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An updated review of the new hadron states
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An updated review of the new hadron states
abstract
The past decades witnessed the golden era of hadron physics. Many excited open heavy flavor mesons and baryons have been observed since 2017. We shall provide an updated review of the recent experimental and theoretical progresses in this active field. Besides the conventional heavy hadrons, we shall also review the recently observed open heavy flavor tetraquark states $X(2900)$ and $T_{cc}^+(3875)$ as well as the hidden heavy flavor multiquark states $X(6900)$, $P_{cs}(4459)^0$, $Z_{cs}(3985)^-$, $Z_{cs}(4000)^+$, and $Z_{cs}(4220)^+$. We will also cover the recent progresses on the glueballs and light hybrid mesons, which are the direct manifestations of the non-Abelian $SU(3)$ gauge interaction of the Quantum Chromodynamics in the low-energy region.
Forward citations
Cited by 54 Pith papers
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Emergence of the $\pi(1300)$ Resonance from Lattice QCD
Lattice QCD plus three-body scattering formalism yields a π(1300)-like pole at (1169±46)−i(62−62+168) MeV, consistent with experiment.
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Lattice evidence that scalar glueballs are small
First lattice extraction of scalar glueball gravitational form factors gives a mass radius of 0.263(31) fm, smaller than typical hadrons.
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Measurement of Born cross sections for $e^+e^-\to p\bar p$ at $\sqrt{s} =3.510-4.946$ GeV
BESIII reports Born cross sections for e+e- to p pbar at 47 energies between 3.51 and 4.95 GeV and determines |GE/GM| and |GM| for the first time from angular distributions at large timelike momentum transfer.
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Systematic Study of Coupled-Channel Dynamics in Doubly Heavy Hadronic Molecules
Explicit coupled-channel dynamics modifies pole structures and can eliminate or shift higher-lying states in doubly heavy systems, while single-channel models suffice only for near-threshold states like T_cc.
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Analysis of the $D_0^*(2300)$ resonance from lattice QCD under chiral symmetry
Chiral symmetry corrections in lattice QCD fits shift the D0*(2300) resonance pole closer to the Dπ threshold and reduce its width, while coupled channels produce a two-pole structure.
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Open-flavor threshold effects on quarkonium spectrum in the BOEFT
BOEFT quantifies threshold-induced shifts in quarkonium masses below threshold by solving coupled Schrödinger equations using lattice potentials and one parameter fixed to the χ_c1(3872) mass.
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Dispersive Analysis of $D$- and $B$-Meson Form Factors with Chiral and Heavy-Quark Constraints
The isovector D/D*/B/B* electromagnetic form factors are reconstructed dispersively with ππ rescattering, yielding ρ(770) coupling constants from pole residues.
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An improved moment QCD sum rule
An improved moment sum rule incorporating duality and dependence conditions uniquely fixes the continuum threshold and ground-state mass without ad-hoc OPE/pole criteria, matching prior Laplace results for a light tetraquark.
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Singly heavy tetraquarks
A hybrid quark model with gluon and meson exchange predicts that LHCb's T-c̄s̄0(2870) and T-cs̄0(2900) are compact tetraquarks, and that Ds0(2317), Ds1(2460), Tbs(5568), and Tcs(2327) are not.
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Quantum numbers of excited $\Xi_c^\prime$ and $\Omega_c$ baryons and the $P$-wave $\Sigma_c$ spectrum
The excited Ξ_c and Ω_c baryons share successive J^P = 1/2^-, 3/2^-, 3/2^-, 5/2^- λ-mode assignments, with Ω_c(3119) as a ρ-mode 3/2^- state and four P-wave Σ_c states predicted inside existing structures.
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Charting doubly strange hidden-charm pentaquarks: An electromagnetic mapping of spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ and $\frac{3}{2}$ states
LCSR calculations of magnetic, quadrupole and octupole moments for S=-2 hidden-charm pentaquarks yield large current-dependent ranges (-4.25 to 5.74 μ_N) dominated by the charm quark in most diquark configurations.
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Mechanisms of high energy polarized photoproduction of $\pi^{-}\Delta^{++}$
Regge amplitude fit to high-energy polarized pi- Delta++ photoproduction confirms pion dominance at small t and extracts pi N Delta coupling consistent with Delta decay plus first values for rho, b1, and a2 N Delta couplings.
