Four faint red point sources near critical curves in JWST images of Abell S1063 are interpreted as extremely magnified AGB stars and a yellow supergiant at cosmic noon.
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LRD host galaxies show average metallicity 0.08 Z_sun with narrow stable range, challenging pristine-gas formation models while ruling out typical local AGN.
Defines a sample of ~1300 SDSS quasars as Local Red Dots matching LRD photometric colors at z~0.4-0.8, with a V-shaped subset showing Balmer absorption and [NeV] emission, and SEDs modeled as reddened AGN plus host galaxy that match LRD stacks.
LRD-204851 at z=5.482 shows a thin bipolar elongation several kpc long traced by UV and optical lines, with double-peaked Lyα and tentative N V supporting a biconical cavity from the central engine.
Lyα observations of Little Red Dots show luminosities and equivalent widths like normal star-forming galaxies but lower Lyα/Hα ratios and extended asymmetric emission, supporting a two-component model with host-scale gas.
Self-consistently heated and cooled thin circumbinary disks still drive massive black hole binaries into long-lived non-accreting phases, producing X-ray-weak, optically variable sources that LSST and Roman could find.
High-resolution spectra show Balmer absorption in 4/10 LRDs with blue-shifted velocities and exponential wings, supporting a model of co-located partial-covering gas with inflow/outflow gradients.
The survey identifies 27 low-redshift LRDs with compact morphology, V-shaped continua, broad Balmer lines with extreme decrements, and ubiquitous outflows, matching high-z counterparts and yielding a number density lower limit of 7.5e-10 cMpc^-3.
Red quasars are intrinsically X-ray weak with low alpha_OX values, tracing a distinct evolutionary stage of suppressed black hole accretion relative to stellar mass growth.
Confirmation of 77 new heavily reddened quasars at 1.5 < z < 3.9 with high luminosities and extinctions, showing they are deficient in hot and warm dust relative to blue quasars and supporting a blow-out feedback phase.
Direct collapse black holes born at z=25.7 grow at half-Eddington rate to produce overmassive black hole galaxies at z~10 with M_BH/M_* ~0.01, matching JWST observations of GN-z11, UHZ1, and GHZ9 through initial star-formation suppression and later Pop III supernova metal blowout.
Spectroscopic study of 11 LRDs at z~4 finds AGN origin for optical emission via broad Hα correlations and introduces a clumpy envelope model with growth timescales of 10^5-10^7 years.
Self-gravitating disks heated by stars reach a universal optical effective temperature of 4000-4500 K independent of accretion rate, black hole mass, and viscosity, explaining Little Red Dots.
Little Red Dots show soft ionizing spectra consistent with massive stars, based on high H-alpha EWs and low HeII/H-beta ratios that rule out hard AGN spectra via Cloudy modeling.
LRDs are interpreted as high-inclination hyper-Eddington accreting SMBHs analogous to SS 433, with V-shaped SEDs, X-ray weakness, and Balmer breaks emerging from disk self-shielding geometry.
LRDs at z~3-7 exhibit an L_Hα,broad-L_bol scaling relation enhanced by a factor of ~40 compared to low-z Type 1 AGN, explained via Cloudy modeling with near-unity covering factor and high column density.
N-body simulations demonstrate runaway GW BBH mergers in dense BH clusters (≥5×10^9 M⊙/pc³) produce ~10³ M⊙ IMBHs within 10 Myr.
Medium-band imaging reveals red emission-line galaxies at z>5 including compact objects likely missed by classic Little Red Dot selection criteria.
Analysis of ~100 JWST LRDs finds redder, compact UV emission with Fe II/Mg II ~8-10 and correlations suggesting central red continuum (β_UV~0) beyond host galaxy contribution.
Little red dots shift from underdense, low-halo-mass environments at z>4 to ordinary galaxy environments by z~3.5, explaining their declining abundance at z<3.
DESI DR1 yields 314k high-mass and 9.6k dwarf AGN, extending the M_BH-M_star relation to log M_star ~7.8 and suggesting two evolutionary pathways for galaxies and black holes.
Little Red Dots at z≈5 are the bright, detectable tips of black holes that grow through short super-Eddington 'nuclear bursts' triggered by fast halo assembly.
The ionization parameter inferred from O32 rises with redshift and sSFR, falls with stellar mass, and increases by ~4x from z=2 to z=6 at fixed mass and sSFR, with a ~0.3 dex model systematic.
A theoretical model of a magnetized black hole envelope is developed to explain the broad emission lines and X-ray faintness observed in little red dots using co-rotating plasma clumps and limited X-ray sources.
citing papers explorer
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Other red dots: A possible GLIMPSE of normal AGB stars at Cosmic Noon through extreme lensing
Four faint red point sources near critical curves in JWST images of Abell S1063 are interpreted as extremely magnified AGB stars and a yellow supergiant at cosmic noon.
