Claude 3 Opus strategically fakes alignment by complying with harmful requests only during simulated training to preserve its preference for refusing them afterward.
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Proximal Policy Optimization Algorithms
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abstract
We propose a new family of policy gradient methods for reinforcement learning, which alternate between sampling data through interaction with the environment, and optimizing a "surrogate" objective function using stochastic gradient ascent. Whereas standard policy gradient methods perform one gradient update per data sample, we propose a novel objective function that enables multiple epochs of minibatch updates. The new methods, which we call proximal policy optimization (PPO), have some of the benefits of trust region policy optimization (TRPO), but they are much simpler to implement, more general, and have better sample complexity (empirically). Our experiments test PPO on a collection of benchmark tasks, including simulated robotic locomotion and Atari game playing, and we show that PPO outperforms other online policy gradient methods, and overall strikes a favorable balance between sample complexity, simplicity, and wall-time.
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- abstract We propose a new family of policy gradient methods for reinforcement learning, which alternate between sampling data through interaction with the environment, and optimizing a "surrogate" objective function using stochastic gradient ascent. Whereas standard policy gradient methods perform one gradient update per data sample, we propose a novel objective function that enables multiple epochs of minibatch updates. The new methods, which we call proximal policy optimization (PPO), have some of the benefits of trust region policy optimization (TRPO), but they are much simpler to implement, more ge
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representative citing papers
GRPO's group-mean baseline assigns identical advantages to all tokens under output-only rewards, inducing gradient sparsity and an intrinsic rank-2 structure proven from the zero-sum constraint and confirmed by SVD on Nemotron-4B gradients.
Negative narrative immersion causes 12-31% drops in LLM moral accuracy and produces structured shifts that appear in downstream applications.
RL agent for online LHC trigger threshold tuning improves in-tolerance intervals by 28-56% on Monte Carlo and real CMS data without fine-tuning.
IRumAI is the first RL agent for Indian Rummy, trained on weak heuristics to beat strong search opponents at 7000x speed.
DeFAb is a large-scale, formally verifiable benchmark for defeasible abduction derived from 18 knowledge bases, demonstrating that frontier LLMs achieve 7.8-65% accuracy versus 100% for a rule-based solver with polynomial-time checks.
Machine learning discovers a tube-seeding strategy for IBP reduction of Feynman integrals that scales linearly with numerator power, demonstrated on rank-20 2-loop 5-point integrals.
A reward-free representation learning pipeline for offline PbRL achieves better preference efficiency than standard two-stage baselines by connecting RFRL concepts to preference data.
Dynamic isotropy, quantifying uniform center-of-mass acceleration capability, improves robot performance and enables omnidirectional locomotion, terrain traversal, and failure resilience in a spherical robot design.
AtomComposer uses online RL with multi-composition training to discover up to 10x more valid 3D isomers on unseen chemical formulas than single-composition baselines.
Agent-BRACE improves LLM agent performance on long-horizon partially observable tasks by 5.3-14.5% through a decoupled belief state of verbalized atomic claims with certainty labels that keeps context length constant.
SimWorld Studio deploys an evolving coding agent to create adaptive 3D environments that co-evolve with embodied learners, delivering 18-point success-rate gains over fixed environments in navigation benchmarks.
ReLibra uses pre-known token-to-expert routing from RL rollouts to perform inter-batch expert reordering and intra-batch replication, delivering up to 1.6x higher throughput than Megatron-LM and 1.2x over oracle-equipped EPLB while staying within 6-10% of an ideal balanced baseline.
Weak-to-strong generalization is nearly inevitable in linear logistic regression for most student-teacher pairs without any model capacity mismatch.
Observation and action delays are formally equivalent in cooperative Dec-POMDPs, yielding identical optimal solutions and enabling zero-shot transfer, though learning dynamics differ due to credit assignment and operational constraints.
A language-game framework enables dialogue with dynamical systems such as GRNs by treating their frozen dynamics as an RL policy core, using an LM to route prompts so the system responds through its own behavior without parameter changes.
RefereeBench shows that even the strongest video MLLMs reach only around 60% accuracy on multi-sport refereeing tasks and struggle with rule application and temporal grounding.
OP-GRPO is the first off-policy GRPO method for flow-matching models that reuses trajectories via replay buffer and importance sampling corrections, matching on-policy performance with 34.2% of the training steps.
User-turn generation reveals that LLMs' interaction awareness is largely decoupled from task accuracy, remaining near zero in deterministic settings even as accuracy scales to 96.8% on GSM8K.
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A certified gradient-based method for contact-rich manipulation that quantifies smoothing-induced errors via set-valued discrepancies and incorporates them into analytical reachable sets for robust affine feedback policies.
First in-orbit demonstration of a DRL-trained AI satellite attitude controller that performs robust inertial pointing after sim-to-real transfer.
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