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Possible $\bar{D}^{(*)} \Xi_{cc}^{(*)}$ and $\Xi_{cc}^{(*)}\Xi_{cc}^{(*)}$ molecules as superflavor partners of $T_{cc}$
Using one-boson-exchange potentials and superflavor symmetry, the authors predict many hadronic molecules of charmed mesons and doubly charmed baryons as partners of the Tcc tetraquark.
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Effective Range Expansion with the Left-Hand Cut: Higher Order Improvements
Extended the generalized effective-range expansion, including the left-hand cut from one-particle exchange, to O(k^6) with a new relativistic version, validated against exact Yukawa-potential solutions of the Lippmann...
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Prediction of $QQqq\bar{s}$ molecular pentaquarks within the extended local hidden gauge approach
A model calculation predicts fourteen double-heavy molecular pentaquark states, but their existence and binding energies depend critically on an unconstrained regularization parameter.
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All-charm tetraquarks at hadron colliders: A high-precision fragmentation perspective
TQ4Q2.0 supplies the first complete, uncertainty-quantified set of NRQCD-based fragmentation functions for all-heavy tetraquarks, including nonconstituent channels and public grids for jet-associated production.
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Low-lying singly heavy baryon states based on the rigorous calculation with the relativized quark model
A quark-model calculation with rigorous orbital mixing reproduces 74 singly heavy baryon masses with an average deviation of 6.96 MeV.
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Magnetic dipole moments as probes of doubly-bottom molecular pentaquarks
For the molecular pentaquark configurations BΣ_b, BΣ_b*, and B*Σ_b, the predicted magnetic dipole moments are 2.40, −2.84, and 5.17 nuclear magnetons respectively, with a sign and magnitude pattern sensitive to spin s...
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Diffusion Monte Carlo study of deuteron-like fully light hexaquarks
Within the AL1 constituent-quark model, compact uuuddd hexaquarks lie well above baryon–baryon thresholds while dibaryon-like states are near-threshold molecular candidates, one deuteron-like but unbound by ~12 MeV.
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Compactness, mass spectra, and strong stability of singly heavy tetraquarks
A radius-dependent chromoelectric interaction in the MIT bag model predicts that the state T_ncs̄n̄(0+, 2.925) is a compact tetraquark candidate corresponding to the experimentally observed T_c̄s0^a(2900).
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Possibility of the antibottom-strange molecular pentaquarks near $ B\Sigma$ and $ B^*\Sigma$ thresholds
Coupled-channel OBE dynamics with S–D mixing produce three near-threshold poles dominated by BΣ/B*Σ that should show as narrow enhancements in open Bs0N, BΛ and B*Λ channels.
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Symmetry Analysis of Compact Tetraquark States and Implications for the Level Ordering of the Fully Charmed Candidates $X(6600)$, $X(6900)$, and $X(7100)$
Counting symmetry-allowed states up to orbital angular momentum L=3 predicts low-lying compact tetraquarks prefer J^P=2^+, matching the observed 2^{++} fully charmed X states.
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Symmetry Analysis of Compact Tetraquark States and Implications for the Level Ordering of the Fully Charmed Candidates $X(6600)$, $X(6900)$, and $X(7100)$
Symmetry analysis of compact tetraquarks shows low-energy states favor J^P=2+ and places X(6600), X(6900), X(7100) among the lower levels of the fully charmed spectrum.
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Light tetraquark states with $J^{PC}=1^{--}$ from QCD sum rules
QCD sum rules yield lowest masses of 1.53-2.34 GeV for light 1^{--} tetraquarks across isoscalar, isovector and isotensor sectors plus one 1^{-+} isotensor mass of 2.19 GeV.
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Radiative decays of dynamically generated pentaquarks in the chiral unitary approach: the $P_c(4457)\to P_c(4312)\,\gamma$ transition
The M1 radiative decay width Pc(4457)(3/2-) → Pc(4312)(1/2-)γ is computed as 6.7 keV (range 2-9 keV) via 19 triangle loops with photon coupling to molecular components.
