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Electron Ion Collider: The Next QCD Frontier - Understanding the glue that binds us all
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This White Paper presents the science case of an Electron-Ion Collider (EIC), focused on the structure and interactions of gluon-dominated matter, with the intent to articulate it to the broader nuclear science community. It was commissioned by the managements of Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) and Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (JLab) with the objective of presenting a summary of scientific opportunities and goals of the EIC as a follow-up to the 2007 NSAC Long Range plan. This document is a culmination of a community-wide effort in nuclear science following a series of workshops on EIC physics and, in particular, the focused ten-week program on "Gluons and quark sea at high energies" at the Institute for Nuclear Theory in Fall 2010. It contains a brief description of a few golden physics measurements along with accelerator and detector concepts required to achieve them, and it benefited from inputs from the users' communities of BNL and JLab. This White Paper offers the promise to propel the QCD science program in the U.S., established with the CEBAF accelerator at JLab and the RHIC collider at BNL, to the next QCD frontier.
Forward citations
Cited by 54 Pith papers
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Single inclusive hadron and jet production in lepton-hadron scattering
Single inclusive high-PT hadron and jet production in lepton-hadron scattering is factorized using a joint QCD+QED approach with universal lepton distribution functions, and predictions are given for JLab and EIC energies.
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Energy-Flow Moments for Elliptic Gluon Wigner Tomography
The normalized cos2φ moment of energy flow in DIS dijet production provides a linear projection of the elliptic gluon Wigner harmonic after kinematic subtraction within leading-power small-x factorization.
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TMD factorization in diffractive heavy-quark production in photon-nucleus collisions
TMD factorization holds for diffractive massive quark-antiquark-gluon production in the correlation limit, with a new mass-dependent quark diffractive TMD in the antiquark-gluon hard pair case.
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The twist-3 gluon contribution to $A_N$ in $J/\psi$ production in $pp$ collisions
Only the C-even twist-3 gluon distribution contributes to the J/psi single transverse-spin asymmetry, providing a probe of gluon TMDs with sizable predicted effects at collider energies.
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Extraction of the color dipole amplitude with physics-informed neural networks
Physics-informed neural networks extract a model-independent color dipole amplitude from inclusive HERA data that predicts exclusive J/ψ photoproduction cross-sections without parameter retuning.
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Conformal moments of the two-loop coefficient functions in DVCS
Conformal moments of the two-loop DVCS coefficient functions have been computed with a new technique.
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Unpolarized GPDs at small $x$ and non-zero skewness
Unpolarized GPDs and GTMDs at small x with non-zero skewness are expressed via the dipole amplitude N and odderon O with modified rapidity Y = ln min{1/|x|, 1/|ξ|}.
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Accessing nucleon transversity with one-point energy correlators
The paper proposes that one-point energy correlators in transversely polarized proton-proton collisions access the nucleon's transversity distribution through a single-spin asymmetry with sin(φ_s - φ_n) angular depend...
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Determination of Fragmentation Functions from Charge Asymmetries in Hadron Production
Non-singlet fragmentation functions of pions and kaons are determined at NNLO QCD from charge asymmetry measurements in e+e- annihilation and SIDIS, yielding a scaling index of 0.7 and strangeness suppression of 0.5.
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New Energy-Loss Constraints on Dark Sectors from Deeply Inelastic Scattering with Initial State Radiation
A factorization-based method is outlined to derive energy-loss constraints on dark sector particles (spin 0 to 2) from ISR-modified lepton distributions in DIS, illustrated for MeV-GeV spin-0 cases at the EIC.
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Twisting Small-$x$ Gluon Tomography with Orbital Angular Momentum
Proposes OAM-resolved extension of small-x gluon tomography via twisted lepton currents yielding tunable M-resolved elliptic correlations A_2^(M)(q_T, R_γ) with projection zeros unavailable in plane-wave setups.
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Quantum Simulation of Generalized Parton Distributions in the Schwinger Model
Quantum algorithm for GPDs in Schwinger model using Wilson fermions, with polynomial resource scaling and exact-diagonalization benchmarks matching theory.
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A generalised-$k_t$ jet algorithm for Deep Inelastic Scattering
The authors define a generalised-k_t jet algorithm family for DIS in the Breit frame, extending the prior p=0 case, and test its use for struck-quark jet identification and non-perturbative effects.
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Azimuthal decorrelation in diffractive dijet production
All-order resummation of soft gluons for transverse energy-energy correlators in diffractive dijet production demonstrates sensitivity of acoplanarity to diffractive TMDs.
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Mellin Moments of the Unpolarized Gluon PDF in the Proton from Nonlocal Operators in Lattice QCD
Lattice QCD extracts the ratio of the third to first Mellin moment of the gluon PDF at 2 GeV from nonlocal operators on an Nf=2+1+1 ensemble.
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AI-assisted modeling and Bayesian inference of unpolarized quark transverse momentum distributions from Drell-Yan data
An AI-assisted Bayesian framework extracts TMD PDFs from global Drell-Yan data using surrogate models for scalable MCMC sampling.
