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OpenAI GPT-5 System Card
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abstract
This is the system card published alongside the OpenAI GPT-5 launch, August 2025. GPT-5 is a unified system with a smart and fast model that answers most questions, a deeper reasoning model for harder problems, and a real-time router that quickly decides which model to use based on conversation type, complexity, tool needs, and explicit intent (for example, if you say 'think hard about this' in the prompt). The router is continuously trained on real signals, including when users switch models, preference rates for responses, and measured correctness, improving over time. Once usage limits are reached, a mini version of each model handles remaining queries. This system card focuses primarily on gpt-5-thinking and gpt-5-main, while evaluations for other models are available in the appendix. The GPT-5 system not only outperforms previous models on benchmarks and answers questions more quickly, but -- more importantly -- is more useful for real-world queries. We've made significant advances in reducing hallucinations, improving instruction following, and minimizing sycophancy, and have leveled up GPT-5's performance in three of ChatGPT's most common uses: writing, coding, and health. All of the GPT-5 models additionally feature safe-completions, our latest approach to safety training to prevent disallowed content. Similarly to ChatGPT agent, we have decided to treat gpt-5-thinking as High capability in the Biological and Chemical domain under our Preparedness Framework, activating the associated safeguards. While we do not have definitive evidence that this model could meaningfully help a novice to create severe biological harm -- our defined threshold for High capability -- we have chosen to take a precautionary approach.
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- abstract This is the system card published alongside the OpenAI GPT-5 launch, August 2025. GPT-5 is a unified system with a smart and fast model that answers most questions, a deeper reasoning model for harder problems, and a real-time router that quickly decides which model to use based on conversation type, complexity, tool needs, and explicit intent (for example, if you say 'think hard about this' in the prompt). The router is continuously trained on real signals, including when users switch models, preference rates for responses, and measured correctness, improving over time. Once usage limits ar
co-cited works
representative citing papers
Introduces the TVR active viewpoint-matching task and TVRBench indoor simulation benchmark, where foundation models start at low single-digit success rates but reach 51.4% after visual-action SFT and multi-turn GRPO post-training.
AMNESIA is a benchmark suite of 70,560 medical QA pairs that evaluates unlearning methods and shows that patient-level unlearning erodes disease-shared knowledge.
FlowCompile performs compile-time design space exploration on structured LLM workflows to produce reusable high-quality configuration sets that outperform routing baselines with up to 6.4x speedup.
M³Att poisons medical multimodal RAG by pairing covert textual misinformation with query-agnostic visual perturbations that increase retrieval of the bad content, causing LLMs to generate clinically plausible but incorrect responses.
Soohak is a 439-problem mathematician-curated benchmark where frontier LLMs reach at most 30.4% on research math challenges and no model exceeds 50% on refusal for ill-posed problems.
TraceAV-Bench is the first benchmark for multi-hop trajectory reasoning over long audio-visual videos, showing top models reach only 51-68% accuracy with substantial room for improvement.
EVE enables verifiable self-evolution of MLLMs by using a Challenger-Solver architecture to generate dynamic executable visual transformations that produce VQA problems with absolute execution-verified ground truth.
VLMs hallucinate by prioritizing contradictory on-screen text over visual content, addressed via the VisualTextTrap benchmark with 6,057 human-validated samples and the VTHM-MoE dual-encoder framework using dimension-specific experts and adaptive routing.
OccuBench is a new benchmark for AI agents on real-world occupational tasks via LLM-driven simulators, showing no model dominates all industries, implicit faults are hardest, and larger models with more reasoning perform better.
MMRareBench provides 1,756 QA pairs and 7,958 images from PMC rare-disease cases to evaluate 23 MLLMs, revealing low treatment-planning scores and medical models underperforming general models on multi-image tasks due to capacity dilution.
An asynchronous architecture decouples incremental voxel-based mapping from VLM-based semantic enrichment to produce queryable open-vocabulary 3D scene graphs that match or exceed prior methods on segmentation and grounding benchmarks.