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Fully-heavy multiquarks in neural-network quantum states
Neural-network quantum states are used to compute spectra of fully-heavy multiquarks in a non-relativistic quark model, claiming to overcome dimensionality issues with superior accuracy over prior approximations.
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$\boldsymbol{\chi_{c1}}(3872)$ and its Partners in the Diabatic Born-Oppenheimer Approximation for QCD
χ_c1(3872) is treated as a bound state in adjoint-meson Born-Oppenheimer potentials within a diabatic model, with calculated spin splittings and decay widths for its multiplet and bottom analogs after tuning to threshold.
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Simultaneous Dalitz-plot decomposition of the $e^+ e^- \to J/\psi \, \pi \, \pi \, (K \bar{K})$ processes in the 4.13-4.36 GeV region using dispersive final-state interactions
Joint Dalitz decomposition of two e+e- processes with dispersive pi pi / KKbar final-state interactions shows a non-resonant production term is required and extracts Breit-Wigner parameters for Zc(3900), Y(4220), and Y(4320).
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Vector charmonium(-like) states in the energy range of 4.1-4.6 GeV
A coupled-channel framework is developed and fitted to BESIII data on vector charmonium-like states in the 4.1-4.6 GeV range, concluding that coupled-channel effects with dynamically generated poles explain the line shapes.
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Probing hidden-charm pentaquarks from the $\pi N\rightarrow J/\psi N$ reaction
The u-channel Lambda_c exchange enhances rescattering via Dbar(*) Sigma_c states in the piN to J/psiN reaction, producing clear peaks for Pc(4312) (1/2^-) and Pc(4457) (3/2^-) at microbarn cross sections while suppres...
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Interaction and correlation functions for $\pi f_1(1285)$, $\eta f_1(1285)$
Using the fixed-center approximation, the π⁰(η) f₁(1285) interaction yields scattering parameters and correlation functions but no clear poles for the π₁(1400), π₁(1600), or η₁(1855) resonances, only a broad structure...
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Coupled-channel study of the three-body $DDK$ and $D^{*}D^{*}K$
The DDK system supports a deeply bound compact state across wide parameters and possibly a shallow three-body halo state near the D-DK threshold, with negligible D*D*K coupling and no resonances.
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Proposed mixing between $2P$ and $1F$ wave charmonia
Unquenched calculation finds sizable 2P-1F mixing in charmonium with angles 7.5° and 15.4°, yielding predictions for two-photon and two-gluon decay widths.
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Proposed mixing between $2P$ and $1F$ wave charmonia
Unquenched coupled-channel calculations yield sizable 2P–1F mixing angles of 7.5° and 15.4° for the χ_c2 charmonia, with predicted two-photon and two-gluon widths as experimental tests.
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All-charm tetraquarks at hadron colliders: A high-precision fragmentation perspective
The authors construct and publicly release the TQ4Q2.0 fragmentation functions for all-heavy S-wave tetraquarks via NRQCD factorization, extending prior work with nonconstituent contributions and replica-based uncertainties.
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Study of the molecular Properties of the $P_c$ and $P_{cs}$ States
Coupled-channel calculations show Pc and Pcs states as molecular bound states with RMS radii 0.5-2 fm when heavy-quark spin symmetry is respected across all channels.
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Structural dissection of hadronic molecules: The $D^{(*)}\bar{K}^{(*)}$ family under QCD light-cone sum rules
QCD light-cone sum rules predict magnetic moments from −2.0 to +3.1 nuclear magnetons and quadrupole moments near 10⁻³ fm² for JP=1+ D(*)K̅(*) molecular tetraquarks, dominated by light-quark contributions.
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Assessing the validity of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation in potential models for doubly heavy hadrons
Born-Oppenheimer approximation calculations for doubly heavy hadrons match Gaussian expansion benchmarks at small heavy quark masses but diverge at larger masses, with Slater-type functions overestimating and Gaussian...
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The dynamically generated $h_1$ state by the $K^*\bar{K}^*$ interaction and its $K_1(1270)\bar{K}$ and $b_1(1235)\pi$ decays
The dynamically generated h1(1790) K*Kbar* molecule is predicted to decay into K1(1270)Kbar and b1(1235)pi with partial widths of about 0.5 to several MeV, plus stable width ratios R1≈0.3 and R2≈0.53.