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Quantum simulating multi-particle processes in high energy nuclear physics: dijet production and color (de)coherence
A framework is developed that encodes leading-order QCD antenna and dipole processes as quantum circuits, with benchmarks against analytic limits in simplified media.
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On Exclusive Coherent Production of Bosons in Electron-Proton Collisions
A phenomenological 2-to-3 framework is constructed for exclusive boson electroproduction that matches flux-factorized predictions near Q^{2}=0 while capturing finite-Q^{2} effects at larger virtualities.
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Transverse energy-momentum tensor distributions in polarized nucleons
The quantum phase-space formalism derives transverse energy-momentum tensor distributions in polarized nucleons and reproduces standard light-front distributions including bad components in the infinite-momentum frame.
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Braking protons at the EIC: from invisible meson decay to new physics searches
The EIC can probe invisible pseudoscalar meson decays down to branching ratios of 10^{-8} and invisibly decaying ALPs with couplings up to 10^5 GeV for masses 0.1-2 GeV.
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Mapping the transverse spin sum rule in position space
Derives relativistic spatial distributions of transverse orbital angular momentum, intrinsic spin, and total angular momentum in the transverse plane for spin-0 and spin-1/2 targets via quantum phase-space formalism a...
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Relativistic energy-momentum tensor distributions in a polarized nucleon
Relativistic EMT distributions in polarized nucleons recover good and bad light-front components in the IMF after including polarization effects.
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Dihadron azimuthal asymmetry and light-quark dipole moments at the Electron-Ion Collider
Proposal for a new observable—dihadron azimuthal asymmetry in unpolarized SIDIS at EIC—that isolates linear dependence on light-quark dipole couplings via SM-dipole interference.
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Electron-Ion Collision Environment: Distribution of Quark Spin and Orbital Angular Momentum
Using NJL density-dependent quark masses in a light-front dressed-quark model, the paper predicts O(10–40%) medium modifications of GTMDs linked to quark OAM, spin, and spin–orbit correlation, and defines eA/eP GTMD r...
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Collinearly Improved Balitsky-Kovchegov Evolution of the Gluon Wigner Distribution
Collinearly improved BK evolution shifts the elliptic node position and alters the rapidity and hard-scale dependence of the coherent dijet cos2φ signal rather than producing a simple normalization change.
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Polarized Deep-Inelastic Scattering with Spin Correlations in Herwig 7
Herwig 7 now supports NLO POWHEG-matched polarized DIS including neutral and charged currents, with spin-density matrix propagation that affects some shower observables but not others.
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Diffractive Production of Heavy Quarkonia at the Electron Ion Collider
Full transverse-momentum treatment of diffractive heavy quarkonia production at EIC improves description of radially excited states compared to dipole limit after HERA benchmarking, yielding bottomonium ratio predictions.
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Constraining DVCS Compton Form Factors Using Lattice QCD informed Neural Network
A neural network framework informed by lattice QCD uses all-order dispersion relations to significantly constrain both real and imaginary parts of Compton Form Factors extracted from DVCS proton data.
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Maximum phase-space density of linearly polarized gluon TMDs in the saturation region
Computes maximum phase-space density of linearly polarized gluon TMD h1^⊥g as ~2 α_s^{-3/2} (dipole) in saturation using Mueller occupancy and prior WW/dipole distributions, with numerical Collins-Soper study.
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Multiplicity distributions in DIS for heavy nucleus
Homotopy solutions to BFKL Pomeron evolution equations in nuclear DIS produce multiplicity distributions of produced gluons.
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Gravitational form factors of light mesons from Basis Light-Front Quantization
Gravitational form factors of pion and kaon are computed in BLFQ; A(Q^2) agrees with lattice QCD while D(Q^2) is enhanced at low Q^2 due to small-x and zero-mode sensitivity in the truncated model.
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Probing Saturation Effect in Heavy Meson Pair Correlation in Forward $pA$ Collisions
Heavy meson pair correlations in forward pA collisions are computed in the CGC framework with Sudakov resummation, reproducing LHCb data and showing a mass hierarchy in R_pA that strengthens at higher rapidity.
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On the Two $R$-Factors in the Small-$x$ Shockwave Formalism
Replacing the rapidity argument of the dipole amplitude with ln min{1/|x|, 1/|ξ|} and refining initial conditions for non-linear evolution can eliminate two R-factors in small-x shockwave calculations.
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Spin Correlation and Quantum Entanglement of Fermion Pairs in Transversely Polarized $e^-e^+$ Collisions
Transverse polarization in e+e- collisions generates maximally entangled fermion pairs in QED processes and boosts entanglement in electroweak and Bhabha scattering.
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Resolved photoproduction of the $B_c$ meson in electron-proton collisions
Direct gamma-gluon fusion dominates B_c photoproduction in ep collisions, with resolved gluon-gluon contributing O(10%) at low p_T across HERA to EIC energies.
