Introduces the first longitudinal voice dataset for RRP with benchmarks across handcrafted features, deep networks, self-supervised models, and audio LLMs under patient-level validation.
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Gemini 2.5: Pushing the Frontier with Advanced Reasoning, Multimodality, Long Context, and Next Generation Agentic Capabilities
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abstract
In this report, we introduce the Gemini 2.X model family: Gemini 2.5 Pro and Gemini 2.5 Flash, as well as our earlier Gemini 2.0 Flash and Flash-Lite models. Gemini 2.5 Pro is our most capable model yet, achieving SoTA performance on frontier coding and reasoning benchmarks. In addition to its incredible coding and reasoning skills, Gemini 2.5 Pro is a thinking model that excels at multimodal understanding and it is now able to process up to 3 hours of video content. Its unique combination of long context, multimodal and reasoning capabilities can be combined to unlock new agentic workflows. Gemini 2.5 Flash provides excellent reasoning abilities at a fraction of the compute and latency requirements and Gemini 2.0 Flash and Flash-Lite provide high performance at low latency and cost. Taken together, the Gemini 2.X model generation spans the full Pareto frontier of model capability vs cost, allowing users to explore the boundaries of what is possible with complex agentic problem solving.
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- abstract In this report, we introduce the Gemini 2.X model family: Gemini 2.5 Pro and Gemini 2.5 Flash, as well as our earlier Gemini 2.0 Flash and Flash-Lite models. Gemini 2.5 Pro is our most capable model yet, achieving SoTA performance on frontier coding and reasoning benchmarks. In addition to its incredible coding and reasoning skills, Gemini 2.5 Pro is a thinking model that excels at multimodal understanding and it is now able to process up to 3 hours of video content. Its unique combination of long context, multimodal and reasoning capabilities can be combined to unlock new agentic workflows. G
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representative citing papers
VideoFDB is a new benchmark and LM-as-judge framework for evaluating full-duplex audio-visual-to-audio-visual conversational agents on nonverbal dynamics from real video calls.
EgoIntrospect provides the first egocentric dataset with self-annotations for internal state tasks and shows multimodal LLMs struggle to infer subjective states from combined signals.
Persona vectors form within the first 0.22% of LLM pretraining and remain effective for steering post-trained models, with continued refinement and transfer to other models.
Sieve dynamically schedules MoE experts across GPU and PIM hardware to handle bimodal token distributions, achieving 1.3x to 1.6x gains in throughput and interactivity over static prior PIM systems on three large models.
M³Att poisons medical multimodal RAG by pairing covert textual misinformation with query-agnostic visual perturbations that increase retrieval of the bad content, causing LLMs to generate clinically plausible but incorrect responses.
Omni-DeepSearch is a 640-sample benchmark for audio-driven omni-modal search where the best model reaches only 43.44% accuracy, exposing bottlenecks in audio inference, tool use, and cross-modal reasoning.
TraceAV-Bench is the first benchmark for multi-hop trajectory reasoning over long audio-visual videos, showing top models reach only 51-68% accuracy with substantial room for improvement.
S1-VL combines structured scientific reasoning with iterative image manipulation via code execution to reach state-of-the-art results on visual and scientific reasoning benchmarks.
MM-JudgeBench shows substantial cross-lingual performance variance in 22 LVLM judges, with model size and architecture as poor predictors of multilingual robustness.
HalluAudio is the first large-scale benchmark spanning speech, environmental sound, and music that uses human-verified QA pairs, adversarial prompts, and mixed-audio tests to measure hallucinations in large audio-language models.
VLMs hallucinate by prioritizing contradictory on-screen text over visual content, addressed via the VisualTextTrap benchmark with 6,057 human-validated samples and the VTHM-MoE dual-encoder framework using dimension-specific experts and adaptive routing.
Large language models display the identifiable victim effect at roughly twice the human baseline, strongly amplified by instruction tuning and chain-of-thought prompting but inverted by reasoning-specialized models.
MMRareBench provides 1,756 QA pairs and 7,958 images from PMC rare-disease cases to evaluate 23 MLLMs, revealing low treatment-planning scores and medical models underperforming general models on multi-image tasks due to capacity dilution.
HM-Bench is the first benchmark for MLLMs on hyperspectral images, showing models struggle with complex spatial-spectral reasoning and perform better with visual PCA images than textual reports.
DialBGM is a new benchmark dataset revealing that existing AI models fall far short of human performance when recommending fitting background music for open-domain conversations.
V2X-QA provides a view-decoupled benchmark showing infrastructure views aid macroscopic traffic understanding while cooperative reasoning requires explicit cross-view alignment, with V2X-MoE as a routing-based baseline that improves performance.
ScreenParse dataset and ScreenVLM model deliver dense screen parsing that outperforms larger VLMs on PageIoU and transfers to better UI grounding.