OmniCoT is a new panoramic reasoning benchmark with 6.7K eval, 1K real, and 14.3K training examples plus a two-stage SFT+GRPO training method to enforce global 360-degree consistency.
Cortex uses an Ontological Corpus Graph to structure web-scale corpora, creating a refined 24.14B-token corpus and a new benchmark validated on eight LLMs.
MuseBench shows state-of-the-art MLLMs achieve only 48.29% accuracy on intent-level audiovisual arts understanding versus 87.18% for human experts.
OP3DSG generates unified part-aware open-vocabulary 3D scene graphs via knowledge-guided detection, 3D fusion, and LLM-refined prior graphs, with a new UniGraph3D benchmark showing SOTA results for robotics tasks.
Controlled experiments across six benchmarks and four models show RAG context enrichment with metadata, structure, or strategies mostly lowers accuracy, with model-context alignment as the determining factor.
ATHENA-R1 is an RL-trained agent using 212 biomedical tools that achieves 94.7% accuracy on drug reasoning and 82.9% on treatment reasoning tasks, outperforming GPT-5 by 17.8 and 10.7 points respectively.
RoboGaze presents a structured multi-agent VLM pipeline and robotics-specific error taxonomy that improves video evaluation metrics by up to 43 F1 points over zero-shot baselines on a 382-clip dataset.
MetaSyn benchmark shows LLM agents recover at most 52.7% of relevant studies in meta-analysis pipelines due to failures in PI/ECO-based screening despite strong retrieval.
Proposes COM-as-Action paradigm for deterministic software manipulation, introduces ComCADBench benchmark and ComActor agent that achieves SOTA performance over GUI baselines.
DragOn provides a new drag-grounding benchmark and training dataset for GUI agents, with evaluations suggesting potential improvements on computer-use tasks.
RED-Aes learns aesthetic changes from edit-induced image pairs and a new RED-20k dataset via three-stage relative ranking training, claiming SOTA generalization over absolute MOS regression.
Moment-Video benchmark shows top video MLLM achieves only 39.6% accuracy on momentary visual event tasks, with most open-source models below 25%.
citing papers explorer
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PinpointQA: A Dataset and Benchmark for Small Object-Centric Spatial Understanding in Indoor Videos
PinpointQA is the first benchmark dataset for small object-centric spatial understanding in indoor videos, with four progressive tasks built from ScanNet data.
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ParseBench: A Document Parsing Benchmark for AI Agents
ParseBench is a new benchmark for document parsing in AI agents that reveals fragmented performance across five semantic dimensions with LlamaParse Agentic scoring highest at 84.9%.
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QAPruner: Quantization-Aware Vision Token Pruning for Multimodal Large Language Models
QAPruner introduces a hybrid sensitivity metric that combines group-wise quantization error simulation and outlier intensity with semantic scores to prune visual tokens, yielding 2.24% higher accuracy than naive baselines at 12.5% token retention on LLaVA models while surpassing dense low-bit models
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LongTail Driving Scenarios with Reasoning Traces: The KITScenes LongTail Dataset
KITScenes LongTail supplies multimodal driving data and multilingual expert reasoning traces to benchmark models on rare scenarios beyond basic safety metrics.
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SHARP: Spectrum-aware Highly-dynamic Adaptation for Resolution Promotion in Remote Sensing Synthesis
SHARP applies a spectrum-aware dynamic RoPE scaling schedule that promotes resolution more strongly in early denoising stages and relaxes it later, outperforming static baselines on quality metrics for remote sensing images.
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Visual-ERM: Reward Modeling for Visual Equivalence
Visual-ERM is a new multimodal reward model that supplies fine-grained visual feedback for training vision-language models on chart-to-code, table, and SVG tasks, yielding measurable gains over prior rewards.
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Reasoning over Video: Evaluating How MLLMs Extract, Integrate, and Reconstruct Spatiotemporal Evidence
VAEX-BENCH shows state-of-the-art MLLMs perform substantially worse on abstractive spatiotemporal reasoning tasks than on matched extractive tasks in video understanding.