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QCD Wehrl and entanglement entropies in a gluon spectator model at small-$x$
In a gluon spectator model at small x, the normalized Husimi distribution yields a Wehrl entropy that decomposes into an entanglement entropy term matching CMS data and a transverse residual term.
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Letter of Intent: The Forward Physics Facility
Proposes construction of the Forward Physics Facility at the HL-LHC with four complementary detectors to exploit forward neutrinos and new-particle fluxes for neutrino, QCD, astroparticle, and dark-matter measurements.
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Probing nuclear structure with the Balitsky-Kovchegov equation in full impact-parameter dependence
Extends the full impact-parameter Balitsky-Kovchegov equation to nuclei and supplies saturation-sensitive predictions for DIS and vector-meson production, including a tetrahedral oxygen model.
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New CTEQ global analysis of quantum chromodynamics with high-precision data from the LHC
New CT18 PDFs at NLO and NNLO from global fit to HERA plus LHC jet, Drell-Yan, top-pair and Z data, with Hessian errors, Lagrange-multiplier studies, and alternate sets for data tensions and scale choices.
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The effect of TMD evolution on the Sivers asymmetry in back-to-back $J/\psi+\gamma$ and $J/\psi+\text{jet}$ production at the Electron-Ion-Collider
After including TMD evolution, the Sivers asymmetry in these J/ψ processes at EIC kinematics remains sizable and largely independent of LDME choices, providing a robust probe of the gluon Sivers function.
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PineAPPLv1: fast and flexible theory predictions for present and future colliders
PineAPPLv1 provides interpolation tables supporting multiple convolutions with polarised and unpolarised PDFs and FFs for fast collider observable predictions.
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Mechanical distribution of the pseudoscalar charmonium and bottomonium on the light-front
Light-front quark model calculations with two Gaussian wave functions yield transverse mechanical distributions for pseudoscalar charmonium and bottomonium, showing a nodal pressure and positive force.
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Spin-orbit correlation of quarks within quarkonium
Computes spin-orbit correlation distributions for charmonium and B_c mesons by linking parity-odd EMT matrix elements to light-front dynamics.
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Impact of Future Dihadron Production Measurements on the Transversity Distributions and Tensor Charges of the Nucleon
Pseudo-data from CLAS12, SoLID, and ePIC experiments are incorporated into the JAMDiFF analysis to forecast reduced uncertainties on transversity PDFs at intermediate-to-large x from JLab and across all x from EIC, pl...
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Moderate-to-Large-$x$ Gluon Helicity from $J/\psi$ Production at $\sqrt{s}=27~\mathrm{GeV}$
Feasibility study showing that A_LL measurements in J/ψ production at NICA can probe moderate-to-large x gluon helicity with |A_LL| up to 0.09.
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Evaluating the ratio of the exclusive vector meson photoproduction to inclusive hadron/jet production cross section in ultraperipheral heavy ion collisions
Color dipole calculations of the ratio of exclusive vector meson to inclusive jet/hadron photoproduction cross sections in UPC pA and AA collisions at LHC Run 4, including the double ratio R_UPC proposed for saturatio...
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Probing quark transversity GPDs in diffractive photo- and electroproduction on the deuteron
Calculations for coherent vector meson production on deuteron indicate that an EIC could probe transversity GPDs.
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The ratio of reduced cross-sections in $eA$ processes at Electron-Ion Colliders at $x_{\mathrm{min}}=Q^2/s$
Saturation models predict enhancement in nuclear reduced cross section ratio R^A_sigma_r at EIC high-y kinematics but not in F2 ratio, with charm structure function estimating gluon shadowing.
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Production of $\pi^{+}\pi^{-}$ pairs in diffractive photon-proton and in proton-proton collisions revisited, in particular concerning the Drell-S\"oding contribution
Improved tensor-pomeron model for π⁺π⁻ photoproduction and central exclusive production in pp collisions that accounts for different subenergies in the Drell-Söding contribution and yields larger cross sections with m...
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Nuclear parton distributions and nuclear shadowing
A review summarizing experimental evidence, theoretical models of nuclear shadowing, model-agnostic nuclear PDF extractions, and prospects for LHC and EIC studies.
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Hadron Structure from lattice QCD in the context of the Electron-Ion Collider
Lattice QCD now delivers high-precision results on hadron internal structure that directly support the scientific program of the Electron-Ion Collider.
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Nuclear Cold QCD: Review and Future Strategy
Review summarizing observed cold nuclear matter modifications in hadron-nucleus collision data and proposing experimental strategies for the EIC to clarify underlying QCD mechanisms.
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Science Requirements and Detector Concepts for the Electron-Ion Collider: EIC Yellow Report
The EIC Yellow Report specifies the science goals, required detector capabilities, and technology concepts needed to realize a high-luminosity electron-ion collider program.
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Introduction to transverse momentum imaging
The notes provide an introduction to transverse momentum dependent distributions and their use in imaging hadrons, complementing lectures at several graduate schools.
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