EgoSound is a new benchmark with 7315 QA pairs across seven tasks to evaluate egocentric sound understanding in multimodal large language models.
VLRS-Bench is the first benchmark dedicated to complex vision-language reasoning in remote sensing, with 2000 QA pairs across 14 tasks in cognition, decision, and prediction dimensions.
Molmo2 delivers state-of-the-art open-weight video VLMs with new grounding datasets and training methods that outperform prior open models and match or exceed some proprietary ones on pointing and tracking tasks.
ConceptPose delivers state-of-the-art zero-shot relative pose estimation by matching open-vocabulary 3D concept vectors derived from VLM saliency maps, beating the strongest baseline by 62% in ADD(-S) without training.
ToG-Bench is the first benchmark for task-oriented spatio-temporal video grounding in egocentric videos, with explicit-implicit dual grounding and one-to-many object scenarios across 100 ScanNet clips and 2704 instructions.
CritPt benchmark shows state-of-the-art LLMs reach only 5.7% average accuracy on full-scale unpublished physics research tasks, rising to about 10% with coding tools.
citing papers explorer
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Beyond Content: A Comprehensive Speech Toxicity Dataset and Detection Framework Incorporating Paralinguistic Cues
ToxiAlert-Bench dataset and dual-head neural network detect toxic speech by distinguishing textual versus paralinguistic sources, reporting 21.1% Macro-F1 and 13% accuracy gains over baselines.
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Dynamic Chunking for Diffusion Language Models
DCDM replaces positional blocks with learnable semantic chunks via differentiable Chunking Attention, yielding consistent gains over block and unstructured diffusion baselines up to 1.5B parameters.
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RoPE Distinguishes Neither Positions Nor Tokens in Long Contexts, Provably
Proves that RoPE attention loses locality bias and token distinction in long contexts, approaching random behavior independent of content.
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Minerva-Ego: Spatiotemporal Hints for Egocentric Video Understanding
Minerva-Ego is a new benchmark for egocentric visual reasoning with dense human-annotated traces and masks, showing that spatiotemporal hints substantially improve frontier model performance.
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ATLAS: Agentic or Latent Visual Reasoning? One Word is Enough for Both
ATLAS uses a single functional token to unify agentic and latent visual reasoning without image generation or external execution.
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EntityBench: Towards Entity-Consistent Long-Range Multi-Shot Video Generation
EntityBench is a new benchmark with detailed per-shot entity schedules from real media, and the EntityMem baseline using persistent per-entity memory achieves the highest character fidelity with Cohen's d of +2.33.
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Editor's Choice: Evaluating Abstract Intent in Image Editing through Atomic Entity Analysis
Presents Entity-Rubrics and AbstractEdit benchmark to measure image editing models on abstract intent, finding standard models struggle to balance edit intent with image preservation.
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MultiEmo-Bench: Multi-label Visual Emotion Analysis for Multi-modal Large Language Models
MultiEmo-Bench supplies 10,344 images with aggregated multi-label emotion votes from 20 annotators each to evaluate MLLMs on dominant emotion and full distribution prediction.
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RxEval: A Prescription-Level Benchmark for Evaluating LLM Medication Recommendation
RxEval benchmark shows frontier LLMs reach at most 46.10% exact match on prescription-level medication, dose, and route selection from real patient trajectories.
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ClawForge: Generating Executable Interactive Benchmarks for Command-Line Agents
ClawForge is a generator framework that creates reproducible executable benchmarks for command-line agents under state conflict, with ClawForge-Bench showing frontier models reach at most 45.3% strict accuracy and that state inspection drives most performance gaps.
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ReTool-Video: Recursive Tool-Using Video Agents with Meta-Augmented Tool Grounding
ReTool-Video uses a 134-tool meta-augmented library and recursive grounding to translate abstract video intents into fine-grained multimodal operations, outperforming baselines on MVBench, MLVU, and Video-MME.
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LeanSearch v2: Global Premise Retrieval for Lean 4 Theorem Proving
LeanSearch v2 recovers 46.1% of ground-truth premise groups for research-level Lean 4 theorems within 10 candidates and raises fixed-loop proof success to 20%.
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AgentLens: Revealing The Lucky Pass Problem in SWE-Agent Evaluation
AgentLens reveals 10.7% of passing SWE-agent trajectories exhibit Lucky Pass behaviors and introduces a process-level evaluation framework with a new annotated dataset of 1,815 trajectories.
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CommonWhy: A Dataset for Evaluating Entity-Based Causal Commonsense Reasoning in Large Language Models
CommonWhy is a new dataset of 15,000 why-questions for evaluating LLMs on entity-based causal commonsense reasoning grounded in Wikidata.
