TNG50 stellar disks are grouped into four j-types from sAM surface density maps, revealing a redshift-dependent sequence from irregular to barred forms driven by gas content and V/σ.
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First Results from the TNG50 Simulation: Galactic outflows driven by supernovae and black hole feedback
49 Pith papers cite this work, alongside 918 external citations. Polarity classification is still indexing.
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abstract
We present the new TNG50 cosmological, magnetohydrodynamical simulation -- the third and final volume of the IllustrisTNG project. This simulation occupies a unique combination of large volume and high resolution, with a 50 Mpc box sampled by 2160^3 gas cells (baryon mass of 8x10^4 Msun). The median spatial resolution of star-forming ISM gas is ~100-140 parsecs. This resolution approaches or exceeds that of modern 'zoom' simulations of individual massive galaxies, while the volume contains ~20,000 resolved galaxies with M*>10^7 Msun. Herein we show first results from TNG50, focusing on galactic outflows driven by supernovae as well as supermassive black hole feedback. We find that the outflow mass loading is a non-monotonic function of galaxy stellar mass, turning over and rising rapidly above 10^10.5 Msun due to the action of the central black hole. Outflow velocity increases with stellar mass, and at fixed mass is faster at higher redshift. The TNG model can produce high velocity, multi-phase outflows which include cool, dense components. These outflows reach speeds in excess of 3000 km/s out to 20 kpc with an ejective, BH-driven origin. Critically, we show how the relative simplicity of model inputs (and scalings) at the injection scale produces complex behavior at galactic and halo scales. For example, despite isotropic wind launching, outflows exhibit natural collimation and an emergent bipolarity. Furthermore, galaxies above the star-forming main sequence drive faster outflows, although this correlation inverts at high mass with the onset of quenching, whereby low luminosity, slowly accreting, massive black holes drive the strongest outflows.
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JWST observations of absorption lines in z~3 galaxies show inclination-dependent gas flows, with face-on systems exhibiting stronger outflows and inclined systems more inflows.
JWST spectra of six z=5-9 galaxies show low-ionization covering fractions of 0.2-0.9 and diverse kinematics including blueshifted outflows, indicating heterogeneous multiphase ISM.
Lumina is a 500 cMpc radiation-hydrodynamic simulation predicting late, stellar-driven hydrogen reionization ending near z≈4.75 and AGN-driven helium reionization nearly complete by z=3.
Extreme z>3 emission-line ratios are reproduced only by combining harder ionizing spectra, ionization parameters from massive star clusters, and enhanced nitrogen abundances.
Spectroscopic observations of six low-mass, metal-poor SLSN host galaxies reveal slow stellar-wind-driven outflows with velocities 37-104 km/s and mass-loading factors below 1 in the earliest phases of star formation.
A local Tremaine-Weinberg framework integrates the continuity equation over flexible loops to measure galactic pattern speeds, recovering standard methods as special cases and validated on IllustrisTNG simulations.
Analytical and fitting formulae for Lyα radiative-transfer spectra under slab, cylindrical and spherical geometries, including recoil and constant velocity gradients, verified against Monte Carlo simulations.
A homogenized ICL definition applied to Horizon-AGN, TNG100, Gizmo-Simba and Hydrangea yields consistent z=0 fractions of 0.1-0.2 with no significant redshift evolution and dominant contributions from satellites of 10^10.5-10^11.5 solar masses.
Information-theoretic analysis of TNG50 simulations finds high mutual information (0.4-0.8) between bar and spiral parameters and comparable transfer entropy (0.33-0.42) in both directions, indicating mutual co-regulation.
Morphology-dependent M_bh-σ0 relations are reported: shallow (2.5-3.1) for dust-poor S0 galaxies and steep (7.8) for massive ellipticals, using new SCOPE Bayesian regression on 137 galaxies.
Mutual information analysis of TNG50 simulations shows gravitational potential and total energy retain merger mass and infall time information longest, while radial velocity loses it within ~5 Gyr, with washout depending on radius, merger age, and mass.
ArkenstoneBH is a new subgrid model for the hot phase of black hole feedback that, in isolated galaxy tests, suppresses star formation by counteracting gas inflows from the circumgalactic medium.
