Dimension d = O(m^{-2} log n) nearly achieves the optimal margin m^rd(+∞, A) for retrieval embeddings, with matching lower bounds showing d = O(k log(n/k)) suffices and is necessary for m = Θ(k^{-1/2}) on k-sparse query matrices.
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Text Embeddings by Weakly-Supervised Contrastive Pre-training
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abstract
This paper presents E5, a family of state-of-the-art text embeddings that transfer well to a wide range of tasks. The model is trained in a contrastive manner with weak supervision signals from our curated large-scale text pair dataset (called CCPairs). E5 can be readily used as a general-purpose embedding model for any tasks requiring a single-vector representation of texts such as retrieval, clustering, and classification, achieving strong performance in both zero-shot and fine-tuned settings. We conduct extensive evaluations on 56 datasets from the BEIR and MTEB benchmarks. For zero-shot settings, E5 is the first model that outperforms the strong BM25 baseline on the BEIR retrieval benchmark without using any labeled data. When fine-tuned, E5 obtains the best results on the MTEB benchmark, beating existing embedding models with 40x more parameters.
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- abstract This paper presents E5, a family of state-of-the-art text embeddings that transfer well to a wide range of tasks. The model is trained in a contrastive manner with weak supervision signals from our curated large-scale text pair dataset (called CCPairs). E5 can be readily used as a general-purpose embedding model for any tasks requiring a single-vector representation of texts such as retrieval, clustering, and classification, achieving strong performance in both zero-shot and fine-tuned settings. We conduct extensive evaluations on 56 datasets from the BEIR and MTEB benchmarks. For zero-shot se
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representative citing papers
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citing papers explorer
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FollowTable: A Benchmark for Instruction-Following Table Retrieval
FollowTable is the first large-scale benchmark for instruction-following table retrieval, paired with an Instruction Responsiveness Score, showing that existing models fail to adapt to fine-grained constraints beyond topical similarity.
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Diagnosing and Mitigating Retrieval Bottlenecks in LLM-Based Cold-Start Recommendation
Retrieval coverage limits LLM rerankers in cold-start recommendation; a learned hybrid fusion improves pool quality but LLM reranking often degrades end-to-end performance while simpler rankers exploit the pool.
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A Sensitivity-Aware Test Collection for Search Among Personal Information
A new sensitivity-labeled test collection is released from Enron emails with crowdsourced queries, relevance judgments, and LLM extensions for evaluating sensitivity-aware search.
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The Voronoi Bottleneck: Capacity-Aware Dense Retrieval for Product Search
Proves Voronoi complexity equals sign-rank for top-1 retrieval, introduces CUS diagnostic predicting retrieval failure at AUC >0.8 without labels, and AT-DW-InfoNCE objective with derived alpha^*=2.0 that improves Recall@100 on synthetic data.
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Test-Time Training for Zero-Resource Dense Retrieval Reranking
DART adapts a scoring matrix at inference time via gradient updates on pseudo-labels from top/bottom documents to gain +2.1% mean NDCG@10 on six BEIR benchmarks with under 10ms added latency.
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Generative Conversational Recommender System
A single autoregressive model for conversational recommendation that uses semantic item IDs, predicts response intent and target first, then generates the response, reporting up to 29% Recall@1 gains.
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Very Efficient Listwise Multimodal Reranking for Long Documents
ZipRerank delivers state-of-the-art multimodal listwise reranking accuracy for long documents at up to 10x lower latency via early interaction and single-pass scoring.
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Prism-Reranker: Beyond Relevance Scoring -- Jointly Producing Contributions and Evidence for Agentic Retrieval
Prism-Reranker models output relevance, contribution statements, and evidence passages to support agentic retrieval beyond scalar scoring.
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HaS: Accelerating RAG through Homology-Aware Speculative Retrieval
HaS accelerates RAG retrieval via homology-aware speculative retrieval and homologous query re-identification validation, cutting latency 24-37% with 1-2% accuracy drop on tested datasets.
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Retrieval Augmented Conversational Recommendation with Reinforcement Learning
RAR retrieves candidate items from a 300k-movie corpus then uses LLM generation with RL feedback to produce context-aware recommendations that outperform baselines on benchmarks.
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Spectral Tempering for Embedding Compression in Dense Passage Retrieval
Spectral Tempering derives an adaptive scaling factor γ(k) from the embedding eigenspectrum via local SNR analysis and knee-point normalization to achieve near-optimal compression without training or validation.
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Vector Retrieval with Similarity and Diversity: How Hard Is It?
VRSD is defined by maximizing query-to-sum similarity, proven NP-complete, with a parameter-free heuristic outperforming MMR and DPP baselines.
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Do Neural Retrievers Prefer Certain Documents? Evidence of Learned Relevance Priors
Supervised bi-encoder retrievers encode document-level relevance priors from annotation biases, producing a findability gap for documents lacking favored features such as comprehensiveness and mainstream topic coverage.
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RRCM: Ranking-Driven Retrieval over Collaborative and Meta Memories for LLM Recommendation
RRCM trains an LLM to dynamically retrieve from collaborative and meta memories using group relative policy optimization driven by final top-k recommendation quality.
