SeedHijack is a blind, integrity-preserving PRNG hijacking attack that amplifies LLM watermark z-scores up to 2.42x while evading all tested content-side statistical detectors across three schemes and models.
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abstract
Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized the field of artificial intelligence, enabling natural language processing tasks that were previously thought to be exclusive to humans. In this work, we introduce Qwen, the first installment of our large language model series. Qwen is a comprehensive language model series that encompasses distinct models with varying parameter counts. It includes Qwen, the base pretrained language models, and Qwen-Chat, the chat models finetuned with human alignment techniques. The base language models consistently demonstrate superior performance across a multitude of downstream tasks, and the chat models, particularly those trained using Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF), are highly competitive. The chat models possess advanced tool-use and planning capabilities for creating agent applications, showcasing impressive performance even when compared to bigger models on complex tasks like utilizing a code interpreter. Furthermore, we have developed coding-specialized models, Code-Qwen and Code-Qwen-Chat, as well as mathematics-focused models, Math-Qwen-Chat, which are built upon base language models. These models demonstrate significantly improved performance in comparison with open-source models, and slightly fall behind the proprietary models.
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- abstract Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized the field of artificial intelligence, enabling natural language processing tasks that were previously thought to be exclusive to humans. In this work, we introduce Qwen, the first installment of our large language model series. Qwen is a comprehensive language model series that encompasses distinct models with varying parameter counts. It includes Qwen, the base pretrained language models, and Qwen-Chat, the chat models finetuned with human alignment techniques. The base language models consistently demonstrate superior performance across a mult
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representative citing papers
LongAct benchmark evaluates long-horizon household task execution from free-form instructions; HoloMind agent raises performance but top VLMs still reach only 59% goal completion and 16% full-task success.
The upper-tail accumulation scale derived from the gap-counting function N_n sets the critical inverse temperature for softmax attention concentration, unifying prior conflicting laws as special cases of different N_n.
IRIS-14B is the first LLM trained explicitly for GIMPLE-to-LLVM IR translation and outperforms much larger models by up to 44 percentage points on real-world C code.
A classifier trained only on transformer fine-tuning data detects an invariant memorization signature that transfers to Mamba, RWKV-4, and RecurrentGemma with AUCs of 0.963, 0.972, and 0.936.
LiveBench is a contamination-limited LLM benchmark with auto-scored challenging tasks from recent sources across math, coding, reasoning and more, where top models score below 70%.
OSWorld provides the first unified real-computer benchmark for open-ended multimodal agent tasks, exposing large performance gaps between humans and state-of-the-art LLM/VLM agents.
A new sensitivity-labeled test collection is released from Enron emails with crowdsourced queries, relevance judgments, and LLM extensions for evaluating sensitivity-aware search.
Moral Trolley Arena shows frontier LLMs produce composite moral preferences that are compressed rather than additive functions of calibrated component act strengths across Moral Foundations Theory.
Introduces ChiSafe-PAS, a 1,897-prompt human-annotated Chinese adversarial benchmark for LLM safety with 3-class labels, 9-category obfuscation taxonomy, and domain coverage in self-harm, drugs, fraud, and satire.
EvoGM uses a dual-generator architecture with cycle-consistent learning on winner-loser pairs from search history to optimize LLM merging coefficients inside a multi-round evolutionary pipeline and reports outperformance over baselines on seen and unseen tasks.
VisAnalog is a new controlled benchmark showing VLMs substantially underperform humans on visual concept transfer under one- to four-step deterministic transformations, with relation inference as the main failure mode.
Proposes an equation-anchored tool-use method for MLLMs that writes the pinhole back-projection equation in Chain-of-Thought and substitutes retrieved camera intrinsics and depths to achieve robustness in 3D object detection and visual grounding under rescaled intrinsics.
Incantation is the first video world model to use per-frame natural language conditioning for simultaneous multi-entity control and concept-level cross-entity transfer in interactive video generation.
TIDAL recovers temporal phase signals from LLM-derived semantics of provisioning metadata to enable complementary CVD placement, reducing overload frequency by 79.1% on production traces.
RISE is an inference-time semantic reranking framework that refines low-confidence predictions in rhetorical role labeling using contrastively learned label representations, delivering an average +9.15 macro-F1 gain on hard examples across eight datasets and seven models.
DCDM replaces positional blocks with learnable semantic chunks via differentiable Chunking Attention, yielding consistent gains over block and unstructured diffusion baselines up to 1.5B parameters.
ClawForge is a generator framework that creates reproducible executable benchmarks for command-line agents under state conflict, with ClawForge-Bench showing frontier models reach at most 45.3% strict accuracy and that state inspection drives most performance gaps.
BlockVLA accelerates autoregressive VLA models by 3.3x using block diffusion finetuning, with faster training convergence and better early performance on long-horizon robotic tasks.
