Tilted massive black hole disks develop persistent m=1 nonaxisymmetric modes, launch Blandford-Znajek jets whose collimation depends on spin orientation, and emit gravitational waves in the first self-consistent GRMHD simulations of such systems.
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First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole in the Center of the Milky Way
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abstract
We present the first Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observations of Sagittarius A* (Sgr A$^*$), the Galactic center source associated with a supermassive black hole. These observations were conducted in 2017 using a global interferometric array of eight telescopes operating at a wavelength of $\lambda=1.3\,{\rm mm}$. The EHT data resolve a compact emission region with intrahour variability. A variety of imaging and modeling analyses all support an image that is dominated by a bright, thick ring with a diameter of $51.8 \pm 2.3$\,\uas (68\% credible interval). The ring has modest azimuthal brightness asymmetry and a comparatively dim interior. Using a large suite of numerical simulations, we demonstrate that the EHT images of Sgr A$^*$ are consistent with the expected appearance of a Kerr black hole with mass ${\sim}4 \times 10^6\,{\rm M}_\odot$, which is inferred to exist at this location based on previous infrared observations of individual stellar orbits as well as maser proper motion studies. Our model comparisons disfavor scenarios where the black hole is viewed at high inclination ($i > 50^\circ$), as well as non-spinning black holes and those with retrograde accretion disks. Our results provide direct evidence for the presence of a supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way galaxy, and for the first time we connect the predictions from dynamical measurements of stellar orbits on scales of $10^3-10^5$ gravitational radii to event horizon-scale images and variability. Furthermore, a comparison with the EHT results for the supermassive black hole M87$^*$ shows consistency with the predictions of general relativity spanning over three orders of magnitude in central mass.
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representative citing papers
An exact analytic metric is constructed for rotating black holes embedded in generic dark matter halos with a central density spike that vanishes beyond a truncation radius near the horizon, generalizing prior spherical solutions.
Kerr black holes in an EsGB model without linear instability undergo nonlinear scalarization above spin 0.5, existing in a finite low-mass high-spin wedge rather than a narrow band.
Surface-gravity waves in shallow water can be configured with central and graded drainage to analogize regular black holes and mimickers, enabling lab study of their instabilities.
Derives a factorized leading term for the strong deflection angle near degenerate photon spheres using local expansion of the effective potential and Weyl tensor measures.
In the Gravity from Entropy framework, spherically symmetric black holes acquire r^{-4} corrections to Schwarzschild geometry, with large-mass evaporation at constant rate -β/24 and intermediate-mass loss following the classical Hawking M^{-2} scaling.
Self-force theory is extended to compute merger and ringdown waveforms in beyond-GR black hole binaries under the extreme mass-ratio approximation, with first calculations of self-force corrections to the merger waveform.
In dRGT massive gravity, static spherically symmetric black holes exhibit zero, one, or two photon spheres whose topological charges and stability patterns differ from Einstein gravity and from horizonless compact objects.
Spinning test particles around rotating hairy black holes show finite-time instability in localized regions of the (spin, hair-parameter) plane that reorganize the strong-field phase space compared to Kerr.
A thermodynamic-optical duality reparameterizes black hole mass via observable shadow radius to derive lensing angles, Hawking temperature, and luminosity for Kerr, Kerr-MOG, and rotating Horndeski metrics, yielding model-specific signatures under EHT constraints including up to 52% deviation in Hor
Three distinct non-minimal curvature-EM couplings produce different enlargements or reductions of black hole shadows and alter photon ring separations in characteristic ways.
Corotating point sources on accretion disks near black holes distort the relative magnification factor distribution, modulating caustics and encoding accretion flow kinematics via time-delayed images.
Cuspy black hole shadows correspond to swallowtail thermodynamic free energy, with boundary self-intersections marking geometric phase transitions whose critical exponents fall in the mean-field class.
Superradiant amplification of charged scalar fields around rotating charged de Sitter black holes is suppressed in conformal Weyl gravity relative to general relativity, with strong exponential suppression for massive fields in the cosmological region.
Derives an exact solution for a black hole in anisotropic dark sector FLRW background with mass co-evolving via radius-dependent coupling governed by the dark halo profile.
Rotating wormhole shadows develop cusps above a universal critical redshift value λ_c, yielding four morphologies: smooth, cuspy, ears touching, and throat drowning.
Upper bound r_γ ≤ [(n-1)M]^{1/(n-3)} and lower bound r_γ ≥ ((n-1)/2)^{1/(n-3)} r_H on the photon sphere for nD black holes with anisotropic matter obeying the weak energy condition and non-positive trace.
