BESIII reports Born cross sections for e+e- to p pbar at 47 energies between 3.51 and 4.95 GeV and determines |GE/GM| and |GM| for the first time from angular distributions at large timelike momentum transfer.
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Hadronic molecules
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abstract
A large number of experimental discoveries especially in the heavy quarkonium sector that did not at all fit to the expectations of the until then very successful quark model led to a renaissance of hadron spectroscopy. Among various explanations of the internal structure of these excitations, hadronic molecules, being analogues of light nuclei, play a unique role since for those predictions can be made with controlled uncertainty. We review experimental evidences of various candidates of hadronic molecules, and methods of identifying such structures. Nonrelativistic effective field theories are the suitable framework for studying hadronic molecules, and are discussed in both the continuum and finite volumes. Also pertinent lattice QCD results are presented. Further, we discuss the production mechanisms and decays of hadronic molecules, and comment on the reliability of certain assertions often made in the literature.
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Explicit coupled-channel dynamics modifies pole structures and can eliminate or shift higher-lying states in doubly heavy systems, while single-channel models suffice only for near-threshold states like T_cc.
Chiral symmetry corrections in lattice QCD fits shift the D0*(2300) resonance pole closer to the Dπ threshold and reduce its width, while coupled channels produce a two-pole structure.
The compositeness of near-threshold eigenstates with Coulomb plus short-range forces is determined solely by the Coulomb scattering length, effective range, and Bohr radius, with the Coulomb interaction qualitatively altering threshold behavior and internal structure compared to short-range cases.
BOEFT quantifies threshold-induced shifts in quarkonium masses below threshold by solving coupled Schrödinger equations using lattice potentials and one parameter fixed to the χ_c1(3872) mass.
A model-independent minimum in short-range production rates of dimer-spectator systems allows precise mass extraction for near-threshold states via a fixed relation to the observed dip position.
Relativistic U(3) chiral EFT at NLO yields scattering lengths that match lattice data and identifies D_s1(2460) as an SU(3) triplet bound-state pole and D1(2430) as a triplet-sextet pole pair, none of which are conventional q-bar q states.
LCSR analysis of compact pentaquarks yields μ_u/μ_d = -2 for all currents and μ_c = 0 for one current, with numerical moments of order 1-3 μ_N that differ in flavor decomposition from molecular calculations.
Finite-volume N/D analysis with left-hand cuts applied to lattice data shows a mild but statistically significant effect on H-dibaryon binding energy compared to Lüscher quantization.
Coupled-channel Zc(3900) scattering is dominated by short-range quark exchange between D Dbar* and J/psi pi, agreeing with HAL QCD only after a fitted overall reduction beta ~ 0.3.
QCD light-cone sum rules computation of magnetic dipole, electric quadrupole, and magnetic octupole moments for Σ-type P_ψs pentaquarks, with quark-flavor decomposition and model discriminants.
Quantum complexity measures applied to the Schwinger model reveal nonlocal correlations along the string and show that entanglement and magic give complementary views of string formation and breaking.
TQ4Q2.0 supplies the first complete, uncertainty-quantified set of NRQCD-based fragmentation functions for all-heavy tetraquarks, including nonconstituent channels and public grids for jet-associated production.
A unitarized fixed-center approximation predicts a narrow KX(3872) bound state 50 MeV below threshold and a characteristic femtoscopic correlation function.
Near-threshold structures in seven e+e- annihilation channels are simultaneously described by a single chiral-EFT N Nbar final-state interaction plus slowly varying short-distance sources, without channel-specific narrow resonances.
QCD sum rules yield lowest masses of 1.53-2.34 GeV for light 1^{--} tetraquarks across isoscalar, isovector and isotensor sectors plus one 1^{-+} isotensor mass of 2.19 GeV.
Proposes that a K* Ξ molecular state (Λ(2150)) generates a triangle singularity explaining the peak in K- p → K Ξ(1530), with distinct spin density matrix element variations as a testable signature.
The M1 radiative decay width Pc(4457)(3/2-) → Pc(4312)(1/2-)γ is computed as 6.7 keV (range 2-9 keV) via 19 triangle loops with photon coupling to molecular components.
Neural-network quantum states are used to compute spectra of fully-heavy multiquarks in a non-relativistic quark model, claiming to overcome dimensionality issues with superior accuracy over prior approximations.
χ_c1(3872) is treated as a bound state in adjoint-meson Born-Oppenheimer potentials within a diabatic model, with calculated spin splittings and decay widths for its multiplet and bottom analogs after tuning to threshold.
Calculates B(Y(4230) → γ G0(3900)) = 3.8×10^{-5}–3.3×10^{-4} assuming P-wave molecular interpretations for both states and a triangle mechanism.