Milky Way abundance trends act as effective empirical proxies for nucleosynthetic yields, recovering alpha and Fe-peak abundances in quiescent galaxies with 0.05 dex median offset versus 0.23 dex for theory, indicating largely universal yields.
SHAMe-SF modeling of small-scale DESI ELG clustering delivers 6% precision on σ8 and Ωm h², matching full DR1 results with 1% volume.
Machine learning on cosmological simulations achieves 91-94% accuracy classifying over-massive versus under-massive SMBH growth regimes from LSST photometry, with 83-89% cross-simulation transfer accuracy driven primarily by host galaxy colors.
Cool galactic outflows seen in stacked DESI spectra can escape low-mass galaxy halos, providing indirect evidence that stellar feedback drives their baryon deficiency.
Milky Way-mass dark matter density profiles in IllustrisTNG are largely insensitive to astrophysics and cosmology variations, dominated by halo-to-halo variance instead.
TNG50 simulation analysis finds early-forming halos show higher stellar mass, metallicity, lower CGM gas mass and sSFR at z=0, with mass-dependent CGM metallicity reversal and cold-gas kinematics differences.
Spectroscopy of a z=3.409 quasar detects three freely expanding outflows with radial N/C gradients, indicating a transition from ejective to regulative feedback.
The TNG SAM reproduces TNG hydro simulation gas and metal flows plus galaxy and halo properties within 30% accuracy out to z=6 via five targeted updates to the Santa Cruz SAM calibrated on stellar feedback-dominated galaxies.
Barred galaxies transition from actively star-forming at z~1-2 to quiescent at z~0, with the fraction of quiescent galaxies hosting bars increasing steeply over cosmic time.
Semi-analytical models show AGN disks produce repeated BBH mergers with a high-mass tail beyond the pair-instability gap, more efficiently at low viscosity, with spin and mass-ratio signatures that can match events like GW190521.
Observational analysis of 86 z~1 galaxies shows winds correlate with galaxy-wide SFR and Σ_SFR, not compact regions, implying distributed star formation drives outflows.
citing papers explorer
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IllustrisTNG50 angular momentum maps: tracing the morpho-kinematic evolution of galaxies
TNG50 stellar disks are grouped into four j-types from sAM surface density maps, revealing a redshift-dependent sequence from irregular to barred forms driven by gas content and V/σ.
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Unprecedented Constraints on Gas Flows at High Redshift Using Deep JWST/NIRSpec Observations from the LyC22, EXCELS, and AURORA Surveys
JWST observations of absorption lines in z~3 galaxies show inclination-dependent gas flows, with face-on systems exhibiting stronger outflows and inclined systems more inflows.
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JWST absorption line spectroscopy with SPURS: ISM covering fractions and kinematics in individual galaxies at $z=5-9$
JWST spectra of six z=5-9 galaxies show low-ionization covering fractions of 0.2-0.9 and diverse kinematics including blueshifted outflows, indicating heterogeneous multiphase ISM.
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Introducing the Lumina project: large-volume radiation-hydrodynamic simulations of the epochs of hydrogen and helium reionization
Lumina is a 500 cMpc radiation-hydrodynamic simulation predicting late, stellar-driven hydrogen reionization ending near z≈4.75 and AGN-driven helium reionization nearly complete by z=3.
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Origins of Extreme Emission-Line Ratios in z > 3 Galaxies: Insights from the Lumen Model
Extreme z>3 emission-line ratios are reproduced only by combining harder ionizing spectra, ionization parameters from massive star clusters, and enhanced nitrogen abundances.
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Witnessing the onset of stellar winds in Super-Luminous Supernova Hosts: implications for star-formation-driven outflows in low and high-redshift galaxies
Spectroscopic observations of six low-mass, metal-poor SLSN host galaxies reveal slow stellar-wind-driven outflows with velocities 37-104 km/s and mass-loading factors below 1 in the earliest phases of star formation.
