UniQL is a human-verified benchmark providing aligned natural language questions and dialect-specific SQL queries for 16 SQL systems to evaluate cross-dialect generalization.
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GPT-4o System Card
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abstract
GPT-4o is an autoregressive omni model that accepts as input any combination of text, audio, image, and video, and generates any combination of text, audio, and image outputs. It's trained end-to-end across text, vision, and audio, meaning all inputs and outputs are processed by the same neural network. GPT-4o can respond to audio inputs in as little as 232 milliseconds, with an average of 320 milliseconds, which is similar to human response time in conversation. It matches GPT-4 Turbo performance on text in English and code, with significant improvement on text in non-English languages, while also being much faster and 50\% cheaper in the API. GPT-4o is especially better at vision and audio understanding compared to existing models. In line with our commitment to building AI safely and consistent with our voluntary commitments to the White House, we are sharing the GPT-4o System Card, which includes our Preparedness Framework evaluations. In this System Card, we provide a detailed look at GPT-4o's capabilities, limitations, and safety evaluations across multiple categories, focusing on speech-to-speech while also evaluating text and image capabilities, and measures we've implemented to ensure the model is safe and aligned. We also include third-party assessments on dangerous capabilities, as well as discussion of potential societal impacts of GPT-4o's text and vision capabilities.
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- abstract GPT-4o is an autoregressive omni model that accepts as input any combination of text, audio, image, and video, and generates any combination of text, audio, and image outputs. It's trained end-to-end across text, vision, and audio, meaning all inputs and outputs are processed by the same neural network. GPT-4o can respond to audio inputs in as little as 232 milliseconds, with an average of 320 milliseconds, which is similar to human response time in conversation. It matches GPT-4 Turbo performance on text in English and code, with significant improvement on text in non-English languages, while
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representative citing papers
Introduces the TVR active viewpoint-matching task and TVRBench indoor simulation benchmark, where foundation models start at low single-digit success rates but reach 51.4% after visual-action SFT and multi-turn GRPO post-training.
VideoFDB is a new benchmark and LM-as-judge framework for evaluating full-duplex audio-visual-to-audio-visual conversational agents on nonverbal dynamics from real video calls.
M³Att poisons medical multimodal RAG by pairing covert textual misinformation with query-agnostic visual perturbations that increase retrieval of the bad content, causing LLMs to generate clinically plausible but incorrect responses.
MLLMs exhibit a Mirage effect by bypassing circuit diagrams in favor of header semantics for Verilog generation; VeriGround with identifier anonymization and D-ORPO training reaches 46% Functional Pass@1 while refusing blank images at >92%.
CHASM is a new benchmark dataset showing that existing multimodal large language models fail to reliably detect covert advertisements on Chinese social media even after fine-tuning.
HalluAudio is the first large-scale benchmark spanning speech, environmental sound, and music that uses human-verified QA pairs, adversarial prompts, and mixed-audio tests to measure hallucinations in large audio-language models.
EVE enables verifiable self-evolution of MLLMs by using a Challenger-Solver architecture to generate dynamic executable visual transformations that produce VQA problems with absolute execution-verified ground truth.
Harmful skills in open agent ecosystems raise average harm scores from 0.27 to 0.76 across six LLMs by lowering refusal rates when tasks are presented via pre-installed skills.
ReConText3D is the first replay-memory framework for continual text-to-3D generation that prevents catastrophic forgetting on new textual categories while preserving quality on previously seen classes.
MMRareBench provides 1,756 QA pairs and 7,958 images from PMC rare-disease cases to evaluate 23 MLLMs, revealing low treatment-planning scores and medical models underperforming general models on multi-image tasks due to capacity dilution.
DialBGM is a new benchmark dataset revealing that existing AI models fall far short of human performance when recommending fitting background music for open-domain conversations.
EgoSound is a new benchmark with 7315 QA pairs across seven tasks to evaluate egocentric sound understanding in multimodal large language models.
VLRS-Bench is the first benchmark dedicated to complex vision-language reasoning in remote sensing, with 2000 QA pairs across 14 tasks in cognition, decision, and prediction dimensions.
SwissGov-RSD is the first naturalistic cross-lingual document-level benchmark with human token-level semantic difference annotations, on which both LLMs and encoders show a large performance gap relative to simpler settings.