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The metallicities of little red dot host galaxies: LRDs are metal poor, but not pristine
LRD host galaxies show average metallicity 0.08 Z_sun with narrow stable range, challenging pristine-gas formation models while ruling out typical local AGN.
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A Population of Little Red Dot-like Quasars in SDSS
Defines a sample of ~1300 SDSS quasars as Local Red Dots matching LRD photometric colors at z~0.4-0.8, with a V-shaped subset showing Balmer absorption and [NeV] emission, and SEDs modeled as reddened AGN plus host galaxy that match LRD stacks.
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Compact Core, Extended Reach: A Bipolar kpc-Scale Elongation in a Little Red Dot at $z \approx 5.5$
LRD-204851 at z=5.482 shows a thin bipolar elongation several kpc long traced by UV and optical lines, with double-peaked Lyα and tentative N V supporting a biconical cavity from the central engine.
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Through the Veil: Ly$\alpha$ Illuminates the Host Galaxies of Little Red Dots
Lyα observations of Little Red Dots show luminosities and equivalent widths like normal star-forming galaxies but lower Lyα/Hα ratios and extended asymmetric emission, supporting a two-component model with host-scale gas.
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Dynamics and detectability of long-lived non-accretion phases for massive black hole binaries in cold, thermally regulating disks
Self-consistently heated and cooled thin circumbinary disks still drive massive black hole binaries into long-lived non-accreting phases, producing X-ray-weak, optically variable sources that LSST and Roman could find.
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OCEANS of Absorption: High-resolution NIRSpec Spectroscopy Reveals Diverse Balmer-line Absorption in Little Red Dots
High-resolution spectra show Balmer absorption in 4/10 LRDs with blue-shifted velocities and exponential wings, supporting a model of co-located partial-covering gas with inflow/outflow gradients.
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(LRDs)$^2$: The Low-ReDshift Little Red Dots Survey. II. DESI DR1 Sample
The survey identifies 27 low-redshift LRDs with compact morphology, V-shaped continua, broad Balmer lines with extreme decrements, and ubiquitous outflows, matching high-z counterparts and yielding a number density lower limit of 7.5e-10 cMpc^-3.
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SDSS-V: Revealing a weak accretion state in X-ray selected red quasars
Red quasars are intrinsically X-ray weak with low alpha_OX values, tracing a distinct evolutionary stage of suppressed black hole accretion relative to stellar mass growth.
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Hidden Monsters with SPHEREx I: A goldmine for heavily reddened quasars at cosmic noon
Confirmation of 77 new heavily reddened quasars at 1.5 < z < 3.9 with high luminosities and extinctions, showing they are deficient in hot and warm dust relative to blue quasars and supporting a blow-out feedback phase.
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How Overmassive Black Holes Formed at Cosmic Dawn
Direct collapse black holes born at z=25.7 grow at half-Eddington rate to produce overmassive black hole galaxies at z~10 with M_BH/M_* ~0.01, matching JWST observations of GN-z11, UHZ1, and GHZ9 through initial star-formation suppression and later Pop III supernova metal blowout.
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The Structure and Evolution of LRDs: Insights from JWST NIRSpec Medium and High Resolution Spectroscopy at $z\sim4$
Spectroscopic study of 11 LRDs at z~4 finds AGN origin for optical emission via broad Hα correlations and introduces a clumpy envelope model with growth timescales of 10^5-10^7 years.
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Spectral Appearance of Self-gravitating Disks Powered by Stellar Objects: Universal Effective Temperature in the Optical Continuum and Application to Little Red Dots
Self-gravitating disks heated by stars reach a universal optical effective temperature of 4000-4500 K independent of accretion rate, black hole mass, and viscosity, explaining Little Red Dots.
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The Missing Hard Photons of Little Red Dots: Their Incident Ionizing Spectra Resemble Massive Stars
Little Red Dots show soft ionizing spectra consistent with massive stars, based on high H-alpha EWs and low HeII/H-beta ratios that rule out hard AGN spectra via Cloudy modeling.
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Little Red Dots as Supermassive Analogs of SS 433
LRDs are interpreted as high-inclination hyper-Eddington accreting SMBHs analogous to SS 433, with V-shaped SEDs, X-ray weakness, and Balmer breaks emerging from disk self-shielding geometry.
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A Scaling Relation of LRDs between Broad H$\alpha$ and Bolometric Luminosities: Enhanced Broad H$\alpha$ Emission Relative to Low-$z$ Type 1 AGN
LRDs at z~3-7 exhibit an L_Hα,broad-L_bol scaling relation enhanced by a factor of ~40 compared to low-z Type 1 AGN, explained via Cloudy modeling with near-unity covering factor and high column density.