Pretrained LLMs adapted via convolutional projections and LoRA act as efficient frozen backbones for sensor-based human activity recognition, delivering strong data efficiency and cross-dataset transfer.
ReCrit frames critic interaction as a correctness-transition problem and uses quadrant-based RL rewards to improve LLM performance on scientific reasoning benchmarks by rewarding corrections and robustness while penalizing sycophancy.
V-ABS is an action-observer beam search method with entropy-based adaptive weighting and an 80k-sample SFT dataset that delivers 19.7% average gains on visual reasoning tasks for MLLMs.
LLM agents reach only 50.6% accuracy on chemical cost estimation within 25% error even with tools, dropping with noise due to parsing, pack selection, and tool-use failures.
DAPRO provides the first dynamic, theoretically guaranteed way to allocate interaction budgets across test cases for bounding time-to-event in multi-turn LLM evaluations, achieving tighter coverage than static conformal survival methods.
citing papers explorer
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Efficient and Adaptive Human Activity Recognition via LLM Backbones
Pretrained LLMs adapted via convolutional projections and LoRA act as efficient frozen backbones for sensor-based human activity recognition, delivering strong data efficiency and cross-dataset transfer.
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ReCrit: Transition-Aware Reinforcement Learning for Scientific Critic Reasoning
ReCrit frames critic interaction as a correctness-transition problem and uses quadrant-based RL rewards to improve LLM performance on scientific reasoning benchmarks by rewarding corrections and robustness while penalizing sycophancy.
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How Many Iterations to Jailbreak? Dynamic Budget Allocation for Multi-Turn LLM Evaluation
DAPRO provides the first dynamic, theoretically guaranteed way to allocate interaction budgets across test cases for bounding time-to-event in multi-turn LLM evaluations, achieving tighter coverage than static conformal survival methods.
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ParetoSlider: Diffusion Models Post-Training for Continuous Reward Control
ParetoSlider conditions diffusion models on continuous preference weights to approximate the full Pareto front, providing dynamic control over multi-objective rewards at inference time.
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Character Beyond Speech: Leveraging Role-Playing Evaluation in Audio Large Language Models via Reinforcement Learning
RoleJudge is a multidimensional evaluation framework for speech-character alignment in audio LLMs, backed by the RoleChat dataset and multi-stage RL training with standard alignment to reduce reward issues.
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DMax: Aggressive Parallel Decoding for dLLMs
DMax uses On-Policy Uniform Training and Soft Parallel Decoding to enable aggressive parallelism in dLLMs, raising TPF on GSM8K from 2.04 to 5.47 and on MBPP from 2.71 to 5.86 while preserving accuracy.
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The limits of bio-molecular modeling with large language models : a cross-scale evaluation
LLMs perform adequately on bio-molecular classification tasks but remain weak on regression, with hybrid architectures outperforming others on long sequences and fine-tuning hurting generalization.
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Decomposed Trust: Privacy, Adversarial Robustness, Ethics, and Fairness in Low-Rank LLMs
Low-rank compression preserves training-data privacy and improves adversarial robustness but weakens personal-information protection, reduces ethical behavior in zero-shot use, and harms fairness.
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Effective Model Pruning: Measure The Redundancy of Model Components
EMP maps importance scores to effective sample size N_eff and prunes the lowest N - N_eff components, with a derived lower bound on retained effective mass and upper bound on loss increase.
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Refusal in Language Models Is Mediated by a Single Direction
Refusal in language models is mediated by a single direction in residual stream activations that can be erased to disable safety or added to elicit refusal.
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Memory-Efficient LLM Training with Dynamic Sparsity: From Stability to Practical Scaling
SMET stabilizes dynamic sparse training of LLMs via optimizer warm-up and density-aware scaling, reducing memory use and enabling practical sparse pre-training as an alternative to dense methods.
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Saliency-Aware Model Merging
SA-Merging extends SynFlow-style saliency to task vectors, adds merge-aware modulation and iterative pruning, and applies rank-wise decomposition to LoRAs, narrowing the gap to test-time adaptation on vision and language tasks.
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ProjQ: Project-and-Quantize for Adapter-Aware LLM Compression
ProjQ constrains post-training quantization noise to a low-rank manifold through orthogonal subspace projection, enabling better compensation by LoRA adapters and preserving greater model plasticity than standard PTQ.
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UniRTL: Unifying Code and Graph for Robust RTL Representation Learning
UniRTL unifies RTL code and CDFG through mutual masked modeling and hierarchical training with a graph-aware tokenizer, outperforming prior single-modality methods on performance prediction and code retrieval.
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The Long-Term Effects of Data Selection in LLM Fine-Tuning
Short-term data selectors in multi-stage LLM fine-tuning can slow future learning and increase forgetting, formalized as myopic selection with a proposed LHAS objective to address it.