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CausalCine: Real-Time Autoregressive Generation for Multi-Shot Video Narratives
CausalCine enables real-time causal autoregressive multi-shot video generation via multi-shot training, content-aware memory routing for coherence, and distillation to few-step inference.
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From Web to Pixels: Bringing Agentic Search into Visual Perception
WebEye benchmark and Pixel-Searcher agent enable visual perception tasks by using web search to resolve object identities before precise localization or answering.
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Formalize, Don't Optimize: The Heuristic Trap in LLM-Generated Combinatorial Solvers
LLM-generated combinatorial solvers achieve highest correctness when the model formalizes problems for verified backends rather than attempting to optimize search, which often causes regressions.
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Towards Automated Air Traffic Safety Assessment Around Non-Towered Airports Using Large Language Models
Large language models achieve macro F1 scores above 0.85 on binary nominal-versus-danger classification from CTAF radio transcripts and METAR weather data using a new synthetic dataset with a 12-category hazard taxonomy.
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VIP: Visual-guided Prompt Evolution for Efficient Dense Vision-Language Inference
VIP evolves text prompts using visual cues and saliency-aware aggregation inside dino.txt to deliver 1.4-8.4% higher mIoU on dense vision-language tasks with low overhead.
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Images in Sentences: Scaling Interleaved Instructions for Unified Visual Generation
INSET embeds images as native tokens in interleaved instructions, outperforming prior methods on multi-image consistency and text alignment as complexity grows.
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UHR-Micro: Diagnosing and Mitigating the Resolution Illusion in Earth Observation VLMs
VLMs show a resolution illusion on UHR Earth observation imagery where higher resolution does not improve micro-target perception; UHR-Micro benchmark and MAP-Agent address this via evidence-centered active inspection.
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Chronicles-OCR: A Cross-Temporal Perception Benchmark for the Evolutionary Trajectory of Chinese Characters
Chronicles-OCR is the first benchmark with 2,800 images across the complete evolutionary trajectory of Chinese characters, defining four tasks to evaluate VLLMs' cross-temporal visual perception.
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CaC: Advancing Video Reward Models via Hierarchical Spatiotemporal Concentrating
CaC presents a new spatiotemporal concentrating reward model for video anomalies, built on a novel large-scale dataset and three-stage training with RL and IoU rewards, claiming 25.7% accuracy gains and 11.7% anomaly reduction.
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FlowSteer: Prompt-Only Workflow Steering Exposes Planning-Time Vulnerabilities in Multi-Agent LLM Systems
FlowSteer is a prompt-only attack that biases multi-agent LLM workflow planning to propagate malicious signals, raising success rates by up to 55%, with FlowGuard as an input-side defense reducing it by up to 34%.
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Breaking $\textit{Winner-Takes-All}$: Cooperative Policy Optimization Improves Diverse LLM Reasoning
GCPO uses team-level credit assignment via determinant volume over reward-weighted semantic embeddings to promote non-redundant correct reasoning paths, improving both accuracy and diversity in LLM training.
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3D-Belief: Embodied Belief Inference via Generative 3D World Modeling
3D-Belief maintains and updates explicit 3D beliefs about partially observed environments to enable multi-hypothesis imagination and improved performance on embodied tasks.
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Do Vision-Language-Models show human-like logical problem-solving capability in point and click puzzle games?
VLATIM benchmark reveals large VLMs excel at high-level planning in physics puzzles but struggle with precise visual grounding and mouse control, so they lack human-like problem-solving capabilities.
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Count Anything at Any Granularity
Multi-grained counting is introduced with five granularity levels, supported by the new KubriCount dataset generated via 3D synthesis and editing, and HieraCount model that combines text and visual exemplars for improved accuracy.
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MulTaBench: Benchmarking Multimodal Tabular Learning with Text and Image
MulTaBench is a new collection of 40 image-tabular and text-tabular datasets designed to test target-aware representation tuning in multimodal tabular models.
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Omni-Persona: Systematic Benchmarking and Improving Omnimodal Personalization
Omni-Persona benchmark with 18 tasks shows open-source models have audio-visual grounding gaps, RLVR narrows them but leads to conservative outputs, and scale or recall alone fail as diagnostics.
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StreamPro: From Reactive Perception to Proactive Decision-Making in Streaming Video
StreamPro introduces a benchmark and training method using CB-Stream Loss and GRPO to enable proactive decision-making in streaming videos, achieving 41.5 on StreamPro-Bench compared to 10.4 previously.
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TRACER: Verifiable Generative Provenance for Multimodal Tool-Using Agents
TRACER attaches verifiable sentence-level provenance records to multimodal agent outputs using tool-turn alignment and semantic relations, yielding 78.23% answer accuracy and fewer tool calls than baselines on TRACE-Bench.