Derives an electrically charged generalization of the Kiselev black hole metric and studies charged particle orbits, finding prograde periapsis shifts for uncharged particles but possible retrograde shifts for charged ones.
Higher-curvature EFT terms modify the photon sphere radius, critical impact parameter, and strong deflection coefficients, providing sensitive probes for constraints on quantum gravity effects via lensing and QNM spectra.
In Kruglov nonlinear electrodynamics, small positive values of the parameter q produce stable photon orbits outside the event horizon and modify black hole shadows and relativistic images even when the spacetime metric stays close to Reissner-Nordström.
New regular black hole metrics in GR arise from a magnetic monopole NLED configuration with de Sitter cores, are fitted to Sgr A* shadow size, and remain stable under scalar perturbations.
Rotating black holes with a nonminimally coupled Lorentz-violating background act as optical diodes by producing direction-dependent shadows that morph from quasi-symmetric to teardrop upon path reversal.
Magnetic fields lower the scalarization threshold for electromagnetic and gravitational Chern-Simons couplings but produce opposite trends on the two Gauss-Bonnet branches, with nonlinear terms converting exponential growth into bounded oscillations.
Nonlocal black holes remain consistent with general relativity at the 1.13-sigma level after joint lensing and quasinormal-mode constraints.
citing papers explorer
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Multimessenger Signatures of Tilted, Self-Gravitating, Black Hole Disks
Tilted massive black hole disks develop persistent m=1 nonaxisymmetric modes, launch Blandford-Znajek jets whose collimation depends on spin orientation, and emit gravitational waves in the first self-consistent GRMHD simulations of such systems.
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A metric solution for rotating black holes embedded in dark matter halos with central spikes
An exact analytic metric is constructed for rotating black holes embedded in generic dark matter halos with a central density spike that vanishes beyond a truncation radius near the horizon, generalizing prior spherical solutions.
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Spin-Induced Nonlinear Scalarization of Kerr Black Holes in Einstein-scalar-Gauss-Bonnet Gravity
Kerr black holes in an EsGB model without linear instability undergo nonlinear scalarization above spin 0.5, existing in a finite low-mass high-spin wedge rather than a narrow band.
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Analog regular black holes and black hole mimickers for surface-gravity waves in fluids
Surface-gravity waves in shallow water can be configured with central and graded drainage to analogize regular black holes and mimickers, enabling lab study of their instabilities.
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Strong-deflection expansion of the deflection angle near a degenerate photon sphere
Derives a factorized leading term for the strong deflection angle near degenerate photon spheres using local expansion of the effective potential and Weyl tensor measures.
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Spherically symmetric black holes in Gravity from Entropy and spontaneous emission
In the Gravity from Entropy framework, spherically symmetric black holes acquire r^{-4} corrections to Schwarzschild geometry, with large-mass evaporation at constant rate -β/24 and intermediate-mass loss following the classical Hawking M^{-2} scaling.
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Black hole mergers beyond general relativity: a self-force approach
Self-force theory is extended to compute merger and ringdown waveforms in beyond-GR black hole binaries under the extreme mass-ratio approximation, with first calculations of self-force corrections to the merger waveform.
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Topological charge and black hole photon spheres in massive gravity
In dRGT massive gravity, static spherically symmetric black holes exhibit zero, one, or two photon spheres whose topological charges and stability patterns differ from Einstein gravity and from horizonless compact objects.
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Spin-Hair Induced Chaos of Spinning Test Particles in Rotating Hairy Black Holes
Spinning test particles around rotating hairy black holes show finite-time instability in localized regions of the (spin, hair-parameter) plane that reorganize the strong-field phase space compared to Kerr.
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Shadow dependent phenomenology framework for rotating black hole metric
A thermodynamic-optical duality reparameterizes black hole mass via observable shadow radius to derive lensing angles, Hawking temperature, and luminosity for Kerr, Kerr-MOG, and rotating Horndeski metrics, yielding model-specific signatures under EHT constraints including up to 52% deviation in Hor
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Photon rings and shadows of black holes with non-minimal couplings between curvature and electromagnetic field
Three distinct non-minimal curvature-EM couplings produce different enlargements or reductions of black hole shadows and alter photon ring separations in characteristic ways.
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Relative Magnification Factor of Point Sources on Accretion Disks
Corotating point sources on accretion disks near black holes distort the relative magnification factor distribution, modulating caustics and encoding accretion flow kinematics via time-delayed images.
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Gravity/thermodynamics correspondence via black hole shadows
Cuspy black hole shadows correspond to swallowtail thermodynamic free energy, with boundary self-intersections marking geometric phase transitions whose critical exponents fall in the mean-field class.