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Topo-R1: Detecting Topological Anomalies via Vision-Language Models
Topo-R1 fine-tunes a vision-language model using a topology-aware reward and GRPO to detect anomalies such as broken or spurious connections in tubular segmentation masks, outperforming standard VLMs.
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SCP: Spatial Causal Prediction in Video
SCP defines a new benchmark task for predicting spatial causal outcomes beyond direct observation and shows that 23 leading models lag far behind humans on it.
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CoLT: Teaching Multi-Modal Models to Think with Chain of Latent Thoughts
CoLT replaces text-based chain-of-thought in MLLMs with 3-step latent thought chains supervised by a removable external decoder in forward and backward modes, yielding 10.1x faster inference on eight benchmarks.
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ADAPT: Attention Dynamics Alignment with Preference Tuning for Faithful MLLMs
ADAPT reduces MLLM hallucinations 40-60% by aligning cross-attention dynamics via visual anchors, supervised inference, and preference tuning while preserving general capabilities.
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StrucTab: A Structured Optimization Framework for Table Parsing
StrucTab achieves SOTA table parsing performance by unifying structural subtasks through sequential reasoning and using decomposed RL rewards in Uni-TabRL, plus a new TableVerse-5K benchmark.
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Vision-driven Preference Synthesis for Mitigating Hallucinations in VLMs
ViPSy constructs policy-aligned and visually grounded preference pairs for VLMs via visual cues from image variants, yielding SOTA hallucination reductions of 35.7% on AMBER and 24.5% on Object HalBench.
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Task-Focused Memorization for Multimodal Agents
TaskMem uses RL in two phases to learn a task-focused memorization policy for multimodal agents, yielding 5.3-7.0% VQA accuracy gains on reformulated streaming benchmarks from VideoMME, EgoLife, and EgoTempo.
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IPIBench: Evaluating Interactive Proactive Intelligence of MLLMs under Continuous Streams
IPIBench evaluates MLLMs on interactive proactive intelligence in streaming videos, identifies unstable triggering and poor coordination, and proposes the training-free IPI-Agent framework to improve performance across settings.
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Bridging the 2D-3D Gap: A Hierarchical Semantic-Geometric Map for Vision Language Navigation
HSGM structures 3D geometry and semantics into a multi-level map that lets VLMs perform high-level planning in zero-shot VLN, achieving SOTA on R2R-CE and RxR-CE.
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ProSR: Process-Shaped Spatial Reasoning for Reliable Chain-of-Thought in VLMs
ProSR adds a Counterfactual Invariance Penalty and a Tail Drift Penalty to shape VLM reasoning trajectories for better visual dependence and stability on spatial tasks.
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PathNavigate: A Training-Free Pathology Agent with Surprise-Guided Scan and Shared Slide Memory for Whole-Slide Image VQA
PathNavigate introduces a scan-search-readout routine with surprise-guided low-mag scanning and shared slide memory to improve training-free WSI-VQA accuracy and efficiency.
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AesFormer: Transform Everyday Photos into Beautiful Memories
AesFormer decouples aesthetic planning from image editing via AesThinker and AesEditor to enable structural reconstruction in photos for better aesthetics.
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Learning Spatiotemporal Sensitivity in Video LLMs via Counterfactual Reinforcement Learning
CRPO applies counterfactual videos and a cross-branch relation reward in RL post-training to reduce shortcut reliance in Video LLMs, with gains shown on the new DyBench paired benchmark.
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MLLMs Know When Before Speaking: Revealing and Recovering Temporal Grounding via Attention Cues
MLLMs know event timing during prefill via sparse Temporal Grounding Heads but lose it in autoregressive decoding; restricting visual context to the high-attention interval at inference time improves VTG performance on three benchmarks.
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TempGlitch: Evaluating Vision-Language Models for Temporal Glitch Detection in Gameplay Videos
TempGlitch is a controlled benchmark showing that 12 evaluated VLMs perform near chance level on detecting five types of temporal glitches in gameplay videos, with denser sampling and larger models providing no reliable improvement.
