A massive quiescent galaxy at z=3.449 exhibits low rotation (λ_Re = 0.123) consistent with slow-rotator kinematics, indicating early formation of dispersion-dominated systems.
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abstract
I start by providing an updated summary of the penalized pixel-fitting (pPXF) method, which is used to extract the stellar and gas kinematics, as well as the stellar population of galaxies, via full spectrum fitting. I then focus on the problem of extracting the kinematic when the velocity dispersion $\sigma$ is smaller than the velocity sampling $\Delta V$, which is generally, by design, close to the instrumental dispersion $\sigma_{\rm inst}$. The standard approach consists of convolving templates with a discretized kernel, while fitting for its parameters. This is obviously very inaccurate when $\sigma<\Delta V/2$, due to undersampling. Oversampling can prevent this, but it has drawbacks. Here I present a more accurate and efficient alternative. It avoids the evaluation of the under-sampled kernel, and instead directly computes its well-sampled analytic Fourier transform, for use with the convolution theorem. A simple analytic transform exists when the kernel is described by the popular Gauss-Hermite parametrization (which includes the Gaussian as special case) for the line-of-sight velocity distribution. I describe how this idea was implemented in a significant upgrade to the publicly available pPXF software. The key advantage of the new approach is that it provides accurate velocities regardless of $\sigma$. This is important e.g. for spectroscopic surveys targeting galaxies with $\sigma\ll\sigma_{\rm inst}$, for galaxy redshift determinations, or for measuring line-of-sight velocities of individual stars. The proposed method could also be used to fix Gaussian convolution algorithms used in today's popular software packages.
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representative citing papers
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New JWST and Keck data on off-nuclear TDE 2025abcr show shifting emission-line velocities from a changing reprocessing layer and an IR power-law slope of -2.13 that is consistent with either reprocessing gas or a young stellar cluster of mass ~10^7.6 solar masses.
AGN activity in Mrk 573 enriches the surrounding gas with metals up to several times solar abundance on 100-parsec scales via outflows and jets.
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citing papers explorer
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A massive and evolved slow-rotating galaxy in the early Universe
A massive quiescent galaxy at z=3.449 exhibits low rotation (λ_Re = 0.123) consistent with slow-rotator kinematics, indicating early formation of dispersion-dominated systems.
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Peering down the barrel with DESI DR2: 10 000+ inflows at $z$ < 0.6 reveal how galaxies accrete cold gas
A large DESI sample reveals thousands of infalling cold gas absorbers at low redshift, with velocity distributions indicating multiple accretion pathways including radial inflows and satellite accretion.
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A Census of Na D-traced neutral ISM and outflows at $0.6<z<4$
A JWST census detects neutral ISM absorption in 76 of 309 galaxies at 0.6<z<4 and outflows in 26, indicating AGN-driven neutral outflows dominate in quiescent systems at cosmic noon.
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JWST and Keck observations of the off-nuclear tidal disruption event TDE 2025abcr: An evolving reprocessing layer
New JWST and Keck data on off-nuclear TDE 2025abcr show shifting emission-line velocities from a changing reprocessing layer and an IR power-law slope of -2.13 that is consistent with either reprocessing gas or a young stellar cluster of mass ~10^7.6 solar masses.
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Active Galactic Nuclei-driven Metallicity Enrichment in the Interstellar Medium of Mrk 573
AGN activity in Mrk 573 enriches the surrounding gas with metals up to several times solar abundance on 100-parsec scales via outflows and jets.
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A Shocked Wind Interpretation of an Odd Radio Circle
Spectroscopic data indicate that the ionized gas in ORC4's central galaxy is shock-ionized by a wind associated with the radio ring's formation.
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Differences between emission and absorption tracers of spatially resolved outflows in clumpy z ~ 0.1 star-forming galaxies
Spatially resolved observations of z~0.1 galaxies show Mg II absorption outflow velocities are systematically higher than Hα emission velocities by ~0.4 dex while maintaining similar correlations with star formation rate and surface density.
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Kinematic Stratification in Extremely Red Quasars Revealed by JWST
JWST observations of ERQs show stratified gas kinematics via deblended optical emission lines, with UV lines dominated by scattered light and optical lines mixing scattered and obscured emission.
