-H0.7: A Latent World-Action Model from Egocentric Videos
Being-H0.7 adds future-aware latent reasoning to direct VLA policies via dual-branch alignment on latent queries, matching world-model benefits at VLA efficiency.
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Atomic-Probe Governance for Skill Updates in Compositional Robot Policies
A cross-version swap protocol reveals dominant skills that swing composition success by up to 50 percentage points, and an atomic probe with selective revalidation governs updates at lower cost than always re-testing full compositions.
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DiscreteRTC: Discrete Diffusion Policies are Natural Asynchronous Executors
Discrete diffusion policies act as natural asynchronous executors for robotics by treating action generation as iterative unmasking, yielding higher success rates and lower computation than flow-matching real-time chunking in dynamic tasks.
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VistaBot: View-Robust Robot Manipulation via Spatiotemporal-Aware View Synthesis
VistaBot integrates 4D geometry estimation and spatiotemporal view synthesis into action policies to improve cross-view generalization by 2.6-2.8x on a new VGS metric in simulation and real tasks.
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ViVa: A Video-Generative Value Model for Robot Reinforcement Learning
ViVa turns a video generator into a value model for robot RL that jointly forecasts future states and task value, yielding better performance on real-world box assembly when integrated with RECAP.
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QuadAgent: A Responsive Agent System for Vision-Language Guided Quadrotor Agile Flight
QuadAgent uses an asynchronous multi-agent architecture with an Impression Graph for scene memory and vision-based avoidance to enable training-free vision-language guided agile quadrotor flight, outperforming baselines in simulations and achieving real-world speeds up to 5 m/s.
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ST-BiBench: Benchmarking Multi-Stream Multimodal Coordination in Bimanual Embodied Tasks for MLLMs
ST-BiBench reveals a coordination paradox in which MLLMs show strong high-level strategic reasoning yet fail at fine-grained 16-dimensional bimanual action synthesis and multi-stream fusion.
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HarmoWAM: Harmonizing Generalizable and Precise Manipulation via Adaptive World Action Models
HarmoWAM unifies predictive and reactive control in world action models via an adaptive gating mechanism to deliver improved zero-shot generalization and precision in robotic manipulation.
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Unified Noise Steering for Efficient Human-Guided VLA Adaptation
UniSteer unifies human corrective actions and noise-space RL for VLA adaptation by inverting actions to noise targets, raising success rates from 20% to 90% in 66 minutes across four real-world manipulation tasks.
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Retrieve-then-Steer: Online Success Memory for Test-Time Adaptation of Generative VLAs
A retrieve-then-steer method stores successful robot actions in memory and uses them to steer a frozen VLA's flow-matching sampler for better test-time reliability without parameter updates.
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Escaping the Diversity Trap in Robotic Manipulation via Anchor-Centric Adaptation
Anchor-Centric Adaptation escapes the diversity trap by prioritizing repeated demonstrations at core anchors over broad coverage, yielding higher success rates under fixed data budgets in robotic manipulation.
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Toward Visually Realistic Simulation: A Benchmark for Evaluating Robot Manipulation in Simulation
VISER is a new visually realistic simulation benchmark for robot manipulation tasks that uses PBR materials and MLLM-assisted asset generation, achieving 0.92 Pearson correlation with real-world policy performance.
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ConsisVLA-4D: Advancing Spatiotemporal Consistency in Efficient 3D-Perception and 4D-Reasoning for Robotic Manipulation
ConsisVLA-4D adds cross-view semantic alignment, cross-object geometric fusion, and cross-scene dynamic reasoning to VLA models, delivering 21.6% and 41.5% gains plus 2.3x and 2.4x speedups on LIBERO and real-world tasks.
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Decompose and Recompose: Reasoning New Skills from Existing Abilities for Cross-Task Robotic Manipulation
Decompose and Recompose decomposes seen robotic demonstrations into skill-action alignments and recomposes them via visual-semantic retrieval and planning to enable zero-shot cross-task generalization.
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Learning While Deploying: Fleet-Scale Reinforcement Learning for Generalist Robot Policies
LWD is a fleet-scale offline-to-online RL framework that continually improves pretrained VLA policies using autonomous rollouts and human interventions, reaching 95% average success on real-world manipulation tasks.