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EpiGraph: Building Generalists for Evidence-Intensive Epilepsy Reasoning in the Wild
EpiGraph creates a heterogeneous epilepsy knowledge graph that boosts LLM performance on clinical reasoning tasks by 30-41% in pharmacogenomics when used with Graph-RAG.
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Generating Complex Code Analyzers from Natural Language Questions
Merlin generates CodeQL queries from natural language questions via RAG-based iteration and a self-test technique using assistive queries, achieving 3.8x higher task accuracy and 31% less completion time in user studies while finding additional software issues.
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LEAF-SQL: Level-wise Exploration with Adaptive Fine-graining for Text-to-SQL Skeleton Prediction
LEAF-SQL uses level-wise exploration with adaptive fine-graining and dual agents to generate diverse SQL skeletons, reaching 71.6% execution accuracy on the BIRD benchmark and outperforming prior search- and skeleton-based methods.
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The Extrapolation Cliff in On-Policy Distillation of Near-Deterministic Structured Outputs
On-policy distillation has an extrapolation cliff at closed-form lambda*(p,b,c) set by teacher modal probability, warm-start mass, and clip strength, past which training shifts from format-preserving to format-collapsing.
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CollabVR: Collaborative Video Reasoning with Vision-Language and Video Generation Models
CollabVR improves video reasoning performance by coupling vision-language models and video generation models in a closed-loop step-level collaboration that detects and repairs generation failures.
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MLS-Bench: A Holistic and Rigorous Assessment of AI Systems on Building Better AI
MLS-Bench is a benchmark with 140 tasks that evaluates AI agents on inventing generalizable and scalable ML methods, finding they lag human performance especially in insight-driven invention rather than tuning.
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LLM Wardens: Mitigating Adversarial Persuasion with Third-Party Conversational Oversight
A secondary warden LLM halves the success rate of hidden-goal adversarial LLMs in steering user decisions while causing only minor interference with genuine interactions.
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Think-with-Rubrics: From External Evaluator to Internal Reasoning Guidance
Think-with-Rubrics has LLMs generate rubrics internally before responding, outperforming external rubric-as-reward baselines by 3.87 points on average across benchmarks.
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EditRefiner: A Human-Aligned Agentic Framework for Image Editing Refinement
EditRefiner uses a perception-reasoning-action-evaluation agent loop and the EditFHF-15K human feedback dataset to refine text-guided image edits more accurately than prior methods.
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Mitigating Many-shot Jailbreak Attacks with One Single Demonstration
A single safety demonstration appended at inference time mitigates many-shot jailbreak attacks by counteracting implicit malicious fine-tuning on harmful examples.
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Qwen3-VL-Seg: Unlocking Open-World Referring Segmentation with Vision-Language Grounding
Qwen3-VL-Seg decodes MLLM bounding boxes into pixel-level referring segmentation via a lightweight box-guided mask decoder, new SA1B-ORS training data, and ORS-Bench evaluation, showing strong open-world performance.
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Do Joint Audio-Video Generation Models Understand Physics?
AV-Phys Bench shows that current joint audio-video models lack robust physical commonsense, with major drops on transitions and deliberate anti-physics prompts.
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MIST: Multimodal Interactive Speech-based Tool-calling Conversational Assistants for Smart Homes
MIST is a new synthetic speech-based tool-calling dataset for IoT devices that exposes performance gaps between open- and closed-weight multimodal LLMs.
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RobotEQ: Transitioning from Passive Intelligence to Active Intelligence in Embodied AI
RobotEQ is a new benchmark dataset and evaluation suite showing that current embodied AI models fall short on active social-norm compliance, especially spatial grounding, though RAG with external knowledge helps.
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Pest-Thinker: Learning to Think and Reason like Entomologists via Reinforcement Learning
Pest-Thinker is a reinforcement learning framework that improves MLLMs' expert-level reasoning on pest morphology via synthesized CoT trajectories, GRPO optimization, and an LLM-judged feature reward on new benchmarks QFSD and AgriInsect.
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4DThinker: Thinking with 4D Imagery for Dynamic Spatial Understanding
4DThinker enables VLMs to perform dynamic spatial reasoning by thinking with 4D latent mental imagery using new fine-tuning and reinforcement learning methods.
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MolRecBench-Wild: A Real-World Benchmark for Optical Chemical Structure Recognition
MolRecBench-Wild reveals that 18 existing OCSR models suffer severe performance drops on complex real-world academic molecular images compared with prior patent benchmarks.
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AstroAlertBench: Evaluating the Accuracy, Reasoning, and Honesty of Multimodal LLMs in Astronomical Classification
AstroAlertBench evaluates multimodal LLMs on astronomical classification accuracy, reasoning, and honesty using real ZTF alerts, revealing that high accuracy often diverges from self-assessed reasoning quality.