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arxiv: 2503.12263 · v2 · submitted 2025-03-15 · 🌀 gr-qc · astro-ph.CO· astro-ph.HE· astro-ph.IM· nucl-th

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The Science of the Einstein Telescope

Adrian Abac , Raul Abramo , Simone Albanesi , Angelica Albertini , Alessandro Agapito , Michalis Agathos , Conrado Albertus , Nils Andersson
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Tomas Andrade Igor Andreoni Federico Angeloni Marco Antonelli John Antoniadis Fabio Antonini Manuel Arca Sedda M. Celeste Artale Stefano Ascenzi Pierre Auclair Matteo Bachetti Charles Badger Biswajit Banerjee David Barba-Gonzalez Daniel Barta Nicola Bartolo Andreas Bauswein Andrea Begnoni Freija Beirnaert Michal Bejger Enis Belgacem Nicola Bellomo Laura Bernard Maria Grazia Bernardini Sebastiano Bernuzzi Christopher P. L. Berry Emanuele Berti Gianfranco Bertone Dario Bettoni Miguel Bezares Swetha Bhagwat Sofia Bisero Marie Anne Bizouard Jose J. Blanco-Pillado Simone Blasi Alice Bonino Alice Borghese Ssohrab Borhanian Elisa Bortolas Maria Teresa Botticella Marica Branchesi Matteo Breschi Richard Brito Enzo Brocato Floor S. Broekgaarden Tomasz Bulik Alessandra Buonanno Fiorella Burgio Adam Burrows Gianluca Calcagni Sofia Canevarolo Enrico Cappellaro Giulia Capurri Carmelita Carbone Roberto Casadio Ramiro Cayuso Pablo Cerda-Duran Prasanta Char Sylvain Chaty Tommaso Chiarusi Martyna Chruslinska Francesco Cireddu Philippa Cole Alberto Colombo Monica Colpi Geoffrey Compere Carlo Contaldi Maxence Corman Francesco Crescimbeni Sergio Cristallo Elena Cuoco Giulia Cusin Tito Dal Canton Gergely Dalya Paolo D'Avanzo Nazanin Davari Valerio De Luca Viola De Renzis Massimo Della Valle Walter Del Pozzo Federico De Santi Alessio Ludovico De Santis Tim Dietrich Ema Dimastrogiovanni Guillem Domenech Daniela Doneva Marco Drago Ulyana Dupletsa Hannah Duval Irina Dvorkin Nancy Elias-Rosa Stephen Fairhurst Anthea F. Fantina Matteo Fasiello Maxime Fays Rob Fender Tobias Fischer Francois Foucart Tassos Fragos Stefano Foffa Gabriele Franciolini Jacopo Fumagalli Jonathan Gair Rossella Gamba Juan Garcia-Bellido Cecilio Garcia-Quiros Laszlo Arpad Gergely Giancarlo Ghirlanda Archisman Ghosh Bruno Giacomazzo Fabian Gittins Ines Francesca Giudice Boris Goncharov Alejandra Gonzalez Stephane Goriely Luca Graziani Giuseppe Greco Leonardo Gualtieri Gianluca Maria Guidi Ish Gupta Maria Haney Mark Hannam Jan Harms Arus Harutyunyan Brynmor Haskell Andreas Haungs Nandini Hazra Gary Hemming Ik Siong Heng Tanja Hinderer Alexander van der Horst Qian Hu Sascha Husa Francesco Iacovelli Giulia Illuminati Gianluca Inguglia David Izquierdo Villalba Justin Janquart Kamiel Janssens Alexander C. Jenkins Ian Jones Balazs Kacskovics Ralf S. Klessen Kostas Kokkotas Hao-Jui Kuan Sumit Kumar Sachiko Kuroyanagi Danny Laghi Astrid Lamberts Gaetano Lambiase Francois Larrouturou Paola Leaci Michele Lenzi Andrew Levan T. G. F. Li Yufeng Li Dicong Liang Marco Limongi Boyuan Liu Felipe J. Llanes-Estrada Eleonora Loffredo Oliver Long Eva Lope-Oter Georgios Lukes-Gerakopoulos Elisa Maggio Michele Maggiore Michele Mancarella Michela Mapelli Pablo Marchant Annarita Margiotta Alberto Mariotti Alisha Marriott-Best Sylvain Marsat Gabriel