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GS-Playground: A High-Throughput Photorealistic Simulator for Vision-Informed Robot Learning
GS-Playground delivers a high-throughput photorealistic simulator for vision-informed robot learning via parallel physics integrated with batch 3D Gaussian Splatting at 10^4 FPS and an automated Real2Sim workflow for consistent environments.
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$M^2$-VLA: Boosting Vision-Language Models for Generalizable Manipulation via Layer Mixture and Meta-Skills
M²-VLA shows that generalized VLMs can serve as direct backbones for robotic manipulation by selectively extracting task-critical features via Mixture of Layers and adding Meta Skill Modules for efficient trajectory learning.
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AsyncShield: A Plug-and-Play Edge Adapter for Asynchronous Cloud-based VLA Navigation
AsyncShield restores VLA geometric intent from latency via kinematic pose mapping and uses PPO-Lagrangian to balance tracking with LiDAR safety constraints in a plug-and-play module.
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Breaking Lock-In: Preserving Steerability under Low-Data VLA Post-Training
DeLock mitigates lock-in in low-data VLA post-training via visual grounding preservation and test-time contrastive prompt guidance, outperforming baselines across eight evaluations while matching data-heavy generalist policies.
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GazeVLA: Learning Human Intention for Robotic Manipulation
GazeVLA pretrains on large human egocentric datasets to capture gaze-based intention, then finetunes on limited robot data with chain-of-thought reasoning to achieve better robotic manipulation performance than baselines.
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dWorldEval: Scalable Robotic Policy Evaluation via Discrete Diffusion World Model
A discrete diffusion model tokenizes multimodal robotic data and uses a progress token to predict future states and task completion for scalable policy evaluation.
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CorridorVLA: Explicit Spatial Constraints for Generative Action Heads via Sparse Anchors
CorridorVLA improves VLA models by using predicted sparse anchors to impose explicit spatial corridors on action trajectories, yielding 3.4-12.4% success rate gains on LIBERO-Plus with GR00T-Corr reaching 83.21%.
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Unmasking the Illusion of Embodied Reasoning in Vision-Language-Action Models
State-of-the-art vision-language-action models catastrophically fail dynamic embodied reasoning due to lexical-kinematic shortcuts, behavioral inertia, and semantic feature collapse caused by architectural bottlenecks, as shown by the new BeTTER benchmark with real-world validation.
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ST-$\pi$: Structured SpatioTemporal VLA for Robotic Manipulation
ST-π structures VLA models by having a spatiotemporal VLM produce causally ordered chunk-level prompts that guide a dual-generator action expert to jointly handle spatial and temporal control in robotic manipulation.
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OFlow: Injecting Object-Aware Temporal Flow Matching for Robust Robotic Manipulation
OFlow unifies temporal foresight and object-aware reasoning inside a shared latent space via flow matching to improve VLA robustness in robotic manipulation under distribution shifts.
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VAG: Dual-Stream Video-Action Generation for Embodied Data Synthesis
VAG is a synchronized dual-stream flow-matching framework that generates aligned video-action pairs for synthetic embodied data synthesis and policy pretraining.
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ActiveGlasses: Learning Manipulation with Active Vision from Ego-centric Human Demonstration
ActiveGlasses learns robot manipulation from ego-centric human demos captured with active vision via smart glasses, achieving zero-shot transfer using object-centric point-cloud policies.
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Uncovering Linguistic Fragility in Vision-Language-Action Models via Diversity-Aware Red Teaming
DAERT generates diverse adversarial instructions via a uniform policy in RL to drop VLA task success rates from 93.33% to 5.85% on benchmarks with models like π0 and OpenVLA.
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Veo-Act: How Far Can Frontier Video Models Advance Generalizable Robot Manipulation?
Veo-3 video predictions enable approximate task-level robot trajectories in zero-shot settings but require hierarchical integration with low-level VLA policies for reliable manipulation performance.
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ARM: Advantage Reward Modeling for Long-Horizon Manipulation
ARM trains reward models on Progressive/Regressive/Stagnant labels to enable adaptive reweighting in offline RL, reaching 99.4% success on towel-folding with minimal human intervention.