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JUDO: A Juxtaposed Domain-Oriented Multimodal Reasoner for Industrial Anomaly QA
JUDO enhances large multimodal models for industrial anomaly QA by juxtaposing query images with normal ones for visual comparison and using SFT plus GRPO with tailored rewards to inject domain knowledge, outperforming Qwen2.5-VL-7B and GPT-4o on the MMAD benchmark.
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Vision-OPD: Learning to See Fine Details for Multimodal LLMs via On-Policy Self-Distillation
Vision-OPD transfers an MLLM's privileged regional perception to its full-image policy through on-policy token-level self-distillation, yielding competitive results on fine-grained visual benchmarks.
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MementoGUI: Learning Agentic Multimodal Memory Control for Long-Horizon GUI Agents
MementoGUI introduces a modular memory-control framework with working and episodic memory operators that improves long-horizon GUI agent performance over history-replay and text-only baselines.
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Unlocking Dense Metric Depth Estimation in VLMs
DepthVLM converts a standard VLM into a dense metric depth predictor by attaching a lightweight head and training under unified vision-text supervision, outperforming prior VLMs and some pure vision models on a new indoor-outdoor benchmark.
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Video Models Can Reason with Verifiable Rewards
VideoRLVR uses SDE-GRPO optimization, dense decomposed rewards, and Early-Step Focus to train video diffusion models on verifiable reasoning tasks, outperforming supervised fine-tuning and other video generators on Maze, FlowFree, and Sokoban.
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Revealing the Gap in Human and VLM Scene Perception through Counterfactual Semantic Saliency
VLMs exhibit size, center, and saliency biases in scene understanding, relying less on people than humans do, with size bias as a key driver of divergence.
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When Vision Speaks for Sound
Video MLLMs show an audio-visual Clever Hans effect relying on visual-acoustic correlations rather than audio verification; Thud interventions diagnose it and a 10K-sample preference alignment improves intervention performance by 28 points.
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Self-Consistent Latent Reasoning: Long Latent Sequence Reasoning for Vision-Language Model
SCOLAR fixes information gain collapse in latent visual reasoning by generating independent auxiliary visual tokens via a detransformer, extending acceptable CoT length over 30x and delivering +14.12% gains on reasoning benchmarks.
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GeoR-Bench: Evaluating Geoscience Visual Reasoning
GeoR-Bench shows top multimodal models reach only 42.7% strict accuracy on geoscience visual reasoning tasks while open-source models reach 10.3%, with outputs often visually plausible yet scientifically inaccurate.
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The Cartesian Shortcut: Re-evaluate Vision Reasoning in Polar Coordinate Space
Reformulating 53 visual reasoning tasks in polar coordinates causes frontier MLLMs to drop from 70-83% to 31-39% accuracy while preserving logical equivalence, revealing a Cartesian shortcut in current benchmarks.
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SpaceMind++: Toward Allocentric Cognitive Maps for Spatially Grounded Video MLLMs
SpaceMind++ adds an explicit voxelized allocentric cognitive map and coordinate-guided fusion to video MLLMs, claiming SOTA on VSI-Bench and improved out-of-distribution generalization on three other 3D benchmarks.
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Object Hallucination-Free Reinforcement Unlearning for Vision-Language Models
HFRU is a two-stage reinforcement unlearning method operating on the vision encoder with GRPO optimization and an abstraction reward that achieves over 98% forgetting and retention on object and face tasks with negligible hallucination.
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Video Understanding Reward Modeling: A Robust Benchmark and Performant Reward Models
Introduces VURB benchmark and VUP-35K dataset to train discriminative and generative video reward models that achieve SOTA performance on VURB and VideoRewardBench.
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BalCapRL: A Balanced Framework for RL-Based MLLM Image Captioning
BalCapRL applies balanced multi-objective RL with GDPO-style normalization and length-conditional masking to improve MLLM image captioning, reporting gains of up to +13.6 DCScore, +9.0 CaptionQA, and +29.0 CapArena on LLaVA and Qwen models.