Joint Dalitz decomposition of two e+e- processes with dispersive pi pi / KKbar final-state interactions shows a non-resonant production term is required and extracts Breit-Wigner parameters for Zc(3900), Y(4220), and Y(4320).
A coupled-channel framework is developed and fitted to BESIII data on vector charmonium-like states in the 4.1-4.6 GeV range, concluding that coupled-channel effects with dynamically generated poles explain the line shapes.
The u-channel Lambda_c exchange enhances rescattering via Dbar(*) Sigma_c states in the piN to J/psiN reaction, producing clear peaks for Pc(4312) (1/2^-) and Pc(4457) (3/2^-) at microbarn cross sections while suppressing other states.
citing papers explorer
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Measurement of Born cross sections for $e^+e^-\to p\bar p$ at $\sqrt{s} =3.510-4.946$ GeV
BESIII reports Born cross sections for e+e- to p pbar at 47 energies between 3.51 and 4.95 GeV and determines |GE/GM| and |GM| for the first time from angular distributions at large timelike momentum transfer.
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Systematic Study of Coupled-Channel Dynamics in Doubly Heavy Hadronic Molecules
Explicit coupled-channel dynamics modifies pole structures and can eliminate or shift higher-lying states in doubly heavy systems, while single-channel models suffice only for near-threshold states like T_cc.
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Analysis of the $D_0^*(2300)$ resonance from lattice QCD under chiral symmetry
Chiral symmetry corrections in lattice QCD fits shift the D0*(2300) resonance pole closer to the Dπ threshold and reduce its width, while coupled channels produce a two-pole structure.
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Compositeness of near-threshold eigenstates with Coulomb plus short-range interactions
The compositeness of near-threshold eigenstates with Coulomb plus short-range forces is determined solely by the Coulomb scattering length, effective range, and Bohr radius, with the Coulomb interaction qualitatively altering threshold behavior and internal structure compared to short-range cases.
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Open-flavor threshold effects on quarkonium spectrum in the BOEFT
BOEFT quantifies threshold-induced shifts in quarkonium masses below threshold by solving coupled Schrödinger equations using lattice potentials and one parameter fixed to the χ_c1(3872) mass.
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Model-independent mass determination of near-threshold states from short-range production
A model-independent minimum in short-range production rates of dimer-spectator systems allows precise mass extraction for near-threshold states via a fixed relation to the observed dip position.
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The $D_{s1}(2460)$ and other open-charm $1^+$ states in relativistic chiral effective field theory
Relativistic U(3) chiral EFT at NLO yields scattering lengths that match lattice data and identifies D_s1(2460) as an SU(3) triplet bound-state pole and D1(2430) as a triplet-sextet pole pair, none of which are conventional q-bar q states.
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Analytic electromagnetic signatures of compact pentaquark structure: A multi-current QCD light-cone sum rules analysis of the $P_{\psi s}^{\Lambda}$ states
LCSR analysis of compact pentaquarks yields μ_u/μ_d = -2 for all currents and μ_c = 0 for one current, with numerical moments of order 1-3 μ_N that differ in flavor decomposition from molecular calculations.
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Finite-volume analysis of the $H$-dibaryon including left-hand-cut effects
Finite-volume N/D analysis with left-hand cuts applied to lattice data shows a mild but statistically significant effect on H-dibaryon binding energy compared to Lüscher quantization.
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$D\bar{D}^\ast$-$\pi J/\psi$ scatterings of coupled channels for $Z_c(3900)$ channel
Coupled-channel Zc(3900) scattering is dominated by short-range quark exchange between D Dbar* and J/psi pi, agreeing with HAL QCD only after a fitted overall reduction beta ~ 0.3.
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Deciphering the nature of $P^{\Sigma}_{\psi s}$ pentaquarks in the light of their electromagnetic multipole moments
QCD light-cone sum rules computation of magnetic dipole, electric quadrupole, and magnetic octupole moments for Σ-type P_ψs pentaquarks, with quark-flavor decomposition and model discriminants.
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The Quantum Complexity of String Breaking in the Schwinger Model
Quantum complexity measures applied to the Schwinger model reveal nonlocal correlations along the string and show that entanglement and magic give complementary views of string formation and breaking.
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All-charm tetraquarks at hadron colliders: A high-precision fragmentation perspective
TQ4Q2.0 supplies the first complete, uncertainty-quantified set of NRQCD-based fragmentation functions for all-heavy tetraquarks, including nonconstituent channels and public grids for jet-associated production.
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$KX(3872)$ interaction and correlation function
A unitarized fixed-center approximation predicts a narrow KX(3872) bound state 50 MeV below threshold and a characteristic femtoscopic correlation function.
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Understanding the near-threshold structures in $e^+e^- $ annihilation from a unified $N \bar N$-interaction perspective
Near-threshold structures in seven e+e- annihilation channels are simultaneously described by a single chiral-EFT N Nbar final-state interaction plus slowly varying short-distance sources, without channel-specific narrow resonances.