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The Local Tremaine-Weinberg Method for Galactic Pattern Speed: Theory and its Application to IllustrisTNG
A local Tremaine-Weinberg framework integrates the continuity equation over flexible loops to measure galactic pattern speeds, recovering standard methods as special cases and validated on IllustrisTNG simulations.
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Analytical and fitting formulae for solutions to Lyman-alpha radiative transfer equations: the effects of geometry, recoil, and velocity gradients
Analytical and fitting formulae for Lyα radiative-transfer spectra under slab, cylindrical and spherical geometries, including recoil and constant velocity gradients, verified against Monte Carlo simulations.
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A Consistent Comparison of Intracluster Light Assembly in Simulations I. Redshift Evolution and Progenitor Galaxies
A homogenized ICL definition applied to Horizon-AGN, TNG100, Gizmo-Simba and Hydrangea yields consistent z=0 fractions of 0.1-0.2 with no significant redshift evolution and dominant contributions from satellites of 10^10.5-10^11.5 solar masses.
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Co-evolution of bar and spiral arms in TNG50 simulations using Information Theory
Information-theoretic analysis of TNG50 simulations finds high mutual information (0.4-0.8) between bar and spiral parameters and comparable transfer entropy (0.33-0.42) in both directions, indicating mutual co-regulation.
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Galaxy morphology dependent (black hole mass)-(velocity dispersion) relations: implications for gravitational wave forecasts and cosmological simulations
Morphology-dependent M_bh-σ0 relations are reported: shallow (2.5-3.1) for dust-poor S0 galaxies and steep (7.8) for massive ellipticals, using new SCOPE Bayesian regression on 137 galaxies.
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Galactic Amnesia: The Information Washout of the Milky Way Merger History
Mutual information analysis of TNG50 simulations shows gravitational potential and total energy retain merger mass and infall time information longest, while radial velocity loses it within ~5 Gyr, with washout depending on radius, merger age, and mass.
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ArkenstoneBH. A model for high-specific energy black hole feedback in cosmological simulations
ArkenstoneBH is a new subgrid model for the hot phase of black hole feedback that, in isolated galaxy tests, suppresses star formation by counteracting gas inflows from the circumgalactic medium.
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Are Nucleosynthetic Yields Universal? Interpreting the Multi-Elemental Abundances of Quiescent Galaxies over Cosmic Time Using Milky Way Stars
Milky Way abundance trends act as effective empirical proxies for nucleosynthetic yields, recovering alpha and Fe-peak abundances in quiescent galaxies with 0.05 dex median offset versus 0.23 dex for theory, indicating largely universal yields.
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Cosmological constraints from the small scale clustering of Emission Line Galaxies
SHAMe-SF modeling of small-scale DESI ELG clustering delivers 6% precision on σ8 and Ωm h², matching full DR1 results with 1% volume.
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Classifying Supermassive Black Hole Growth Regimes to Observables Across Cosmological Simulations with Forecasts for LSST
Machine learning on cosmological simulations achieves 91-94% accuracy classifying over-massive versus under-massive SMBH growth regimes from LSST photometry, with 83-89% cross-simulation transfer accuracy driven primarily by host galaxy colors.
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Stellar feedback drives the baryon deficiency in low-mass galaxies
Cool galactic outflows seen in stacked DESI spectra can escape low-mass galaxy halos, providing indirect evidence that stellar feedback drives their baryon deficiency.
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The DREAMS Project: Disentangling the Impact of Halo-to-Halo Variance and Baryonic Feedback on Milky Way Dark Matter Density Profiles
Milky Way-mass dark matter density profiles in IllustrisTNG are largely insensitive to astrophysics and cosmology variations, dominated by halo-to-halo variance instead.
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The dependence of Circumgalactic Medium properties on halo assembly histories in the IllustrisTNG simulations
TNG50 simulation analysis finds early-forming halos show higher stellar mass, metallicity, lower CGM gas mass and sSFR at z=0, with mass-dependent CGM metallicity reversal and cold-gas kinematics differences.
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Radial gradients revealed by mutliscale outflows from down-the-barrel spectroscopy toward a quasar at redshift 3.4
Spectroscopy of a z=3.409 quasar detects three freely expanding outflows with radial N/C gradients, indicating a transition from ejective to regulative feedback.