CritPt benchmark shows state-of-the-art LLMs reach only 5.7% average accuracy on full-scale unpublished physics research tasks, rising to about 10% with coding tools.
Flow-GRPO is the first online RL method for flow matching models, raising GenEval accuracy from 63% to 95% and text-rendering accuracy from 59% to 92% with little reward hacking.
Molmo VLMs trained on newly collected PixMo open datasets achieve state-of-the-art performance among open-weight models and surpass multiple proprietary VLMs including Claude 3.5 Sonnet and Gemini 1.5 Pro.
LiveBench is a contamination-limited LLM benchmark with auto-scored challenging tasks from recent sources across math, coding, reasoning and more, where top models score below 70%.
P2R decouples perception from reasoning in VLMs via a two-stage process and PRA-GRPO alternating RL training, reporting gains such as 93.2% on V-Star for the 4B model over its Qwen3-VL backbone.
EgoGapBench shows humans reliably select egocentric actions in multi-agent scenes while MLLMs systematically choose other agents' actions, and standard egocentric training data fails to close the gap.
Identifies Screen Perception and Misused Channel attack surfaces in VLM-powered mobile agents and demonstrates seven attacks enabling arbitrary command execution on five frameworks without privileges.
SpheRoPE modifies rotary position embeddings in diffusion transformers to enforce spherical topology for zero-shot 360 panorama generation across multiple backbones.
Introduces VidPair-Halluc benchmark of 1K background-controlled adversarial video pairs and 11K QA pairs generated via PairFlow pipeline to evaluate hallucination in LVMs.
citing papers explorer
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InfiGUI-R1: Advancing Multimodal GUI Agents from Reactive Actors to Deliberative Reasoners
InfiGUI-R1 uses Reasoning Injection via spatial distillation followed by Deliberation Enhancement via RL to evolve GUI agents from reactive actors to deliberative reasoners, reporting strong performance on grounding and trajectory tasks.
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Search-o1: Agentic Search-Enhanced Large Reasoning Models
Search-o1 integrates agentic retrieval-augmented generation and a Reason-in-Documents module into large reasoning models to dynamically supply missing knowledge and improve performance on complex science, math, coding, and QA tasks.
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World-Model Collapse as a Phase Transition
Long-horizon language agents show phase-transition-like world-model collapse under small parameter changes, with world-state fidelity failing before action validity, as mapped by grid search in deterministic tasks with gold states.
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When Does Personality Composition Matter for Multi-Agent LLM Teams?
Empirical study finds that personality composition in multi-agent LLM teams affects performance in a task-dependent manner, with minimal impact on coding milestones but substantial degradation in collaboration and bargaining.
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An Effective Router for Vision-Language Model Selection
ARMS is a learned router for VLM selection trained on a new 32k-query multimodal dataset that outperforms GPT-4o on both in- and out-of-distribution tests after incremental adaptation.
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MIRAGE: Mobile Agents with Implicit Reasoning and Generative World Models
MIRAGE compresses explicit chain-of-thought into latent vectors and adds a generative world model to predict future interface states, matching explicit reasoning performance with 3-5x fewer tokens on Android benchmarks.
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Characterizing initial human-AI proof formalization workflows
A controlled user study and qualitative survey find that AI assistance raises formalization accuracy for math proofs, with users flexibly combining multiple tools while retaining oversight.
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SciCore-Mol: Augmenting Large Language Models with Pluggable Molecular Cognition Modules
SciCore-Mol augments LLMs with three integrated modules for molecular perception, latent diffusion generation, and reaction reasoning, claiming an 8B open model competes with or exceeds proprietary systems on chemical tasks.
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Active Evidence-Seeking and Diagnostic Reasoning in Large Language Models for Clinical Decision Support
Multi-turn evidence seeking reduces LLM diagnostic accuracy by 12.75% and supporting-evidence quality by 24.36% versus full-context evaluation in a new OSCE-inspired benchmark across 468 cases and 15 models.
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TaskGround: Structured Executable Task Inference for Full-Scene Household Reasoning
TaskGround introduces a Ground-Infer-Execute framework for full-scene household reasoning that improves success rates on the FullHome benchmark and enables compact models to match larger ones at up to 18x lower token cost.