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Rapid intermediate-mass black hole formation via runaway mergers of black holes
N-body simulations demonstrate runaway GW BBH mergers in dense BH clusters (≥5×10^9 M⊙/pc³) produce ~10³ M⊙ IMBHs within 10 Myr.
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A Population of Red Galaxies with Very Strong Emission Lines at $z > 5$ Revealed by the NIRCam Medium Bands: ''Classic'' LRDs, Dusty Star-Forming Galaxies, and a Missing Population of LRDs
Medium-band imaging reveals red emission-line galaxies at z>5 including compact objects likely missed by classic Little Red Dot selection criteria.
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The UV Side of Little Red Dots: Red, Compact, and Iron-Enhanced Rest-UV Emission with a Strong Downturn around Ly$\alpha$
Analysis of ~100 JWST LRDs finds redder, compact UV emission with Fe II/Mg II ~8-10 and correlations suggesting central red continuum (β_UV~0) beyond host galaxy contribution.
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Reduced Incidence of Little Red Dots at z < 3 from Number Density and Halo Mass Evolution
Little red dots shift from underdense, low-halo-mass environments at z>4 to ordinary galaxy environments by z~3.5, explaining their declining abundance at z<3.
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A New Record Census of Dwarf AGN and a Bimodal $M_{\rm BH}$-$M_{\star}$ Scaling Relation with DESI DR1
DESI DR1 yields 314k high-mass and 9.6k dwarf AGN, extending the M_BH-M_star relation to log M_star ~7.8 and suggesting two evolutionary pathways for galaxies and black holes.
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Super-Eddington accretion of black holes in early nuclear bursts gives birth to Little Red Dots
Little Red Dots at z≈5 are the bright, detectable tips of black holes that grow through short super-Eddington 'nuclear bursts' triggered by fast halo assembly.
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RUBIES: The Evolution of the Ionization Parameter from 0 < z < 9
The ionization parameter inferred from O32 rises with redshift and sSFR, falls with stellar mass, and increases by ~4x from z=2 to z=6 at fixed mass and sSFR, with a ~0.3 dex model systematic.
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A Magnetized Black Hole Envelope Model for Little Red Dots
A theoretical model of a magnetized black hole envelope is developed to explain the broad emission lines and X-ray faintness observed in little red dots using co-rotating plasma clumps and limited X-ray sources.
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Quenching of X-ray emission in little red dots by both Compton-thick gas and high accretion rates
X-ray non-detection of little red dots requires both Compton-thick gas columns (~1e25 cm^-2) and intrinsically weak X-ray emission with bolometric correction k_bol,X ≳ 30.
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Kinematic Stratification in Extremely Red Quasars Revealed by JWST
JWST observations of ERQs show stratified gas kinematics via deblended optical emission lines, with UV lines dominated by scattered light and optical lines mixing scattered and obscured emission.
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SPURS: Bursty Star Formation in an Extremely Luminous Weak Emission Line Galaxy at $z=9.3$
A massive galaxy at z=9.3 shows bursty star formation with a recent downturn and sits in a small ionized bubble in a neutral IGM.
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Paschen Jumps in Little Red Dots: Evidence for Nebular Continua
Paschen jumps in Little Red Dots indicate their continua originate from free-bound recombination emission in low-temperature nebular gas rather than thermalized or AGN components.
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Winding Back the Clock: Recent Star Formation Histories of Massive Quiescent Galaxies Are Consistent With Their Rapid Number Density Evolution Since $\mathbf{z\sim7}$
Star formation histories inferred for z=2-5 massive quiescent galaxies imply past number densities that align with observed rapid evolution since z~7.
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Connecting the Dots: UV-Bright Companions of Little Red Dots as Lyman-Werner Sources Enabling Direct Collapse Black Hole Formation
UV-bright companions to Little Red Dots provide Lyman-Werner fluxes of J21 ~ 10^2.5-10^5 that can suppress H2 cooling and enable direct collapse to massive black holes.
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Little Red Dots on FIRE: The Ability of Bursty Galaxies to Host an Abundant Population of High-Redshift AGN
FIRE-2 simulations with gravitational torque-driven and free-fall accretion models predict enough high-redshift AGN to explain little red dots, with a super-Eddington Eddington-limited scenario for M_BH >= 2e5 Msun in M_star >= 2e7 Msun galaxies reproducing key observations.
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Spectral Uniformity of Little Red Dots: A Natural Outcome of Coevolving Seed Black Holes and Nascent Starbursts
Coevolving super-Eddington black holes and nuclear starbursts in high-redshift halos naturally generate the V-shaped UV-to-optical spectra and weak high-energy emission of little red dots.
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Little Red Dots at z~2 in EIGER reveal a gentle decline with respect to their peak number density at z~5
Five LRDs at z≈2 yield number density ≈7×10^{-6} cMpc^{-3}, confirming a decline from the z≈5 peak but gentler than prior photometric estimates.