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Observation and investigation of the $T_{c\bar{c}1}(4430)^{+}$ structure in $B^{+} \to \psi(2S) K_{\text{S}}^{0} \pi^{+}$ decays
First 4D amplitude analysis of B+ → ψ(2S) K_S0 π+ confirms the exotic T_{c c-bar 1}(4430)+ structure with properties consistent with prior observations in the isospin-related channel.
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Electromagnetic form factors: A window into the $D\Lambda_c$, $D^*\Lambda_c$, and $D\Lambda_c^*$ molecular structure
Using light-cone QCD sum rules, the paper predicts negative magnetic dipole moments of roughly -1.27, -2.78, and -3.80 nuclear magnetons for the DΛc, D*Λc, and DΛc* molecular pentaquark candidates, plus small quadrupo...
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Radiative decays of $X(3872)$ within $D{\bar D}^*$ molecular framework
Using nonrelativistic effective field theory, the X(3872) is treated as a D*D molecule to predict radiative decay widths to D D gamma, finding a strong neutral-over-charged hierarchy and quantifying D D rescattering effects.
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Does $\psi(4660)$ exist?
Fits using coupled channels and bare states show the psi(4660) as a conventional charmonium state above the Lambda_c pair threshold in both Belle and BESIII datasets.
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Hunting for $B\bar B$ molecular state $X_{b0}$ via radiative transition of $\Upsilon(10753)$
The decay Υ(10753) → γ X_b0 is predicted to have partial width 0.2-1.5 keV and branching fraction 10^{-6} to 10^{-5} for binding energies 0-10 MeV, dominated by B1(') meson loops.
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Comprehensive Mass Predictions: From Triply Heavy Baryons to Pentaquarks
Machine learning models trained on known hadron data and an extended Gürsey-Radicati mass formula predict masses for triply heavy baryons and numerous pentaquark states, agreeing with available data and forecasting un...
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Three-body molecular states composed of $D^{(*)}$ and two nucleons
The DNN system forms a robust compact bound state in the I=1/2 (1^-) channel across cutoffs, while D*NN exhibits spin-dependent bound states in 0^-, 1^-, and 2^- channels with no resonances found.
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Investigating the two-pion exchange of the double charm $DD^*$ chiral interactions and $T_{cc}$
In this chiral EFT calculation the I=0 DD* two-pion-exchange potential is repulsive, and its near-cancellation with attractive contact and one-pion terms provides the weak binding of Tcc.
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Hadronic Molecules and $\chi_{cJ}(2P)$ Coupled States
A coupled-channel model mixing χ_cJ(2P) cores with D(*)D(*) hadrons describes X(3872) as mostly molecular while X(3860) and Z(3930) have larger compact components and predicts a 0++ state.
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Production of high-orbital kaon excited states in the $K^{-}p$ reaction
An effective Lagrangian approach calibrated with one adjustable parameter from data reproduces cross sections for K3*(1780), K2(1820), K2(1770) and K4*(2045) and predicts sizable forward-peaked production for addition...
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Doubly charmed pentaquark states with strangeness $S=0, -1$
Parity-projected QCD sum rules predict that several doubly charmed pentaquark molecular states lie below their meson-baryon mass thresholds, including triply charged states with no ordinary baryon counterpart.
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Study of $1^{--}$ P wave charmoniumlike and bottomoniumlike tetraquark spectroscopy
Constituent quark model with imported meson parameters predicts lowest 1-- P-wave tetraquark mass near 4.15 GeV and proposes that ψ(4230), ψ(4360), ψ(4660), and Υ(10753) may be such states with possible multiples near...
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Unquenched Charmonium and Beyond
This Lanzhou-group review argues that coupled-channel (unquenched) effects, not exotic constituents, are the common thread explaining charmonium anomalies from the rho-pi puzzle to the Y-problem states.
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Recent progress on charmed hadron interactions from lattice QCD
A review of lattice QCD results on charmed hadron interactions: T_cc near threshold, an attractive N-J/psi force, and an Omega_ccc-Omega_ccc state near unitarity.
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Heavy quarkonia and new hadrons with two heavy quarks
A literature review that compiles the current experimental landscape of charmonium, bottomonium, and XYZ exotic states; it contains no new measurements, derivations, or predictions.
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