Martinez-Pinedo Andrea Maselli Simone Mastrogiovanni Isabela Matos Andrea Melandri Raissa F. P. Mendes Josiel Mendonca Soares de Souza Giorgio Mentasti Mar Mezcua Philipp Mosta Chiranjib Mondal Michele Moresco Tista Mukherjee Niccolo Muttoni Alessandro Nagar Harsh Narola Lara Nava Pablo Navarro Moreno Gijs Nelemans Alex B. Nielsen Samaya Nissanke Martin Obergaulinger Micaela Oertel Gor Oganesyan Francesca Onori Costantino Pacilio Giulia Pagliaroli Cristiano Palomba Peter T. H. Pang Paolo Pani Lucia Papalini Barbara Patricelli Alessandro Patruno Alessandro Pedrotti Albino Perego Maria Angeles Perez-Garcia Carole Perigois Gabriele Perna Celine Peroux J. Perret Delphine Perrodin Alessandro Pesci Harald P. Pfeiffer Ornella Juliana Piccinni Mauro Pieroni Silvia Piranomonte Lorenzo Pompili E. K. Porter Rafael A. Porto Adam Pound Jade Powell Mathieu Puech Geraint Pratten Anna Puecher Oriol Pujolas Miguel Quartin Adriana R. Raduta Antoni Ramos-Buades Aaron Rase Massimiliano Razzano Nanda Rea Tania Regimbau Arianna Renzini Piero Rettegno Angelo Ricciardone Antonio Riotto Alba Romero-Rodriguez Samuele Ronchini Dorota Rosinska Andrea Rossi Soumen Roy Diego Rubiera-Garcia J. Rubio Pilar Ruiz-Lapuente Violetta Sagun Mairi Sakellariadou Om Sharan Salafia Anuradha Samajdar Nicolas Sanchis-Gual Andrea Sanna Filippo Santoliquido Bangalore Sathyaprakash Patricia Schmidt Stefano Schmidt Fabian R. N. Schneider Raffaella Schneider Armen Sedrakian Geraldine Servant Alexander Sevrin Lijing Shao Hector O. Silva Peera Simakachorn Stephen Smartt Thomas P. Sotiriou Mario Spera Antonio Stamerra Daniele A. Steer Jan Steinhoff Nikolaos Stergioulas Riccardo Sturani Duvier Suarez Jishnu Suresh Shaun Swain Matteo Tagliazucchi Nicola Tamanini Gianmassimo Tasinato Thomas M. Tauris Jacopo Tissino Giovanni Maria Tomaselli Silvia Toonen Alejandro Torres-Forne Cezary Turski Cristiano Ugolini Elias C. Vagenas Lorenzo Valbusa Dall'Armi Elena Valenti Rosa Valiante Chris Van Den Broeck Maarten van de Meent Lieke A. C. van Son Miguel Vanvlasselaer Massimo Vaglio Vijay Varma John Veitch Ville Vaskonen Susanna D. Vergani Milan Wils Helvi Witek Isaac C. F. Wong Stoytcho Yazadjiev Garvin Yim Fausto Acernese Hojae Ahn Annalisa Allocca Alex Amato Marc Andres-Carcasona Guerino Avallone Markus Bachlechner Patrick Baer Stefano Bagnasco Gabriele Balbi Fabrizio Barone Eugenio Benedetti Charlotte Benning Simone Bini Jose Luis Blazquez Salcedo Valerio Bozza Matteo Bruno Timo Butz Matteo Califano Enrico Calloni Giovanni Carapella Alessandro Cardini Shreevathsa Chalathadka Subrahmanya Francesco Chiadini Antonino Chiummo Spina Cianetti Giacomo Ciani Eugenio Coccia Andrea Contu Robin Cornelissen Andrea Cozzumbo Lewis Croney Mariateresa Crosta Rocco D'Agostino Stefan Danilishin Sabrina D'Antonio Jorden De Bolle Jerome Degallaix Mariafelicia De Laurentis Riccardo della Monica Francesco De Marco Ivan de Martino Rosario De Rosa Riccardo De Salvo Roberta De Simone Christophe Detavernier Giovanni Diaferia Martina Di Cesare Luciano Di Fiore Matteo Di Giovanni Sibilla Di Pace Jennifer Docherty Domenico D'Urso Oussama El Mecherfi Luciano Errico Federica Fabrizi Viviana Fafone Viviana Fanti Rosalba Fittipaldi Vincenzo Fiumara Andreas Freise Stefan Funk Mika Gaedtke Fabio Garufi