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Light tetraquark states with $J^{PC}=1^{--}$ from QCD sum rules
QCD sum rules yield lowest masses of 1.53-2.34 GeV for light 1^{--} tetraquarks across isoscalar, isovector and isotensor sectors plus one 1^{-+} isotensor mass of 2.19 GeV.
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Exploring $K\Xi^*$ and $K^*\Xi$ molecular states and the triangle singularity in the $K^- p \to K \Xi(1530)$ reaction
Proposes that a K* Ξ molecular state (Λ(2150)) generates a triangle singularity explaining the peak in K- p → K Ξ(1530), with distinct spin density matrix element variations as a testable signature.
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Radiative decays of dynamically generated pentaquarks in the chiral unitary approach: the $P_c(4457)\to P_c(4312)\,\gamma$ transition
The M1 radiative decay width Pc(4457)(3/2-) → Pc(4312)(1/2-)γ is computed as 6.7 keV (range 2-9 keV) via 19 triangle loops with photon coupling to molecular components.
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Fully-heavy multiquarks in neural-network quantum states
Neural-network quantum states are used to compute spectra of fully-heavy multiquarks in a non-relativistic quark model, claiming to overcome dimensionality issues with superior accuracy over prior approximations.
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$\boldsymbol{\chi_{c1}}(3872)$ and its Partners in the Diabatic Born-Oppenheimer Approximation for QCD
χ_c1(3872) is treated as a bound state in adjoint-meson Born-Oppenheimer potentials within a diabatic model, with calculated spin splittings and decay widths for its multiplet and bottom analogs after tuning to threshold.
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Searching for the pseudoscalar partner of $G(3900)$ via radiative $Y(4230)$ decays
Calculates B(Y(4230) → γ G0(3900)) = 3.8×10^{-5}–3.3×10^{-4} assuming P-wave molecular interpretations for both states and a triangle mechanism.
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Simultaneous Dalitz-plot decomposition of the $e^+ e^- \to J/\psi \, \pi \, \pi \, (K \bar{K})$ processes in the 4.13-4.36 GeV region using dispersive final-state interactions
Joint Dalitz decomposition of two e+e- processes with dispersive pi pi / KKbar final-state interactions shows a non-resonant production term is required and extracts Breit-Wigner parameters for Zc(3900), Y(4220), and Y(4320).
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Vector charmonium(-like) states in the energy range of 4.1-4.6 GeV
A coupled-channel framework is developed and fitted to BESIII data on vector charmonium-like states in the 4.1-4.6 GeV range, concluding that coupled-channel effects with dynamically generated poles explain the line shapes.
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Probing hidden-charm pentaquarks from the $\pi N\rightarrow J/\psi N$ reaction
The u-channel Lambda_c exchange enhances rescattering via Dbar(*) Sigma_c states in the piN to J/psiN reaction, producing clear peaks for Pc(4312) (1/2^-) and Pc(4457) (3/2^-) at microbarn cross sections while suppressing other states.
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Isospin-breaking effects on the threshold cusp structures in $\Lambda N$-$\Sigma N$ scattering
Isospin breaking splits threshold cusps in ΛN-ΣN scattering into constrained structures whose relative sharpness or type can change, as shown via K-matrix classification and N²LO chiral EFT calculations.
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A possible $\Sigma^*$ or $\Lambda^*$ resonance with $J^P=3/2^-$ in $K^-p\to K\Xi$ scattering
A J^P=3/2- hyperon resonance at ~1.9 GeV is added to an effective Lagrangian fit of K- p to K Xi cross sections, with the Lambda* assignment preferred over Sigma* by polarization predictions.
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Multimodal Fragmentation of All-Heavy Pentaquarks: Uncertainty-Aware Predictions for Hadron Colliders
A multimodal, uncertainty-quantified set of leading-power fragmentation functions for all-charm pentaquarks is constructed and applied to NLL/NLO+ pentaquark-plus-jet production at future hadron colliders.
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Probing the hadronic molecular nature of the $\Omega(2012)$, $\Omega(2380)$, and $\Omega_c(3120)$ via femtoscopy correlation functions
Numerical correlation functions computed from effective potentials exhibit enhancements that indicate the hadronic molecular nature of the Ω(2012), Ω(2380), and Ωc(3120) resonances.
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Determination of the $Z_c(3900)$ and the $Z_{cs}(3985)$ states from joint analysis of experimental and lattice data
Joint analysis of experimental and lattice data confirms Z_c(3900) and Z_cs(3985) as SU(3) flavor partners with pole masses (3879.6 ± 4.8) MeV and (3976.9 ± 5.1) MeV, half-widths (32.2 ± 4.7) MeV and (28.8 ± 5.9) MeV, both resonances.