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A Geometric Analysis of Sign-Magnitude Asymmetry in a ReLU + RMSNorm Block under Ternary Quantization
Sign-flip perturbations produce π/(π-2) ≈ 2.75 times more transverse output energy than equal-norm sign-preserving perturbations in a ReLU + RMSNorm block because ReLU creates directional asymmetry that RMSNorm's transverse projection exposes.
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Dynamic Model Merging Made Slim
DiDi-Merging achieves dynamic model merging performance matching or exceeding prior methods while using only 1.24x to 1.4x the parameters of a single fine-tuned model.
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Navigating the Emotion Tree: Hierarchical Hyperbolic RAG for Multimodal Emotion Recognition
HyperEmo-RAG uses hierarchical hyperbolic embeddings and graph-based evidence injection to outperform prior methods in multimodal emotion recognition.
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Search Your Block Floating Point Scales!
ScaleSearch optimizes block floating point scales via fine-grained search to cut quantization error by 27% for NVFP4, improving PTQ by up to 15 points on MATH500 for Qwen3-8B and attention PPL by 0.77 on Llama 3.1 70B.
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ROMER: Expert Replacement and Router Calibration for Robust MoE LLMs on Analog Compute-in-Memory Systems
ROMER cuts perplexity by up to 59% in noisy analog CIM environments for MoE LLMs via expert replacement and router recalibration calibrated on real-chip measurements.
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Rotation-Preserving Supervised Fine-Tuning
RPSFT improves the in-domain versus out-of-domain performance trade-off during LLM supervised fine-tuning by penalizing rotations in pretrained singular subspaces as a proxy for loss-sensitive directions.
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Can LLMs Predict Polymer Physics Just by Reading Synthesis and Processing Prose?
PolyLM fine-tunes a 9B-parameter LLM on 185k papers to predict polymer properties from text alone, achieving median R² of 0.74 on 68k held-out samples.
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Requests of a Feather Must Flock Together: Batch Size vs. Prefix Homogeneity in LLM Inference
Feather uses reinforcement learning and a Chunked Hash Tree to balance batch size against prefix homogeneity in LLM inference, delivering 2-10x higher throughput than existing schedulers.
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Statistically-Lossless Quantization of Large Language Models
SLQ achieves task-lossless LLM quantization below 4 bits per parameter and distribution-lossless at 5-6 bits on average, with 1.7-3.6x speedups over FP16.
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Mitigating Multimodal LLMs Hallucinations via Relevance Propagation at Inference Time
LIME reduces hallucinations in multimodal LLMs by using LRP to boost perceptual modality contributions through inference-time KV updates.
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The Power of Order: Fooling LLMs with Adversarial Table Permutations
Semantically invariant row and column permutations in tables can cause LLMs to output incorrect answers, and a gradient-based attack called ATP efficiently finds such permutations that degrade performance across many models.
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The Override Gap: A Magnitude Account of Knowledge Conflict Failure in Hypernetwork-Based Instant LLM Adaptation
Knowledge conflicts in hypernetwork LLM adaptation stem from constant adapter margins losing to frequency-dependent pretrained margins; selective layer boosting and conflict-aware triggering raise deep-conflict accuracy to 71-72.5% on Gemma-2B and Mistral-7B.
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Universally Empowering Zeroth-Order Optimization via Adaptive Layer-wise Sampling
AdaLeZO uses a non-stationary multi-armed bandit to adaptively allocate perturbation budget across layers in zeroth-order optimization and applies inverse probability weighting to reduce variance while preserving unbiased gradients, delivering 1.7x-3.0x wall-clock speedup on LLaMA and OPT models.
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Training Time Prediction for Mixed Precision-based Distributed Training
A precision-aware predictor for distributed training time achieves 9.8% MAPE across precision settings, compared to errors up to 147.85% when precision is ignored.
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FineSteer: A Unified Framework for Fine-Grained Inference-Time Steering in Large Language Models
FineSteer decomposes inference-time steering into Subspace-guided Conditional Steering and Mixture-of-Steering-Experts to deliver stronger control over LLM behaviors with less utility loss than prior methods.
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Single-Position Intervention Fails: Distributed Output Templates Drive In-Context Learning
ICL task identity is encoded as distributed output format templates across demonstration tokens rather than localized at single positions.
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Meta-learning In-Context Enables Training-Free Cross Subject Brain Decoding
A meta-optimized in-context learning approach enables training-free cross-subject semantic visual decoding from fMRI by inferring individual neural encoding patterns via hierarchical inference on a few examples.