Oliver Gerberding Edoardo Giangrandi Carlo Giunchi Victoria Graham Massimo Granata Veronica Granata Anna Green Karen Haughian Lavinia Heisenberg Margot Hennig Stefan Hild Van Long Hoang Nathan Holland Gerardo Iannone Katharina-Sophie Isleif Robert Joppe Chang-Hee Kim Chunglee Kim Kyungmin Kim Erika Korb Mikhail Korobko Luise Kranzhoff Tim Kuhlbusch Gregoire Lacaille Angelique Lartaux-Vollard Lia Lavezzi Paul Laycock Sumi Lee Sumin Lee Sungho Lee Giovanni Losurdo Leonardo Lucchesi Harald Luck Adrian Macquet Ettore Majorana Valentina Mangano Filippo Martelli Iain Martin Mario Martinez Alberto Masoni Luca Massaro Daniele Melini Amata Mercurio Lorenzo Mereni Andrew L. Miller Lorenzo Mirasola Alexandra Mitchell Irene Molinari Matteo Montani Conor Mow-Lowry Riccardo Murgia Peter Gordon Murray Giuseppe Muscas Luca Naticchioni Ardiana Nela Marina Nery Tom Niggemann Niklas Nippe Jerome Novak Armin Numic Marco Olivieri Marco Orsini June Gyu Park Daniela Pascucci Antonio Perreca Francesco Piergiovanni Vincenzo Pierro Laurent Pinard Innocenzo Pinto Michele Punturo Paola Puppo Francesco Quochi Reinhardt Omondi Rading Piero Rapagnani Marco Ricci Davi Rodrigues Rocco Romano Davide Rozza Pooya Saffarieh Federica Santucci Steven Schramm Benjamin Schwab Valeria Sequino Liam Shelling Neto Laura Silenzi Alicia M. Sintes Carlos F. Sopuerta Andrew Spencer Achim Stahl Jessica Steinlechner Sebastian Steinlechner Robert Szabo Thomas Thummler Emanuele Tofani Stefano Torniamenti Riccardo Travaglini Lucia Trozzo M. Paola Vaccaro Michele Valentini Peter Van Jesse van Dongen Joris van Heijningen Zeb van Ranst Marco Vardaro Patrice Verdier Daniele Vernieri Nico Wagner Janis Woehler Joachim Wolf Guido Zavattini Adrian Zink Andreas Zmija
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Einstein Telescope (ET) is the European project for a gravitational-wave (GW) observatory of third-generation. In this paper we present a comprehensive discussion of its science objectives, providing state-of-the-art predictions for the capabilities of ET in both geometries currently under consideration, a single-site triangular configuration or two L-shaped detectors. We discuss the impact that ET will have on domains as broad and diverse as fundamental physics, cosmology, early Universe, astrophysics of compact objects, physics of matter in extreme conditions, and dynamics of stellar collapse. We discuss how the study of extreme astrophysical events will be enhanced by multi-messenger observations. We highlight the ET synergies with ground-based and space-borne GW observatories, including multi-band investigations of the same sources, improved parameter estimation, and complementary information on astrophysical or cosmological mechanisms obtained combining observations from different frequency bands. We present advancements in waveform modeling dedicated to third-generation observatories, along with open tools developed within the ET Collaboration for assessing the scientific potentials of different detector configurations. We finally discuss the data analysis challenges posed by third-generation observatories, which will enable access to large populations of sources and provide unprecedented precision.

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