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Coupled-channel study of the three-body $DDK$ and $D^{*}D^{*}K$
The DDK system supports a deeply bound compact state across wide parameters and possibly a shallow three-body halo state near the D-DK threshold, with negligible D*D*K coupling and no resonances.
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Proposed mixing between $2P$ and $1F$ wave charmonia
Unquenched coupled-channel calculations yield sizable 2P–1F mixing angles of 7.5° and 15.4° for the χ_c2 charmonia, with predicted two-photon and two-gluon widths as experimental tests.
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Correlation function and bound state from the $K D_{s0}^*(2317)$ interaction
The K D_s0*(2317) system develops a narrow resonance 40 MeV below threshold under the fixed-center molecular assumption, producing a characteristic correlation function for strong attraction.
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Study of the molecular Properties of the $P_c$ and $P_{cs}$ States
Coupled-channel calculations show Pc and Pcs states as molecular bound states with RMS radii 0.5-2 fm when heavy-quark spin symmetry is respected across all channels.
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Short-range production of three bottom mesons
Leading-order predictions for three-body point production rates of B and B* meson systems are derived in short-range NREFT from two-body input alone.
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Observation and investigation of the $T_{c\bar{c}1}(4430)^{+}$ structure in $B^{+} \to \psi(2S) K_{\text{S}}^{0} \pi^{+}$ decays
First 4D amplitude analysis of B+ → ψ(2S) K_S0 π+ confirms the exotic T_{c c-bar 1}(4430)+ structure with properties consistent with prior observations in the isospin-related channel.
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Radiative decays of $X(3872)$ within $D{\bar D}^*$ molecular framework
Using nonrelativistic effective field theory, the X(3872) is treated as a D*D molecule to predict radiative decay widths to D D gamma, finding a strong neutral-over-charged hierarchy and quantifying D D rescattering effects.
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QCD Sum Rule Analysis of a Compact $D^{+}D^{-}K^{+}$-Like Hidden-Charm Hexaquark with $J^{P}=0^{-}$
QCD sum rule analysis predicts the mass of a J^P=0^- compact hidden-charm hexaquark to be 3.94-4.41 GeV.
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Accessing Exotic Hadronic States via Charmed-Meson Femtoscopy in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions
Simulations indicate that heavy-ion collisions enhance the visibility of charmed-meson femtoscopic correlations compared to pp collisions, providing a probe for exotic hadronic states.
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Does $\psi(4660)$ exist?
Fits using coupled channels and bare states show the psi(4660) as a conventional charmonium state above the Lambda_c pair threshold in both Belle and BESIII datasets.
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Hunting for $B\bar B$ molecular state $X_{b0}$ via radiative transition of $\Upsilon(10753)$
The decay Υ(10753) → γ X_b0 is predicted to have partial width 0.2-1.5 keV and branching fraction 10^{-6} to 10^{-5} for binding energies 0-10 MeV, dominated by B1(') meson loops.
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QCD sum rule analysis of local meson-meson currents for the $K(1690)$ state
QCD sum rules with local meson-meson currents for the K(1690) consistently predict masses around 2 GeV or above, disfavoring a molecular interpretation in favor of a compact multiquark state.
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Three-body molecular states composed of $D^{(*)}$ and two nucleons
The DNN system forms a robust compact bound state in the I=1/2 (1^-) channel across cutoffs, while D*NN exhibits spin-dependent bound states in 0^-, 1^-, and 2^- channels with no resonances found.
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A comparative study of $T_{cc}$ versus $X(3872)$ production in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=$ 7 TeV
Simulations reveal substantial differences in transverse momentum spectra between compact T_cc tetraquarks formed at partonic level and molecular X(3872) states formed at hadronic level, plus production asymmetry and source-characterizing coalescence parameters.
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Analysis of molecular state ${{\eta}_cD^*}$ and ${J/\psi D^*}$ in the effective Lagrangian approach
Using effective Lagrangians under molecular assumptions for η_c D* and J/ψ D*, the authors estimate B_c production branching ratios of 10^{-4} and 10^{-5} respectively, with decay widths O(MeV).
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Prospects for observing the missing $2D$ and $1F$ charmonium states around 4 GeV
The paper computes spectroscopic properties, OZI-allowed strong decays, and radiative transitions for the 2D and 1F charmonium states around 4 GeV to guide experimental searches.
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Colloquium: Hadron Production in Open-charm Meson Pair at $e^+e^-$ Collider
A review summarizing experimental contributions from BABAR, Belle, BESIII, and CLEO-c to the study of hadron production in open-charm meson pairs and insights into nonstandard hadrons.
- Compact $cs\bar{s}\bar{s}$ Tetraquarks in the Charm--Strange Sector: Mass Spectra, Rearrangement Decays and Regge Trajectories with $D_s$ Threshold Inputs