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Superradiant Suppression of Non-minimally Coupled Scalar fields for a Rotating Charged dS Black Hole in Conformal Weyl Gravity
Superradiant amplification of charged scalar fields around rotating charged de Sitter black holes is suppressed in conformal Weyl gravity relative to general relativity, with strong exponential suppression for massive fields in the cosmological region.
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Cosmological coupled black holes immersed in dark sector
Derives an exact solution for a black hole in anisotropic dark sector FLRW background with mass co-evolving via radius-dependent coupling governed by the dark halo profile.
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On the Cuspy Structure of Rotating Wormhole Shadows
Rotating wormhole shadows develop cusps above a universal critical redshift value λ_c, yielding four morphologies: smooth, cuspy, ears touching, and throat drowning.
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Bounds on the photon sphere radius for spherically symmetric black holes in n-dimensional Einstein gravity
Upper bound r_γ ≤ [(n-1)M]^{1/(n-3)} and lower bound r_γ ≥ ((n-1)/2)^{1/(n-3)} r_H on the photon sphere for nD black holes with anisotropic matter obeying the weak energy condition and non-positive trace.
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Particle dynamics around an electrically charged Kiselev black hole embedded in quintessence
Derives an electrically charged generalization of the Kiselev black hole metric and studies charged particle orbits, finding prograde periapsis shifts for uncharged particles but possible retrograde shifts for charged ones.
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Photon Surfaces in Higher-Curvature Gravity: Implications for Quasinormal Modes and Gravitational Lensing
Higher-curvature EFT terms modify the photon sphere radius, critical impact parameter, and strong deflection coefficients, providing sensitive probes for constraints on quantum gravity effects via lensing and QNM spectra.
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Effective null geodesics and black hole images in Kruglov nonlinear electrodynamics
In Kruglov nonlinear electrodynamics, small positive values of the parameter q produce stable photon orbits outside the event horizon and modify black hole shadows and relativistic images even when the spacetime metric stays close to Reissner-Nordström.
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Regular Black Holes in General Relativity from Nonlinear Electrodynamics with de Sitter Cores
New regular black hole metrics in GR arise from a magnetic monopole NLED configuration with de Sitter cores, are fitted to Sgr A* shadow size, and remain stable under scalar perturbations.
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Macroscopic Optical Nonreciprocity: A Black Hole as an Optical Diode
Rotating black holes with a nonminimally coupled Lorentz-violating background act as optical diodes by producing direction-dependent shadows that morph from quasi-symmetric to teardrop upon path reversal.
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Scalarizations of magnetized Reissner-Nordstr\"om black holes induced by parity-violating and parity-preserving interactions
Magnetic fields lower the scalarization threshold for electromagnetic and gravitational Chern-Simons couplings but produce opposite trends on the two Gauss-Bonnet branches, with nonlinear terms converting exponential growth into bounded oscillations.
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Observational constraints on nonlocal black holes via gravitational lensing
Nonlocal black holes remain consistent with general relativity at the 1.13-sigma level after joint lensing and quasinormal-mode constraints.
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Spectroscopy of analogue black holes using simulation-based inference
Simulation-based inference reliably extracts physical parameters from noisy spectra of analogue black holes.
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Black Hole-Boson Star Binaries: Gravitational Wave Signals and Tidal Disruption
Numerical simulations of black hole-boson star binaries show that scalar self-interactions can suppress tidal disruption while radiative efficiency depends on the chosen potential.
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Long-lived quasinormal modes, shadows and particle motion in four-dimensional quasi-topological gravity
Massive scalar quasinormal modes in quasi-topological black holes become long-lived as scalar mass grows, while photon-sphere radius, shadow size, and ISCO exhibit moderate deviations from Schwarzschild.
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Roche limit and stellar disruption in the Simpson--Visser spacetime
Tidal forces in the Simpson-Visser spacetime produce Roche radii for stars that depend on observer type and regularization, with some disruptions occurring outside the event horizon for supermassive black holes.
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Shadow signatures and energy accumulation in Lorentzian-Euclidean black holes
Lorentzian-Euclidean black holes produce excess inner-shadow intensity and accumulate energy at the horizon with backreaction unlike stable light rings.
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Leading effective field theory corrections to the Kerr metric at all spins
Numerical solutions show that leading effective-field-theory corrections to the Kerr metric grow with spin and are largest near extremality.