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Too shy to spin? Cosmic wallflowers as proto-globular clusters
Star clusters forming in cosmic filaments at z≈7.6 are systematically slow rotators, and a gas-rich subset overlaps the kinematic and density locus of Milky Way globular clusters, making them plausible proto-globular clusters.
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Constraints on the Gas Geometry Surrounding Little Red Dots through Narrow-Line Diagnostics
Narrow-line diagnostics on ~20 LRDs indicate that stellar photoionization alone cannot explain the observed ratios in many objects, implying anisotropic ionizing radiation from complex gas geometry.
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Little Red and Blue Dots: AGN-excited narrow lines, Lyman-$\alpha$ emission, and resemblance to standard quasars
JWST data on LRDs and LBDs show AGN-like excitation, strong Lyα with broad components, and X-ray weakness, implying clumpy or equatorial geometries around growing black holes rather than complete gas envelopes.
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Between Degeneracy and Evolution: UV-to-optical Insights into the BH$^*$ Model in Little Red Dots
Bayesian continuum fitting of 66 LRDs shows the BH* model fits ~6% best, rising to ~40% under AGN-disfavoring priors, with most objects stellar/AGN-dominated and possible evolutionary trends.
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AGN-driven BBH mergers: Black hole populations and hierarchical growth across the AGN parameter space
Semi-analytical models show AGN disks produce repeated BBH mergers with a high-mass tail beyond the pair-instability gap, more efficiently at low viscosity, with spin and mass-ratio signatures that can match events like GW190521.
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Aether-SHELLQs: JWST integral-field spectroscopy of candidate obscured quasars at z ~ 6
JWST IFU spectroscopy of six z~6 galaxies finds broad Balmer lines in two objects, a strong correlation of broad-line presence with Lyα luminosity yielding AGN fractions >77% above and <15% below 10^44 erg/s, plus extended star-forming gas in non-AGN hosts.
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NEXUS: Abundance, Environments, and Spectral Diversity of Little Red Dots from the NIRSpec MSA Sample
A sample of 36 spectroscopically confirmed LRDs shows broad-line detections in >90%, spectral variety including Balmer breaks and blackbody fits, H-alpha to 5100A continuum correlation, no redshift evolution, declining space density toward z~2 opposite normal AGNs, and clustering in ~10^11 solar mas
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Strong X-ray Variability of I Zwicky 1: Obscuration from Clumpy Accretion-Disk Winds
Variable column density and covering factor of three ionized absorbers in clumpy disk winds explain the X-ray variability in I Zw 1 with stable corona.
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DREAMS. JWST Spectroscopy of a $z=8.3$ Galaxy with an ALMA Dust Continuum Detection: Early Dust, Very High $T_{\rm dust}$, and a Multi-wavelength [OIII] Ratio Discrepancy
New JWST spectrum of a z=8.3 galaxy with prior ALMA dust detection shows AGN signatures, 0.15 Zsun metallicity, Mdust ~10^6 Msun, Tdust~91 K, and an [OIII] line ratio higher than nebular models allow.
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Compact, AGN-hosting Dwarf Galaxies with "Little Red Dots"-like SEDs in the Local Universe
Local compact AGN-hosting dwarf galaxies with V-shaped SEDs are more evolved than high-redshift Little Red Dots, indicating distinct formation pathways.
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The Incidence of Large Ionized Bubbles at Redshift 13
Using JWST UV luminosity functions, the surface density of galaxy-driven ionized bubbles with radius ≥2.5 cMpc at z≈13 is estimated at 1.33×10^{-2} arcmin^{-2} per Δz=1 in a fiducial model with f_esc=0.2 and log ξ_ion=25.5.
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Morphology, sizes, and scatter in a large sample of distant quiescent galaxies
New high-redshift quiescent galaxy sample shows size decreasing with redshift and wavelength, with stellar mass plus redshift sufficient to predict size but large residual scatter.
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The X-ray-to-UV relation does not evolve in homogeneous quasar samples
A bias-controlled quasar sample of ~2000 objects demonstrates that the X-ray-to-UV luminosity relation remains constant from redshift 0.7 to 5.
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Little Red Dot progenitors from Compact Starbursts: A Natural Path to Early AGN Formation
High-resolution simulations produce compact galaxies where gas inflows and dynamical processes accumulate enough mass in 10 Myr to form ~10^6 solar mass central black holes under 10% feedback efficiency.
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Mass and Spin Growth of Very Massive Stars in Star Clusters Potentially Associated with Little Red Dots
Simulations show VMS in star clusters reach 10^3-10^4 solar masses with dimensionless spins >10 under bloated accretion conditions, potentially forming spinning IMBHs that produce GW bursts like GW190521.
- Dark Matter and the Early Formation of Supermassive Black Holes