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TNG SAM: Bridging Hydrodynamical Complexity and Semi-Analytic Efficiency to Model Galaxy Formation
The TNG SAM reproduces TNG hydro simulation gas and metal flows plus galaxy and halo properties within 30% accuracy out to z=6 via five targeted updates to the Santa Cruz SAM calibrated on stellar feedback-dominated galaxies.
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Exploring the Relationship Between Bars, Star Formation Activity, and Host Galaxy Properties from $\mathbf{z \sim 0}$ to $\mathbf{z \sim 2}$
Barred galaxies transition from actively star-forming at z~1-2 to quiescent at z~0, with the fraction of quiescent galaxies hosting bars increasing steeply over cosmic time.
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AGN-driven BBH mergers: Black hole populations and hierarchical growth across the AGN parameter space
Semi-analytical models show AGN disks produce repeated BBH mergers with a high-mass tail beyond the pair-instability gap, more efficiently at low viscosity, with spin and mass-ratio signatures that can match events like GW190521.
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The Importance of Galaxy-Wide Star Formation in Driving Winds at z~1
Observational analysis of 86 z~1 galaxies shows winds correlate with galaxy-wide SFR and Σ_SFR, not compact regions, implying distributed star formation drives outflows.
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Satellite compaction pathways: environmental drivers shaping dwarf galaxy corpulence in the TNG50 simulation
In TNG50, compact dwarf satellites (log M_star 8.4-9.2) form via DM-rich gas inflows in low-merger environments, tidal stripping for DM-poor cases, and ram-pressure starbursts for some metal-rich ones.
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Bulk vs. turbulent motions at the centres of galaxy clusters: AGN-driven turbulence according to TNG-Cluster
TNG-Cluster simulations find that in galaxy cluster centers turbulence accounts for under half the total velocity dispersion (typically 50-75 km/s), is mostly subsonic, provides sub-percent pressure support, and is primarily driven by SMBH feedback.
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Cosmic web stripping and starvation of low-mass filament galaxies in TNG50
Low-mass filament galaxies in TNG50 exhibit smaller asymmetric cold gas discs due to cosmic web tidal fields causing altered accretion or starvation and late-time stripping, while integrated stellar and halo properties remain similar to field counterparts after mass and environment controls.
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Connecting CGM enrichment with Lyman alpha emitters at 2.9 < z < 6.7
Blind MUSE search detects 156 LAEs at 2.9<z<6.7 with 34 C IV and 14 Mg II absorber associations, indicating low-mass galaxies enrich the CGM.
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How High-Specific-Energy Winds Regulate the Circumgalactic Medium of Dwarf Galaxies
Simulations demonstrate that high-specific-energy supernova outflows sustain hot CGM at virial temperature, raise t_cool/t_ff above 10, and transition dwarf galaxy feedback from ejective to preventive mode around 5 Gyr.
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Bulgeless Evolution And the Rise of Discs (BEARD) III. A numerical simulation view of satellites around Milky-Way analogues
Simulation comparison finds bulgeless galaxies host more centrally concentrated, disc-aligned satellites with steeper faint-end luminosity functions than bulge-dominated controls, reflecting co-evolution and quieter merger histories.
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Bulgeless Evolution And the Rise of Discs (BEARD) I. Physical drivers of the mass-size relation for Milky Way-like galaxies
Bulgeless galaxies trace the upper envelope of the mass-R1 relation with scatter driven by central stellar density and the spatial configuration of mergers rather than their number.
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A Universal Dance of Galactic Disks: Ubiquitous Precession and Its Implications
IllustrisTNG simulations indicate galactic disk precession is common, driven by external tidal torques within 30 kpc, inducing warps and influencing evolution at all redshifts.
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The LISA Astrophysics MBHcatalogues Project: A comparison of predictions of simulated massive black hole binaries
A large collaboration compiles and compares merger rate predictions for massive black holes across multiple galaxy formation models to forecast LISA detections and quantify uncertainties.