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DiffCap-Bench: A Comprehensive, Challenging, Robust Benchmark for Image Difference Captioning
DiffCap-Bench supplies a diverse IDC benchmark with ten categories and LLM judging grounded in human difference lists to evaluate MLLMs more robustly than prior lexical metrics.
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Chart-FR1: Visual Focus-Driven Fine-Grained Reasoning on Dense Charts
Chart-FR1 uses Focus-CoT for linking reasoning to visual cues and Focus-GRPO reinforcement learning with efficiency rewards to outperform prior MLLMs on dense chart reasoning tasks.
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DenseStep2M: A Scalable, Training-Free Pipeline for Dense Instructional Video Annotation
A scalable training-free pipeline using video segmentation, filtering, and off-the-shelf multimodal models creates DenseStep2M, a dataset of 100K videos and 2M detailed instructional steps that improves dense captioning, step grounding, and cross-modal retrieval.
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Multiple Consistent 2D-3D Mappings for Robust Zero-Shot 3D Visual Grounding
MCM-VG achieves state-of-the-art zero-shot 3D visual grounding on ScanRefer and Nr3D by creating consistent 2D-3D mappings across semantic, geometric, and viewpoint dimensions using LLMs and VLMs.
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NeuroClaw Technical Report
NeuroClaw is a domain-specialized multi-agent framework with NeuroBench benchmark that improves executability and reproducibility for multimodal neuroimaging research.
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Contrastive Semantic Projection: Faithful Neuron Labeling with Contrastive Examples
Using contrastive examples with vision-language models and a new CLIP-based scoring method called CSP produces more faithful and granular neuron labels than prior activation-only approaches.
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Infection-Reasoner: A Compact Vision-Language Model for Wound Infection Classification with Evidence-Grounded Clinical Reasoning
Infection-Reasoner, a 4B VLM, reaches 86.8% accuracy on wound infection classification while producing rationales rated mostly correct by experts, via GPT-5.1 distillation followed by reinforcement learning.
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Do Vision-Language Models Truly Perform Vision Reasoning? A Rigorous Study of the Modality Gap
VLMs primarily reason in textual space with limited reliance on visual evidence, shown by consistent performance drops when images are added to text in a controlled aligned benchmark.
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GazeVaLM: A Multi-Observer Eye-Tracking Benchmark for Evaluating Clinical Realism in AI-Generated X-Rays
GazeVaLM provides 960 gaze recordings from 16 radiologists on 60 chest X-rays (half synthetic) plus LLM predictions for diagnostic accuracy and real-fake detection under matched conditions.
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UniversalVTG: A Universal and Lightweight Foundation Model for Video Temporal Grounding
UniversalVTG is a lightweight foundation model for video temporal grounding that achieves state-of-the-art results across five benchmarks while being over 100 times smaller than recent MLLM-based methods.
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Let Geometry GUIDE: Layer-wise Unrolling of Geometric Priors in Multimodal LLMs
GUIDE unrolls multi-granularity geometric priors layer-wise into early MLLM layers with gating to improve spatial reasoning and perception.
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EchoAgent: Towards Reliable Echocardiography Interpretation with "Eyes","Hands" and "Minds"
EchoAgent is a new agentic AI system that integrates visual observation, quantitative measurement, and expert knowledge reasoning to achieve reliable echocardiography interpretation with up to 80% accuracy on CAMUS and MIMIC-EchoQA datasets.
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Video-MME-v2: Towards the Next Stage in Benchmarks for Comprehensive Video Understanding
Video-MME-v2 is a new benchmark that applies progressive visual-to-reasoning levels and non-linear group scoring to expose gaps in video MLLM capabilities.
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Decoding the Pulse of Reasoning VLMs in Multi-Image Understanding Tasks
PulseFocus improves multi-image reasoning in VLMs by interleaving planning and attention-gated focus blocks during chain-of-thought, achieving gains on BLINK and MuirBench.