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Open-Loop Planning, Closed-Loop Verification: Speculative Verification for VLA
SV-VLA uses infrequent heavy VLA planning of action chunks plus a lightweight closed-loop verifier to achieve both efficiency and robustness in dynamic robot control.
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Learning Structured Robot Policies from Vision-Language Models via Synthetic Neuro-Symbolic Supervision
A 12B-parameter VLM learns to synthesize executable Behavior Tree policies from multimodal inputs via synthetic neuro-symbolic supervision, achieving zero-shot real-world transfer on robotic manipulators.
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Unified World Models: Coupling Video and Action Diffusion for Pretraining on Large Robotic Datasets
Unified World Models couple video and action diffusion inside one transformer with independent timesteps, enabling pretraining on heterogeneous robot datasets that include action-free video and producing more generalizable policies than imitation learning alone.
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GR00T N1: An Open Foundation Model for Generalist Humanoid Robots
GR00T N1 is a new open VLA foundation model for humanoid robots that outperforms imitation learning baselines in simulation and shows strong performance on real-world bimanual manipulation tasks.
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DexVLA: Vision-Language Model with Plug-In Diffusion Expert for General Robot Control
DexVLA combines a scaled diffusion action expert with embodiment curriculum learning to achieve better generalization and performance than prior VLA models on diverse robot hardware and long-horizon tasks.
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GR-2: A Generative Video-Language-Action Model with Web-Scale Knowledge for Robot Manipulation
GR-2 pre-trains on web-scale videos then fine-tunes on robot data to reach 97.7% average success across over 100 manipulation tasks with strong generalization to new scenes and objects.
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ProcVLM: Learning Procedure-Grounded Progress Rewards for Robotic Manipulation
ProcVLM learns procedure-grounded dense progress rewards for robotic manipulation via a reasoning-before-estimation VLM trained on a 60M-frame synthesized corpus from 30 embodied datasets.
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Evaluating Generative Models as Interactive Emergent Representations of Human-Like Collaborative Behavior
Embodied LLM agents exhibit emergent collaborative behaviors indicating mental models of partners in a color-matching game, detected via LLM judges and supported by positive user feedback.
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Cortex 2.0: Grounding World Models in Real-World Industrial Deployment
Cortex 2.0 introduces world-model-based planning that generates and scores future trajectories to outperform reactive vision-language-action baselines on industrial robotic tasks including pick-and-place, sorting, and unpacking.
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VLA Foundry: A Unified Framework for Training Vision-Language-Action Models
VLA Foundry provides a single training stack for VLA models and releases open models that match prior closed-source performance or outperform baselines on multi-task manipulation in simulation.
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Gated Memory Policy
GMP selectively activates and represents memory via a gate and lightweight cross-attention, yielding 30.1% higher success on non-Markovian robotic tasks while staying competitive on Markovian ones.
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StableIDM: Stabilizing Inverse Dynamics Model against Manipulator Truncation via Spatio-Temporal Refinement
StableIDM stabilizes inverse dynamics models under manipulator truncation by combining robot-centric masking, directional spatial feature aggregation, and temporal dynamics refinement, yielding 12.1% higher strict action accuracy on AgiBot and 9.7-17.6% gains in real-robot tasks.
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World-Value-Action Model: Implicit Planning for Vision-Language-Action Systems
The World-Value-Action model enables implicit planning for VLA systems by performing inference over a learned latent representation of high-value future trajectories instead of direct action prediction.
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Goal2Skill: Long-Horizon Manipulation with Adaptive Planning and Reflection
A dual VLM-VLA framework for long-horizon robot manipulation achieves 32.4% success on RMBench tasks versus 9.8% for the strongest baseline via structured memory and closed-loop adaptive replanning.
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OmniUMI: Towards Physically Grounded Robot Learning via Human-Aligned Multimodal Interaction
OmniUMI introduces a multimodal handheld interface that synchronously records RGB, depth, trajectory, tactile, internal grasp force, and external wrench data for training diffusion policies on contact-rich robot manipulation.