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Dynamically cold discs in high-redshift galaxies: comparison between ALMA observations and TNG50
TNG50 shows most massive high-z star-forming galaxies are dynamically hotter than ALMA data indicate, with rare cold discs forming from aligned accretion and evolving into one-third discs and two-thirds early-type galaxies by z=0.
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Analysis of synthetic OVI absorption associated with galaxy groups in SIMBA and TNG50 simulations
Both SIMBA and TNG50 simulations underpredict OVI covering fractions around galaxy groups compared to observations, with most absorbers being gravitationally bound.
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Stellar feedback SPICEs up [C II] emission in the first galaxies
Simulations find [C II] traces star formation robustly but underestimates outflow speeds and mass-loading factors by factors of 2-5, with feedback type affecting disk settling but not distinguishable from [C II] spatial or spectral properties alone.
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Dark Matter and the Early Formation of Supermassive Black Holes
Dark matter clustering, possibly via self-interaction, may help stellar-remnant black holes reach over 10^7 solar masses by z=10.
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Constructing a Mock Galaxy Catalog for the All-sky SPECtroscopic Survey of Nearby Galaxies (A-SPEC) Using the Machine-assisted Semi-Simulation Model
A machine learning model trained on IllustrisTNG predicts galaxy baryonic properties from dark matter subhalo features, producing a mock catalog for the A-SPEC survey that matches observed galaxy clustering.
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Extended Structure in E+A Galaxies Via Image Stacking
Image stacking of 57 E+A galaxies shows excess extended light relative to comparison samples, consistent with faint tidal features from small-scale interactions.
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Investigating the Spectral Properties of Dual Nuclei in Galaxy Mergers from the GOTHIC survey: Supermassive Black Hole Growth, metal enrichment and Dual AGN
Spectroscopic analysis of dual nuclei shows SMBH masses higher in galaxy mergers than single nuclei at fixed stellar mass.
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Learning the Universe: Constrained simulations of the Coma galaxy cluster -- I. Radial X-ray and Compton-y signatures
50 constrained simulations of Coma cluster analogues reproduce the observed radial X-ray surface brightness and Compton-y profiles within the scatter expected from environment and assembly history.
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Blowing star formation away in AGN hosts (BAH) -- V: The Feeding-Feedback Cycle in local AGNs as revealed by their stellar populations
Stellar population synthesis of three AGN hosts shows recent rejuvenation and central metallicity drops consistent with gas inflows fueling both star formation and AGN activity.
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Signature of Bursty Star Formation in the High-Redshift Galaxies Detected with JWST
Shorter star formation timescales in a semi-analytical UV LF model explain the slow evolution observed by JWST at z>10 without requiring changes in star formation efficiency.
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A statistical look on kinematic planes of satellite galaxies II: The physics behind their early formation in TNG50 MW/M31-like galaxies
Early kinematically persistent planes of satellite galaxies are fossil remnants of high-redshift anisotropic mass collapse along the principal directions of the local cosmic web during the fast assembly phase of host halos.
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Low-ionization Metal Absorption at $0.7 \lesssim z \lesssim 2$ Confronting Cosmological Simulations with Observations
IllustrisTNG with a uniform UVB reproduces observed MgI, MgII and FeII column-density PDFs and low-EW MgII incidence but underestimates the number of strong MgII systems and fails to capture their rise toward z~2.
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Dynamical evolution of Milky Way globular clusters on the cosmological timescale II. Terzan 2, 4, and 5 mass loss and collision tracking
N-body simulations show that mutual interactions between Terzan 2, 4, and 5 raise mass-loss rates for the smaller clusters and drive prolate deformations absent in isolated runs.
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Deep HI observations of cold gas inflow and outflow
Review chapter on HI observations of gas inflow/outflow in disk and dwarf galaxies and prospects for SKA-Mid AA4 to address missing data on low-column-density gas.
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Revealing Cosmic Ecosystems with the Hubble Space Telescope in 2030s and Beyond
HST UV spectroscopy is presented as the unique tool for probing multiphase gas at the disk-CGM interface to understand how galaxies acquire fuel, recycle metals, and drive feedback.
- Environmental Quenching of High-Redshift Galaxies: Interpreting JWST Observations with Simulations