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The Master Key Hypothesis: Unlocking Cross-Model Capability Transfer via Linear Subspace Alignment
The Master Key Hypothesis states that capabilities are low-dimensional directions transferable across models through linear subspace alignment, with UNLOCK demonstrating gains such as 12.1% accuracy improvement on MATH when transferring CoT from 14B to 7B models.
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One Model for All: Multi-Objective Controllable Language Models
Multi-Objective Control trains a single LLM as a preference-conditioned policy using multi-objective optimization in RLHF to produce outputs in user-specified regions of the Pareto front.
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Safety Alignment as Continual Learning: Mitigating the Alignment Tax via Orthogonal Gradient Projection
OGPSA projects safety gradients orthogonal to a low-rank subspace from general capability gradients, improving safety-utility trade-offs in SFT and DPO pipelines on Qwen2.5-7B and Llama3.1-8B.
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OutSafe-Bench: A Benchmark for Multimodal Offensive Content Detection in Large Language Models
OutSafe-Bench supplies the first large-scale four-modality safety dataset and evaluation framework that exposes persistent unsafe outputs in nine leading multimodal LLMs.
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Sequential Data Augmentation for Generative Recommendation
GenPAS unifies common data augmentation strategies for generative recommendation as special cases of a bias-controlled stochastic sampling process and demonstrates gains in accuracy, data efficiency, and parameter efficiency on benchmarks and industrial data.
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Secure LLM Fine-Tuning via Safety-Aware Probing
SAP locates safety-correlated directions via contrastive signals and perturbs hidden-state propagation with a lightweight probe to preserve safety while fine-tuning LLMs for task performance.
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Optimizing LLM Inference: Fluid-Guided Online Scheduling with Memory Constraints
The paper develops fluid-guided online scheduling algorithms (WAIT and Nested WAIT) for LLM inference that handle endogenous KV-cache memory growth and improve stability and latency over baselines in simulations.
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LogQuant: Log-Distributed 2-Bit Quantization of KV Cache with Superior Accuracy Preservation
LogQuant applies log-based filtering for 2-bit KV cache quantization in LLMs, claiming 25% higher throughput, 60% larger batches, and 40-200% accuracy gains on math/code tasks versus existing compression approaches.
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Optimization Hyper-parameter Laws for Large Language Models
Opt-Laws predicts LLM final training loss from LR schedules via SDE-derived convergence and escape features, with 94% Top-2 hit rate on held-out schedules and F1=0.92 for divergence detection.
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RouteLLM: Learning to Route LLMs with Preference Data
Router models trained on preference data dynamically select between strong and weak LLMs, cutting inference costs by more than 2x on benchmarks with no quality loss and showing transfer to new model pairs.
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Step-DPO: Step-wise Preference Optimization for Long-chain Reasoning of LLMs
Step-DPO performs preference optimization on individual reasoning steps rather than complete answers, producing nearly 3% accuracy gains on MATH for 70B+ parameter models with 10K preference pairs.
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Gradient-Gated DPO: Stabilizing Preference Optimization in Language Models
Gate-DPO attenuates gradients on low-probability rejected responses to reduce probability collapse and improve chosen-response likelihood during preference optimization.
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Sample-Efficient Post-Training for LEGO Spatial-Physics Reasoning
PVPO is a sample-efficient RL method that improves semantic, geometric, and physical quality in LLM LEGO assembly generation by mitigating the PhysHack failure mode where validity alone fails to ensure fidelity.
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SMoA: Spectrum Modulation Adapter for Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning
SMoA is a new PEFT adapter that uses block-wise Hadamard-modulated low-rank branches on spectral partitions to cover more pretrained spectral directions than standard LoRA under a smaller parameter budget.
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GAMMA: Global Bit Allocation for Mixed-Precision Models under Arbitrary Budgets
GAMMA is a post-training framework that learns stable module sensitivity rankings for mixed-precision LLM quantization and projects them to exact bit budgets via integer programming, enabling reuse across arbitrary memory targets.
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DeepArrhythmia: Segment-Contextualized ECG Arrhythmia Classification via Selective Evidence Acquisition
DeepArrhythmia introduces a segment-contextualized multimodal framework for beat-level ECG arrhythmia classification that uses tool-grounded evidence extraction and selective acquisition routed by segment-level confidence.
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Self-Play Enhancement via Advantage-Weighted Refinement in Online Federated LLM Fine-Tuning with Real-Time Feedback
SPEAR enables online federated LLM fine-tuning by using feedback-guided self-play to create contrastive pairs trained with maximum likelihood on correct completions and confidence-weighted unlikelihood on incorrect ones, outperforming baselines without ground-truth contexts.
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How to Compress KV Cache in RL Post-Training? Shadow Mask Distillation for Memory-Efficient Alignment
Shadow Mask Distillation enables KV cache compression in RL post-training of LLMs by mitigating amplified off-policy bias that defeats standard importance reweighting.