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Near-infrared diagnostic diagrams of the gas ionization sources in nearby galaxies: a JWST NIRSpec view
New NIR diagnostic diagrams using [C I]/Paγ and H2 1-0 O(5)/PAH 3.3μm ratios correlate with radiation field hardness and distinguish star formation, AGN, and shock excitation in galaxy nuclei.
-
A CNN--Transformer Denoiser for low-$S/N$ Galaxy Spectra: Stellar Population Recovery in Synthetic Tests
A hybrid CNN-Transformer denoiser trained on synthetic spectra substantially reduces noise and improves stellar population recovery for low-S/N galaxy observations in controlled tests.
-
Are Nucleosynthetic Yields Universal? Interpreting the Multi-Elemental Abundances of Quiescent Galaxies over Cosmic Time Using Milky Way Stars
Milky Way abundance trends act as effective empirical proxies for nucleosynthetic yields, recovering alpha and Fe-peak abundances in quiescent galaxies with 0.05 dex median offset versus 0.23 dex for theory, indicating largely universal yields.
-
Tidal pre-conditioning and ram-pressure stripping in NGC 1427A. Deep VLT/MUSE spectroscopy and FUV-to-radio observations trace a Fornax Cluster dwarf in transformation
Multi-phase observations of NGC 1427A indicate tidal torquing from a dwarf fly-by has pre-conditioned its gas for ram-pressure stripping by the Fornax intracluster medium, placing the galaxy at the onset of environmental quenching with a declining star formation rate.
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DeepDive: Simultaneous Formation of Massive Quiescent Galaxies in High-Redshift Galaxy Proto-clusters
JWST data show massive quiescent galaxies in high-redshift proto-clusters formed and quenched simultaneously, with AGN signatures, indicating environmental triggering of quenching.
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The GECKOS survey: Resolving the molecular and ionised gas in the galactic outflow of ESO~484-036
Multiphase observations show molecular gas mass loading factors 10 times higher than ionised gas in ESO 484-036, creating a 3.5 dex discrepancy with cosmological simulations that underpredict cold gas outflows.
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Low-mass Active Galaxies in the SAMI Galaxy Survey with Spatially-resolved Spectroscopy
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Advancing the detection of low surface brightness galaxies. I. ATTILA: multi-tAsking deTecTIon tool for Lsb gAlaxies
ATTILA tool identifies 24 new ultra-diffuse galaxies in Hydra I, doubling the known population to 48, plus 92 additional low surface brightness galaxies, while recovering over 80% of previously known ones.
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Radial Profiles of Binary Fraction in Elliptical Galaxies
Binary fractions in elliptical galaxies remain approximately flat with radius once stellar population variations are subtracted, showing less than 5% change at one effective radius for nearly all galaxies studied.
-
MAUVE-MUSE: Ionization and Kinematic Signatures of Environmental Effects on Virgo Cluster Disks
MAUVE-MUSE finds Virgo cluster disks have elevated [N II]/Hα, [S II]/Hα and [O III]/Hβ ratios plus broader kinematics because star formation is suppressed, leaving diffuse ionized gas dominant instead of widespread direct environmental excitation.
-
Dynamically cold discs in high-redshift galaxies: comparison between ALMA observations and TNG50
TNG50 shows most massive high-z star-forming galaxies are dynamically hotter than ALMA data indicate, with rare cold discs forming from aligned accretion and evolving into one-third discs and two-thirds early-type galaxies by z=0.
-
Stellar Population Characterisations in nearby, dusty Early-Type Galaxies
Most dusty early-type galaxies exhibit recent star formation components in their stellar populations, as revealed by spectral fitting of 15 nearby examples with a non-dusty control comparison.
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GRB 260310A/SN 2026fgk: Photometric and Spectroscopic Evolution of a Nearby GRB-Supernova and an Exceptionally Bright Afterglow at z=0.153
Detailed photometric, spectroscopic, and modeling study of a low-redshift GRB-SN yielding nickel mass 0.4-0.5 solar masses, ejected mass 4-6 solar masses, and evidence for large-offset explosion in sub-solar metallicity gas.
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Spatially Resolved Kinematics of SLACS Lens Galaxies. II: Breaking Degeneracies with Lensing and Dynamical Models
Spatially resolved kinematics show SLACS lens galaxies have nearly isothermal total mass profiles (mean γ=2.04) with average mass-sheet parameter λ_int=1.01, consistent with no measurable bias from power-law assumptions in cosmography.