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ECG-WM: A Physiology-Informed ECG World Model for Clinical Intervention Simulation
ECG-WM combines ODE physiological priors with latent diffusion models to generate intervention-conditioned ECG trajectories and uses diffusion stochasticity for uncertainty-aware clinical risk assessment.
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Reasoning Before Diagnosis: Physician-Inspired Structured Thinking for ECG Classification
CardioThink applies structured clinical reasoning stages and Structured Set Policy Optimization (SSPO) to ECG classification, yielding higher diagnostic accuracy and more interpretable rationales than direct prediction baselines on multiple benchmarks.
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TOBench: A Task-Oriented Omni-Modal Benchmark for Real-World Tool-Using Agents
MM-ToolBench introduces 100 closed-loop multimodal tasks across two domains with 27 MCP servers and 324 tools, where agents must execute, inspect artifacts, and revise before final output.
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Can We Trust AI-Inferred User States. A Psychometric Framework for Validating the Reliability of Users States Classification by LLMs in Operational Environments
Empirical replication across three LLMs shows only 31 of 213 user-state metrics meet reliability criteria for individual scores, supporting a validation framework for responsible AI in adaptive environments.
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Mid-Training with Self-Generated Data Improves Reinforcement Learning in Language Models
Mid-training LLMs on self-generated diverse reasoning paths improves subsequent RL performance on mathematical benchmarks and OOD tasks.
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Assessing Y-Axis Influence: Bias in Multimodal Language Models on Chart-to-Table Translation
Y-axis features such as major tick digit length, number of ticks, value range, and format introduce significant biases in multimodal models during chart-to-table tasks, with y-axis prompting improving performance for some models.
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HalluClear: Diagnosing, Evaluating and Mitigating Hallucinations in GUI Agents
HalluClear supplies a taxonomy, calibrated evaluation, and lightweight post-training mitigation that reduces hallucinations in GUI agents using only 9K samples.
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DocSeeker: Structured Visual Reasoning with Evidence Grounding for Long Document Understanding
DocSeeker improves long-document understanding in MLLMs via a two-stage training process that combines supervised fine-tuning from distilled data with evidence-aware group relative policy optimization and memory-efficient resolution allocation.
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Lightweight LLM Agent Memory with Small Language Models
LightMem uses SLMs to modularize agent memory into STM, MTM, and LTM with two-stage vector-plus-semantic retrieval online and incremental consolidation offline, reporting 2.5 F1 gains and low latency over A-MEM on LoCoMo.
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From Business Events to Auditable Decisions: Ontology-Governed Graph Simulation for Enterprise AI
LOM-action uses business events to drive ontology-governed graph simulations that generate auditable decisions, reporting 93.82% accuracy and 98.74% tool-chain F1 versus 24-36% F1 for frontier LLMs.
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Contrastive Reasoning Alignment: Reinforcement Learning from Hidden Representations
CRAFT uses contrastive representation learning and RL on hidden states to align reasoning models for improved safety against jailbreaks, reporting 79% and 87.7% gains over base models.
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High-quality generation of dynamic game content via small language models: A proof of concept
Proof-of-concept shows fine-tuned small language models achieve adequate quality for real-time game content generation in a scoped RPG loop via retry-until-success and LLM-as-judge evaluation.
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Concise Geometric Description as a Bridge: Unleashing the Potential of LLM for Plane Geometry Problem Solving
An MLLM interpreter generates concise CDL descriptions from diagrams, enabling an off-the-shelf LLM to solve plane geometry problems competitively after training on only 5.5k examples.
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AgroCoT: A Chain-of-Thought Benchmark for Evaluating Reasoning in Vision-Language Models for Agriculture
AgroCoT is a new Chain-of-Thought VQA benchmark with 4759 samples to evaluate reasoning capabilities of vision-language models in agriculture.
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MERIT: Modular Framework for Multimodal Misinformation Detection with Web-Grounded Reasoning
MERIT achieves 81.65% F1 on MMFakeBench for multimodal misinformation detection via a four-module framework, outperforming zero-shot baselines like GPT-4V with MMD-Agent at 74.0% F1, with gains attributed to architectural design.