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Periodic orbits and their gravitational wave radiations in $\gamma$-metric
Deviations from γ=1 in the Zipoy-Voorhees metric shift the (z,w,v) classification of periodic orbits and induce phase shifts plus amplitude modulations in their gravitational-wave signals.
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Observational Tests of Regular Black Holes with Scalar Hair and their Stability
Regular black holes with phantom scalar hair are constrained by Solar System and EHT observations, with exact relations linking photon sphere Lyapunov exponent to shadow size and impact parameter.
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GW250114: testing Hawking's area law and the Kerr nature of black holes
GW250114 data confirm the remnant black hole ringdown frequencies lie within 30% of Kerr predictions and that the final horizon area is larger than the sum of the progenitors' areas to high credibility.
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Light Deflection due to Spinoptic Effects in Parametrized and Spherically Symmetric Hairy Black Holes
Spinoptics calculations show parameter-dependent out-of-plane deflection angles for light in RZ and hairy black hole spacetimes, with assessment of mimicry between the models.
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Observational signatures of negative mass wormholes through their shadows
Numerical simulations of negative mass wormholes reveal distinct photon ring substructures in their shadows compared to Schwarzschild black holes and Simpson-Visser wormholes.
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Optical Appearance of the Kerr-Bertotti-Robinson Black Hole with a Magnetically Driven Synchrotron Emissivity Model
Kerr-BR black hole images with magnetically coupled synchrotron emissivity show spin- and B-dependent shifts in the inner disk edge, altered lensing rings, and Doppler asymmetries, with retrograde cases displaying wider central depletion.
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Probing Gravitational Wave Signatures from Periodic Orbits of Regular Black Holes in Asymptotically Safe Gravity
The quantum parameter ξ in an asymptotically safe regular black hole shifts the innermost stable orbit, enhances whirl behavior in periodic geodesics, and produces amplitude-modulated millihertz gravitational-wave strains whose peak amplitude grows with ξ, placing them inside the sensitivity bands预计
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Scalar-Electromagnetic Couplings as Source of Deformed Black Hole: From Shadows to Thermodynamic Topology
A scalar-NED coupled black hole metric is reconstructed from an effective geometry, yielding EHT bounds on magnetic charge, Hawking-Page transition, and topological equivalence to the Reissner-Nordström solution.
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Thermodynamics and orbital structure of anti-de Sitter black holes in Palatini-inspired nonlinear electrodynamics
An exact AdS extension of the PINLED black hole is derived from the Einstein-Hilbert action plus nonlinear EM sector, preserving the original parametric form while adding the standard AdS lapse term, followed by full thermodynamic and geodesic analysis.
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Observational Signatures of Rotating Ay\'{o}n-Beato-Garc\'{i}a Black Holes: Shadows, Accretion Disks and Images
Rotating Ayón-Beato-García black holes produce smaller and sometimes D-shaped shadows whose size constrains the charge parameter ζ to the range 0.132811M–0.213607M when matched to EHT observations of M87* and Sgr A*.
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Search for growing angular modes in ultracompact boson star evolutions
The paper decomposes simulation data of ultracompact boson stars into spherical harmonics as a first step toward characterizing non-spherical modes.
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Bright ring features and polarization structures in Kerr-Sen black hole images illuminated by radiatively inefficient accretion flows
GRRT simulations show that raising the dilaton parameter shrinks the bright ring while increasing its width and brightness, disk thickness reduces diameter and width with weaker brightness impact, and both affect allowed ranges versus EHT Sgr A* data and the polarization coefficient beta2.
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Shadow of the Scalar Hairy Black Hole with Inverted Higgs Potential
Hairy black hole shadows and disks grow with horizon scalar value but can mimic Schwarzschild by adjusting horizon radius, with the potential parameter Lambda constrained by supermassive black hole observations.
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Probing Kalb-Ramond gravity with charged rotating black holes: constraints from EHT observations
EHT shadow observations constrain the Lorentz-violating parameter ℓ in Kalb-Ramond gravity for charged rotating black holes to roughly |ℓ| ≲ 0.1-0.2, with an upper bound ℓ ≲ 0.19 from Sgr A*.
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Review of strongly coupled regimes in gravity with Dyson-Schwinger approach
Dyson-Schwinger methods applied to gravity theories produce conformally flat metrics and a sequence of cosmological phase transitions from conformal symmetry breaking that non-minimal scalar couplings can suppress.
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The Early Career Workshop of GR-Amaldi 2025
The paper reports on the aims, activities, and conclusions of an early-career workshop focused on scientific overviews, transferable skills, and networking in gravitational physics.
- Photon Sphere and Shadow of a Perturbative Black Hole in $f(R,\mathcal{G})$ Gravity