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Superintelligent Retrieval Agent: The Next Frontier of Agentic Retrieval
SIRA compresses multi-round exploratory retrieval into one corpus-discriminative BM25 action via LLM document enrichment, query-time term prediction, and corpus-statistic filtering, reporting top average performance on ten BEIR benchmarks and strong results on BrowseComp-Wikipedia without relevance
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DualView: Adaptive Local-Global Fusion for Multi-Hop Document Reranking
DualView fuses local cross-attention and global context aggregation via adaptive gating to rerank fixed candidate sets for multi-hop QA, reporting 99.4% Top-4 Recall on MuSiQue at 4 ms latency while beating larger cross-encoders.
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Data, Not Model: Explaining Bias toward LLM Texts in Neural Retrievers
Bias toward LLM texts in neural retrievers arises from artifact imbalances between positive and negative documents in training data that are absorbed during contrastive learning.
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JU\'A -- A Benchmark for Information Retrieval in Brazilian Legal Text Collections
JU'A is a new heterogeneous benchmark for Brazilian legal IR that distinguishes retrieval methods and shows domain-adapted models excel on aligned subsets while BM25 stays competitive elsewhere.
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Are LLM-Based Retrievers Worth Their Cost? An Empirical Study of Efficiency, Robustness, and Reasoning Overhead
Empirical comparison across 14 retrievers on the BRIGHT benchmark shows reasoning-specialized models can match strong accuracy with competitive speed while many large LLM bi-encoders add latency for small gains and confidence scores remain poorly calibrated.
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ARMOR: Adaptive Retriever Optimization for Low-Resource Telecom Question Answering
ARMOR optimizes retrievers via joint RAG-likelihood and InfoNCE training with regularization toward the base encoder, yielding improved retrieval and QA on telecom benchmarks.
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LRanker: LLM Ranker for Massive Candidates
LRanker combines K-means candidate aggregation with graph-partitioned ensemble of query embeddings to improve LLM ranking accuracy and scalability on massive candidate pools, reporting 3-30% gains on RBench tasks up to 6.8M candidates.
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Benchmarking Patent Embeddings: A Multi-Task Evaluation of 22 Models Across Retrieval, Classification, and Clustering
Multi-task evaluation of 22 patent embedding models finds task-specific fine-tuning benefits and significant cross-landscape retrieval degradation that cannot be fixed by hybrid fusion.
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BioHiCL: Hierarchical Multi-Label Contrastive Learning for Biomedical Retrieval with MeSH Labels
BioHiCL applies hierarchical multi-label contrastive learning with MeSH annotations to improve biomedical retrieval, sentence similarity, and question answering using small efficient models.
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Robustness Risk of Conversational Retrieval: Identifying and Mitigating Noise Sensitivity in Qwen3-Embedding Model
Qwen3-embedding models show noise sensitivity in conversational retrieval where dialogue artifacts rank highly despite lacking semantic value, a problem reduced by query prompting and more severe than in prior Qwen versions or other baselines.
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Legal Retrieval for Public Defenders
NJ BriefBank is a domain-adapted legal retrieval tool for public defenders that improves on standard benchmarks by incorporating legal reasoning, domain data, and synthetic examples, with a new released taxonomy and annotated evaluation dataset.
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Attention Grounded Enhancement for Visual Document Retrieval
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R$^2$-Searcher: Calibrating Retrieval and Reasoning Boundaries for Agentic Search
R²-Searcher introduces fine-grained evidence modeling, retrieval reflection, and R²PO RL to calibrate retrieval-reasoning boundaries and improve multi-hop QA performance.
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UniCA: Bi-directional Cross-Attention with Positive Similarity Loss for Robust Multi-Modal Retrieval
UniCA proposes bi-directional cross-attention and positive similarity loss for multi-modal retrieval and reports up to 4.09% Recall@5 gain on WebQA hybrid tasks versus baseline.
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H-MAPS: Hierarchical Memory-Augmented Proactive Search Assistant for Scientific Literature
H-MAPS uses a three-layered hierarchical memory to infer a reader's background and intent from implicit behaviors, generating profile-specific questions and on-device literature retrieval, as shown when NLP and HCI researchers receive different recommendations for the same paper.
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Domain-Adaptive Dense Retrieval for Brazilian Legal Search
Mixed training of Qwen3-Embedding-4B on legal data plus SQuAD-pt yields higher average NDCG@10 (0.447), MRR@10 (0.595), and MAP@10 (0.308) across six Portuguese retrieval datasets than legal-only or base models, with largest gains on out-of-domain question-based search.
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LLM-Oriented Information Retrieval: A Denoising-First Perspective
Argues for a denoising-first paradigm in LLM-oriented information retrieval, framing challenges via a four-stage progression and providing a taxonomy of signal-to-noise optimization techniques across the pipeline.
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Health System Scale Semantic Search Across Unstructured Clinical Notes
A semantic search system was deployed at health-system scale across 166 million clinical notes, delivering sub-second latency, ~$4000 monthly cost, and 24-89% faster chart abstraction with maintained agreement.
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A Reproducibility Study of Metacognitive Retrieval-Augmented Generation
MetaRAG is only partially reproducible with lower absolute scores than originally reported, gains substantially from reranking, and shows greater robustness than SIM-RAG under extended retrieval features.
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A Survey on Retrieval-Augmented Text Generation for Large Language Models
A survey that categorizes RAG methods for LLMs into four retrieval-centric stages, reviews their evolution and evaluation, and outlines challenges and future directions.