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Semantic-Aware Logical Reasoning via a Semiotic Framework
LogicAgent uses a semiotic-square-guided approach to enhance logical reasoning in LLMs on the new RepublicQA benchmark and others, reporting average gains of 6.25% and 7.05% respectively.
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Mixture-of-Visual-Thoughts: Exploring Context-Adaptive Reasoning Mode Selection for General Visual Reasoning
MoVT unifies different visual reasoning modes in a single model and uses the AdaVaR two-stage framework with supervised cold-start and RL via AdaGRPO to enable context-adaptive mode selection, yielding consistent gains on visual reasoning tasks.
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InquireMobile: Teaching VLM-based Mobile Agent to Request Human Assistance via Reinforcement Fine-Tuning
InquireMobile applies two-stage reinforcement fine-tuning and pre-action reasoning to VLM mobile agents, raising inquiry success rate by 46.8% on the introduced InquireBench benchmark.
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Advancing AI Research Assistants with Expert-Involved Learning
ARIEL evaluates LLMs and LMMs on full-length biomedical summarization and figure interpretation with blinded expert review, identifies limitations, and demonstrates gains from prompt engineering, fine-tuning, and an integrated agent for hypothesis generation.
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Xiaomi-GUI-0 Technical Report
Xiaomi-GUI-0 reports 72.0% success on RealMobile and 78.9% on AndroidWorld via real-device closed-loop training with multi-source data and three-stage RL pipeline.
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Large AI Models in Dental Healthcare: From General-Purpose Systems to Domain-Specific Foundation Models
A PRISMA-ScR scoping review of 97 studies classifies AI models in dentistry into language, vision, and domain-specific types and concludes integrated pipelines outperform single models while noting data and benchmark gaps.
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OxyGent: Making Multi-Agent Systems Modular, Observable, and Evolvable via Oxy Abstraction
OxyGent supplies a modular framework for multi-agent systems via the Oxy abstraction for composition and monitoring and the OxyBank engine for continuous automated evolution.
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Reasoning-Aware AIGC Detection via Alignment and Reinforcement
REVEAL uses reasoning chains and two-stage SFT-plus-RL training to achieve state-of-the-art performance on AIGC detection across benchmarks with a new dataset.
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Aligning Perception, Reasoning, Modeling and Interaction: A Survey on Physical AI
A survey of physical AI that distinguishes theoretical physics reasoning from applied understanding and synthesizes advances in symbolic reasoning, embodied systems, and generative models to advocate for physics-grounded world models.
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InfantAgent-Next: A Multimodal Generalist Agent for Automated Computer Interaction
InfantAgent-Next integrates tool-based and vision agents in a modular architecture and reports 7.27% accuracy on OSWorld, exceeding Claude-Computer-Use while also testing on GAIA and SWE-Bench.
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Phi-4-reasoning Technical Report
A 14B reasoning model trained via supervised fine-tuning on selected prompts and o3-mini traces, plus outcome RL, outperforms larger open models like DeepSeek-R1-Distill-Llama-70B on math, coding, planning and related benchmarks.
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AI Realtor: Towards Grounded Persuasive Language Generation for Automated Copywriting
An LLM agent with grounding, personalization, and marketing modules generates real estate descriptions that human buyers prefer over expert-written ones while matching factual accuracy.
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Large Language Model-Brained GUI Agents: A Survey
A survey consolidating frameworks, data practices, large action models, benchmarks, applications, and research gaps in LLM-brained GUI agents.
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EGI: A Multimodal Emotional AI Framework for Enhancing Scrum Master Real-time Self-Awareness
EGI integrates four existing AI components for real-time multimodal emotion monitoring and feedback in simulated agile meetings, reporting 10% WER and improved self-awareness for Scrum Masters.
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From GPT-3 to GPT-5: Mapping their capabilities, scope, limitations, and consequences
The GPT family has shifted from scaled text predictors to aligned multimodal tool-oriented systems, with persistent limitations like hallucination and prompt sensitivity remaining unchanged.
- SVSR: A Self-Verification and Self-Rectification Paradigm for Multimodal Reasoning
- Cognitive Pivot Points and Visual Anchoring: Unveiling and Rectifying Hallucinations in Multimodal Reasoning Models